Ask for the historical buildings on the Bund in Shanghai and attach their historical stories.

The Bund is a scenic spot in Shanghai and a rare city attraction in the world. Many first-class architects showed their talents here, leaving more than 20 exquisite buildings of different periods, different countries and different styles, making the Bund known as the "Foreign Architecture Expo". This book introduces these historic buildings in detail. For common interest, three sections are selected here. HSBC Building In the early 20th century, HSBC became the largest foreign bank in China. By the end of World War I, it officially began to consider rebuilding its own bank building. The new building of HSBC was designed by the architect Wilson, who is a director of the Republican foreign firm. 192/kloc-0 laid the foundation stone on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, and it was capped in June of 1923. According to the tabloid records at that time, HSBC also invited Mr. Feng Shui from China to choose the date and time of laying the foundation stone and determine where the first shovel will break ground. Under the cornerstone, according to the tradition of China, China's winnings and various silver coins from all over the world are buried. Similarly, when the building was capped, HSBC also customized a lot of "Liang Qian" carved in Chinese, scattered in the dark corner of the building. How true these stories are can only be known when the HSBC Building is overhauled or demolished and rebuilt in a few years. The new HSBC Building covers an area of about 65,438+05 mu, divided into the main building and the auxiliary building, with a construction area of 23,465,438+05 square meters, ranking first among the buildings on the Bund at that time. The main building of HSBC is usually regarded as a commercial building imitating retro-ism. The building has five floors, seven floors in the middle and one and a half floors in the basement. The main axis of the building is the gate and the dome above the gate, and the two sides form strict symmetry. This is the most basic feature of European Renaissance art, which can create a kind of symmetry and balance visually, thus producing a sense of elegance and luxury. The facade design of architecture is a "three-stage" in the history of western architecture. The ground floor forms an independent facade, the main entrance is designed as a romantic arch coupon, and the outer walls are all covered with big stones, giving people the feeling of an indestructible castle, thus making depositors feel safe and secure, which is exactly what the bank building hopes to achieve. The second floor to the fourth floor forms a "middle section". In the middle of the middle section, six Eyounian composite columns are designed as supports, four of which are double columns, which make the original simple plane changeable and increase the three-dimensional sense of the building. More than five floors are the "upper section", and a huge Greek dome is designed, which obviously becomes the symbol of the building and picks out the main axis of the building. HSBC Building is a modern banking building. Therefore, in the design, more consideration is given to the functions and characteristics of bank buildings. For example, at the entrance of Bund 12, three turnstiles were installed to facilitate access. After entering the door, there is an octagonal pavilion, which is a buffer design between the gate and the back business hall, for customers to enter the business hall after a short break, and they can also rest and wait here when there are many customers in the business hall. Behind the octagonal pavilion is the business hall, with an area of 1500 square meters. The walls and dark corners of the hall are designed with heating equipment and cold exhaust system. The roof is designed with a huge glass ceiling inlaid with small pieces of thick glass, which is strong enough to withstand thousands of pounds of impact. The sunlight on the ceiling not only provides sunshine for daytime work, but also makes customers feel warm and harmonious. There is an open space between the main building and the auxiliary building of HSBC for parking. In addition to the vehicles of bank employees, cash trucks are also loaded and unloaded here. Another house was built on this vacant lot, which was used by bank guards. After nightfall, this building completely separates the business room in the main building from the warehouse in the auxiliary building. Once an alarm occurs, the guards can reach the alarm point in time, which ensures the safety of the bank. During the building construction, the bank specially commissioned British artists to sculpt a pair of bronze lions. Lions are the favorite beasts of the British people and the symbol of HSBC. During the "Cultural Revolution", the bronze lion was promptly transferred to the warehouse of Shanghai Funny Troupe in Yongjia Road by the Shanghai Cultural Management Committee. In the1980s, the author shipped them out, and now they are displayed in the lobby of Shanghai History Museum. This building used to be the seat of the Shanghai Municipal Government. 