The Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang is listed as one of the top ten places of interest in China and declared as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO. According to the time when they were discovered, they were named Terracotta Warriors 1 Pit, Pit 2 and Pit 3. The total area of the three pits is 22,780 square meters.
The plane of No.1 pit is rectangular, with a length of 230m from east to west, a width of 62m and a depth of 5m, with a total area of14260m2. There are 10 rammed earth partitions with a width of 2.5 meters in the tunnel, supported by thick beams, and then covered with reed mats, fine mud and earth fill. The bottom is paved with blue bricks. The terracotta warriors and horses in pit 1 are arranged according to the actual combat formation. At the eastern end of the pit is a long corridor, with three rows of warriors facing east, each with 70 people holding * * * * 2 10. They are the vanguard of the No.1 pit army array. There is a row of warriors facing south in the south of the long profile, which is the right wing, and a row of warriors facing north in the north, which is the left wing. There is a line of warriors facing west in the west, who are defenders. Armed with long-range weapons, such as crossbows, they are on alert for the whole army. 65,438+00 partition wall separates 38 columns of 65,438+065,438+0 tunnels facing east, and a chariot is arranged in the middle of each road. All terracotta warriors and horses wear armor and carry long weapons. They are the main force of pit one. There are 27 exploration sites in No.1 pit, and more than 6,000 terracotta warriors and horses have been unearthed, most of which are infantry.
20 meters north of the eastern end of the first pit is the second pit, which is a rectangular army array composed of four arms and four units. It is estimated that more than 0/000 pieces of pottery figurines/kloc-can be unearthed, with nearly 500 chariots and horses and pommel horses, covering an area of 6,000 square meters. The first unit, that is, the part of the vat protruding from the east side of the pit, is a small square consisting of 334 crossbowmen. The second unit, the southern half of the statue pit, includes one to eight holes. It is a square composed of 64 chariots. There are three sergeants on each chariot. The third unit, the middle part of the pit, including nine to eleven holes, is a square consisting of 19 chariots and 100 unarmed figurines attached to the vehicles. The fourth unit, the northern half of the figurine pit, including holes 12 to 14, is a cavalry formation consisting of six chariots, 124 pommel horse and cavalry figurines. Four units are organically connected to form a large array, or four independent small arrays can be formed separately, which can be attacked and defended, with strong self-protection ability and rapid response. Three of the four units in the No.2 pit were equipped with chariots, which accounted for more than half of the entire army area, proving that chariots were still the main combat force in the Qin Dynasty.
The third pit is 25 meters west of the second pit and 25 meters north of the first pit. The plane is concave, with an area of 520 square meters. There are only four horses, 1 car and 68 clay figurines. A bladeless weapon-copper oar was found in the third pit. In Qin dynasty, bronze casket was a weapon specially used for ritual purposes. In the north wing room, a residual antler and a pile of rotting animal bones were also found. It may be a place dedicated to pre-war divination or prayer activities. Looking at the overall layout of the No.3 pit, it may be the headquarters of the entire underground army array-the military curtain.
Pottery figurines vary in weight from 1.78m to 1.97m, ranging from less than 1 10kg to 300 kg. Today, people can't see the colorful original appearance of pottery figurines. However, most terracotta figures and horses still have traces of color, and some colors are even as intact as new. There are many colors such as red, green, blue, yellow, purple, brown, white, black and vermilion 10, all of which are mineral raw materials, indicating that working people in China could produce and use these pigments in large quantities more than 2000 years ago. This is of great significance not only in the history of painting art, but also in the history of world science and technology.
The most striking weapon is a bronze sword. After more than 2000 years, its surface has not rusted, and it is still extremely sharp and bright as new. You can scrape 20 sheets of paper at a time. It was identified as a Cu-Sn alloy, containing more than ten other rare metals. There is an oxide layer of chromium-containing compound on the surface of 10 ~ 15 micron, which indicates that it has been treated by chromium salt oxidation technology. Chromium plating technology was invented by Germans in 1930s, but China began to chromium plate weapons more than 2,000 years ago, which is really amazing.
1980 12 two large painted bronze chariots and horses were excavated 20 meters west of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, which were listed as No.1 and No.2 in the order of discovery. These two buses are all four horses and one axle, which are arranged longitudinally in front and back. The first car ahead should be an ancient "high car". Car No.2 is called "Che 'an", which is divided into the former imperial room and the rear passenger room. The two rooms are separated by a car wall. The driver sits in the front imperial room, and the master sits in the back guest room. This car has an oval umbrella cover. This car is painted on a white background, and the No.2 car is equipped with 1, more than 500 pieces of gold and silver components and ornaments, which looks gorgeous and rich. Probably traveling for the soul of Qin Shihuang. Car No.1 is equipped with crossbows, arrows and shields, and the driver wears an official hat, which shows that this car is used to protect the safety of car No.2 behind.
Copper chariots and horses are about half the size of real cars, real horses and real people, and others are no different from real cars, real horses and real people. Copper chariots and horses are assembled from 3400 parts of different sizes. The length of the vehicle is 3. 17, and the height is1.06m.. Bronze horses are 65-67 cm high, 1.2 m long and vary in weight, ranging from 177 kg to 2 12.9 kg. The total weight of cars, horses and people reached 1.243 kg. The main body is cast in bronze. Gold and silver ornaments for horses and chariots 1720. The total weight of gold and silver utensils is 7 kg. Its exquisite production technology and realistic plastic arts are amazing. For example, the umbrella car cover is 4 mm thick, the window is only 1 mm thick, and there are many through holes. Ma Ying-Luo is made of bronze wire as thin as hair, with a diameter of only 0.1mm. A horse's collar is made by welding 42 pieces of gold and 42 pieces of silver. Archaeologists can only see the welding traces of these two metals with different melting points with the help of a magnifying glass. The bridle of a horse is made of a gold tube and a silver tube, which are connected by a snap. There is a pin on the halter, and the halter can be completely removed by pulling out the pin. According to preliminary research, bronze chariots and horses are made by casting, welding, riveting, embedding, embedding, chiseling and engraving.