1997 after the Shanghai municipal government moved, the building became the industry of Shanghai Pudong Development Bank through property replacement. The Change of Jianghai and Beiguan Shanghai History Museum has a picture of Three Visits, which was copied by Cao Lin, a painter during the Daoguang period. The theme of this picture is "Feng Dan Lou" on the northeast wall of Shanghai, which is the main building of Shanghai Tianhou Palace, and Tianhou Palace is the escort goddess in China folklore. There are at least ten different opinions among the people about the vulgar style of Tianhou. One of them thinks that Tianhou is composed of "one queen and two concubines", and their usual image is playing chess, so they are called "three aunts playing chess". As can be seen from the figure, the Yamen along the river is the customs of Shanghai River, and the ships docked along the river are seagoing ships waiting for customs clearance. 1843165438+1October 17, when Shanghai officially opened its port, in order to meet the needs of the new situation, Shanghai Daogong Mujiu set up a board inspection office on the Bund. In fact, this is just a temporary customs inspection agency sent by Jiang Customs. The location of this checkpoint should be on the Huangpu River opposite to the customs of the Bund 13 today. In the 26th year of Daoguang (the end of 1845), that is, 1845, the Charter of Shanghai Land Lease was signed, and soon after the establishment of the British Concession, according to the provisions of the Charter, the Concession will become a residential area and a trade area for foreigners, and many foreign ships will dock at the Huangpu River and many goods will land here, so Gong Mujiu immediately allocated funds to visit the original site. Because this pass is located in the north of the original Jianghai Pass, it is called "Jianghai North Pass". Jianghai Beiguan is a typical yamen building in China. The building plane is concave, and the main entrance opens eastward on the Bund Road. The round gate adopts the traditional brand roof of China, and the lintel reads "North Pass of Jianghai", which is said to have been written by Yiliang, Governor of Liangjiang. After the opening of the port, Shanghai's economy developed very fast. Twenty years later, the annual tax revenue of Jianghai Beiguan surpassed the sum of Guangdong Customs, Fujian Customs and Zhejiang Customs, and Shanghai became the largest port in China, laying the foundation for Shanghai's foreign trade and business center. 1893165438+1October 17 is the 50th anniversary of the opening of Shanghai, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology plans to hold a grand celebration. The new Jianghai Beiguan Pavilion broke ground on 189 1 and was completed on 1893, in time for the 50th anniversary of Shanghai's opening. The new Jianghai Beiguan Building follows the foundation of the old site, and the plane is basically similar to the old site, showing a concave shape. It is the most common municipal building model in Britain in the15th century, with the bell tower in the middle. The architectural style of Jianghai Beiguan has changed from the traditional yamen building in China to the western building, which also shows that Shanghai is moving closer to the world to some extent. Since the beginning of the 20th century, many foreign-funded enterprises in Shanghai have planned to renovate or rebuild their enterprise buildings. 19 18 after the end of the first world war, this large-scale construction activity began to be implemented. Many large and beautiful new buildings have been built around Jianghai Beiguan. The original building of Jianghai Beiguan with a total height of only 35 meters is no longer a building. Among many luxury houses, it looks old and somewhat pitiful. 1925, the customs decided to build a new building. There are several schemes for the design of this building, but none of them are satisfactory. Finally, Wilson, the boss of Gonghe Foreign Firm and the designer of HSBC, put forward a new idea. He believes that according to the reality, it is impossible for the new building of Jiang Customs to compete with the adjacent HSBC Building. It is better to unify the design as much as possible, so that the two buildings can become a unified whole. Wilson's proposal was praised, and then it was decided that he would undertake the design of the building. The new customs building is eleven stories high, and its level and total height are twice that of HSBC. Generally speaking, the building is still a retro style building, perhaps considering that the customs is the administrative organ of the country's foreign trade, the main entrance is designed in the form of an ancient Greek temple, and four classic Doric columns support the huge building, which makes people feel that it is a sacred and inviolable temple, and at the same time makes people realize the masculine beauty of the building. The ceiling at the top of the lobby, with the most traditional green and red colors in China, outlines the shapes of China ships such as sand boats, indicating that this is the sovereign institution of China. On the iron sliding door, there