Bronze chariots and horses are the earliest, most complete, highest-grade and most exquisite bronze treasures in China, and also the largest bronze found in the world. Its excavation provides extremely precious material data for textual research on metallurgical technology, vehicle structure and process modeling in Qin Dynasty.
The Eighth Wonder of the World —— Exploration of Sanxingdui Site
Xinhuanet Chengdu, July 27th Xinhua News Agency reporter Feng Changyong in the suburb of Guanghan, Sichuan, there is a strange building similar to a space object, with an oblique oval bottom and a conical main body, and faint music can be heard from a distance. This is a museum built for Sanxingdui site, the eighth wonder of the world.
Sanxingdui site is an ancient Shu cultural site dating from 5000 to 3000 years ago, with an area of 12 square kilometers. This is one of the major archaeological discoveries in China in the 20th century. Since the 1920s, Chinese and foreign archaeologists have done a lot of research on it.
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Archaeological excavations and special studies have discovered the ruins of city walls and a large number of exquisite cultural relics. The discovery of Sanxingdui ruins and cultural relics strongly proves the existence of the ancient Shu state three or four thousand years ago and the diversity of the origin of Chinese civilization. 1988 1 was announced by the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection unit.
There are three different but developing archaeological cultures in Sanxingdui site, namely, the first-stage culture represented by Zhixia site group in Longshan era in Chengdu Plain, also known as "Baodun culture"; The second stage culture represented by the large ancient city of Sanxingdui in Shang Dynasty and the highly developed bronze civilization; The culture from the end of Shang Dynasty to the beginning of Western Zhou Dynasty, represented by Sanxingdui, is the "Twelve Bridges Culture" in Chengdu.
In the second phase of Sanxingdui culture, the cultural characteristics of bronze civilization have always occupied a dominant position, and its influence has also exceeded the Chengdu Plain where the traditional ancient Shu kingdom was distributed, and spread to southern Shaanxi and Jianghan Plain. At the same time, the bronze civilization was strongly influenced by Xia and Shang civilizations in the Central Plains, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and southern Shaanxi civilizations, showing the strong cohesion and external extension of the ancient Shu civilization.
There are many mysteries in Sanxingdui site and its unearthed cultural relics. Archaeologists from all over the world have argued for more than half a century, but there are still many eternal mysteries that are still difficult to decipher, so that many foreign media say that Sanxingdui site comes from the culture of "aliens".
A large number of precious cultural relics unearthed in Sanxingdui truly and strangely show us the splendid ancient Shu civilization. Among them, the most amazing and amazing are many bronze statues. These bronze statues are exquisitely cast and have different shapes, ranging from exaggerated shapes to exquisite and delicate portraits, which constitute a mysterious group in various ways.
There are three famous models of "clairvoyance and ears" in many bronze statues. Not only are they huge, but their eyeballs are obviously protruding from their eyes and their ears are extremely exaggerated. They look like animal ears, and their mouths are wide enough to make people feel an indescribable surprise and strangeness. And their lips kissed the triple corners of the mouth with a smile, giving people a sense of mystery and intimacy. The largest one is 65 cm high and 138 cm wide, with a cylindrical exophthalmos 16.5 cm. Another piece of the bridge of the nose is inlaid with an ornament as high as 66 cm, which is like a cirrus cloud pattern stretching into the sky and a dragon with a feathered tail and curly horns about to take off. Extremely grotesque, it adds a majestic and unbreakable meaning to this huge bronze face that combines the characteristics of man and beast.
Among all the archaeological discoveries in the world, the bronze sacred tree unearthed at Sanxingdui site is a unique and extremely wonderful artifact. The bronze sacred tree is divided into three layers, and nine sacred birds inhabit the branches. Obviously, it is a portrayal of "the next nine days of work." It was broken when unearthed, and the top has not been restored. It is speculated that there should be a god bird symbolizing "living in the upper branch for a day". At the same time, the portrait of the head bird or the bronze bird standing on the bud unearthed may be it? Flourishing leaves, fruits and flowers, and the dragon climbing down from the bronze sacred tree make people wonder: What's the use of ancient Shu people casting this magical bronze sacred tree with superb bronze craftsmanship and plastic arts?
Where does Sanxingdui culture come from? Is it developed by Sichuan alone, or is it the product of the influence of Central Plains culture, Jingchu culture or foreign cultures such as West Asia and Southeast Asia? What race are the residents of Sanxingdui site? What is the political nature and religious form of Sanxingdui ancient Shu State? How did the superb bronze smelting technology and bronze culture of Sanxingdui Bronze Group come into being? Why did Sanxingdui Ancient Shu Kingdom come into being, how long did it last, and why did it suddenly die out? What is the age and nature of the two pits where thousands of cultural relics were unearthed? The Great Mystery of Post-Shu Culture "Bashu Yu Tu". Do the symbols on the gold staff unearthed in Sanxingdui have words? Is it a family emblem? Is this a painting? Or some kind of religious symbol? Interested friends may wish to crack it! (End)