is a customs sign consisting of a master gold key and an iron anchor, which means that China Customs has joined the ranks of the world customs. There is a four-story bell tower at the top of the building, equipped with four giant clocks customized from Britain, with a diameter of five meters and each pointer weighing 120 kg. The clock strikes automatically every 15 minutes. Standing in Pudong, you can clearly see the hour hand, and the melodious bell can float for several miles. The 1920s was also a period of rapid development of world architecture. With the emergence of advanced building materials such as reinforced concrete and new technologies such as elevators, buildings have gradually developed to a high level. For businessmen who pay attention to material interests, they do not advocate spending a lot of money on non-functional decoration with decorative effect but no practical use value. Designers are pursuing the beauty of modernist lines instead of the tedious philosophy of retro. Therefore, there is no redundant non-functional decoration on the building facade of Jiang Customs Building. Therefore, this building can also be regarded as the forerunner of Shanghai's modern school works and occupies a particularly important position in the history of Shanghai's modern architecture. The bund meteorological signal station1872 in August, Bishop Lang Huairen of Catholic Shanghai diocese and Bishop Gu Zhensheng of Jiangnan held an important meeting in Xujiahui, Shanghai, and decided to set up "Jiangnan Science Committee". The Committee has four branches, one of which is the Meteorological Observatory led by Gao Xiangchang, and has set up an observation station in Xujiahui to compile meteorological records and observation data into magazines, which are published in Shanghai and sent to Europe. 1in July, 873, the observatory was built. This humble building became the first meteorological forecasting institution in modern China. Because weather forecast plays an important role in navigation safety, the Observatory has an additional service-providing weather information directly to the customs. At first, meteorological information was published in the newspaper published that day, and the cost was borne by the customs. However, at that time, the circulation of newspapers was very small, and it was difficult for most crew members and citizens to obtain this information. 1884, a wooden weather signal station was built on the Bund in the French Concession at the expense of the Customs, and the latest weather forecast was announced to the outside world by hanging different flags on the building. At that time, Dianshizhai Pictorial painted a picture with the theme of "The Square of the Sun", and the words were written as follows: In autumn, the Yang Jing Bridge outside the Bund in the French Concession of Hong Kong was filled up, and new time measuring balls and wind flags were made. According to the flag, it rises at ten o'clock every morning and is sent to the wind outside Wusong. Depending on the wind direction, hang it at any time. Allow the system to be amazing. The flag is amorphous and its color is fixed, depending on the trend and intensity of the wind. As can be seen from the picture in Dianshizhai Pictorial, there is a wooden pole on the main building of the weather signal station, and anemometers and anemometers are installed at the top. There is a big ball under the anemometer, which is used to tell the time. There are some ropes beside the positive pole, which are used to pull the wind flag. Although this weather signal station is very simple, it has indeed become the earliest weather forecast station and standard clock in Shanghai. With the progress and development of Shanghai, the buildings on the Bund are gradually rising, and the requirements for meteorological accuracy are getting higher and higher. 1907 demolition and reconstruction of meteorological signal station. After reconstruction, the beacon tower was 50 meters high and became the tallest building on the Bund at that time. People can see all kinds of signal flags hanging on the tower from a distance, or use telescopes to decide whether to set sail, so this beacon tower has played a considerable role in promoting Shanghai's shipping. After the 1920s, with the development of radio broadcasting, the weather forecast can be transmitted to further places in time, and the meteorological function of the signal station gradually declined until it finally withdrew from the historical stage. By the 1960s, it had become a historical building preserved on the Bund. In the mid-1990s, when Shanghai rebuilt the Bund and built the Yan 'an East Road cross-river tunnel, it moved the whole building to the south by 26 meters without moving the building structure, setting a record for the overall movement of large buildings in the architectural history of Shanghai. At present, there is a "Bund History Exhibition Room" in this signal station, which visitors can visit and look up. Excerpted from Xue's History and Architecture of the Bund, Wen Wei Po, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press, February 2002, July 5, 2002.