Northeast China, as a region, has been recorded in ancient books since its own writing. Northeast China was first recorded in ancient books, and ancient China was divided into "Kyushu" through the introduction of Shangshu Gong Yu, among which "Jizhou" has covered the western part of Liaoning; "Qingzhou" puts southern Liaoning, mainly Liaodong Peninsula, under the jurisdiction of the state. According to legend, "Kyushu" was set up after Yu's flood control, and Shun analyzed "Kyushu" as "Twelve States", in which Jizhou "Northeast" is divided into Youzhou, that is, the area west of Beizhen, Liaoning, which is called Liaoxi for short; Qingzhou "northeast" is Yingzhou, which is the area east of Beizhen today called Liaodong.
The boundary between western Liaoning and Liaodong is generally defined by the present Liaohe River. Besides Yu Gong, there are similar records in Erya Dish, Zhou Li Paper Workshop, and Lv's Spring and Autumn Tour. In fact, the so-called "Kyushu" and "Twelve States" are just the idealization of ancient times by intellectuals during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period or later, reflecting people's geographical concepts at that time.
Because the three generations of Yao, Shun and Yu did not have the conditions to form a country, naturally there would be no administrative divisions and "country" settings. Nevertheless, at least in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in people's geographical concept, Liaoning Province has been included in the jurisdiction of Jizhou, Qingzhou, Youzhou and Yingzhou respectively. The establishment of these four States does not include the land in Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces today, but only refers to the land in Liaoning Province in the "northeast" direction.
Before the Spring and Autumn Period, Kao's history had not been established in Northeast China, and the political affiliation between its land and residents and the Central Plains Dynasty was only confirmed by the tribute of frontier nationalities. According to Records of the Five Emperors in Historical Records, as early as Shun, there were "Shanrong, Beifa and Shenshen" tribute nationalities in the north. Caution is caution. In the Yao and Shun era, they lived between the white mountains and the black waters.
Therefore, Zhou inherited Yao Shun's legacy and said, "Yan and Hao, I am from the north." A few weeks later, Su Shen continued to pay tribute. Confucius saw his tribute, Ya Bian Shi, with his own eyes and made an evaluation of Chen Huigong. There are also records about lodging gods in Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Bei Jing. "Overseas in Northeast China, in the wild, there are mountains that are not salty, and there is a country that hosts gods." If it is not salty, it is now Changbai Mountain, and it has been confirmed that Su Shenren lives in Changbai Mountain area.
The above evidence has gone beyond the geographical concept of Jizhou and other four States and extended to Baishan Heishui, which is equivalent to Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces today. At this time, because there is no clear administrative division, we still use the "Northeast" as the local name, and at the same time use the nationality as the local name.
Northeast China is the traditional settlement of the Chinese nation. In China's Zhou Dynasty (BC 1046-BC 22 1 year), the Emperor of Zhou enfeoffed governors to screen princes, and gave the land in the northeast to Gonghe Jishi, which was the ancestor of Yan State. Duke Zhou of Zhao and Ji Shi (1 1 century was also called Shaogong, Zhaokanggong and Taibao Zhao Gong). His real name is Xuan (Shi), his son and his brother.
Yan was an important feudal country from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period. With regard to its original title, Yan Zhaogong Family, Volume 34 of Historical Records, clearly recorded that "Zhou Wuwang was destroyed and Zhao Gong was sealed in North Yan". Volume 4 of Historical Records and Zhou Benji also said that he was "called Yan" after cutting. Zhao Gongming Ying, surnamed Ji, is an aristocrat with the same surname, and is known as the food city. He, He and Tai Gong Wang were both important ministers of the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and they were also the most trusted and relied on people. Yan Wang Zhao Xiang (? -279 years ago), when he was in office, he attacked East Lake to build the Great Wall, and attacked Qi in the south, and Yan reached its peak.
In the thirty-third year of Yan State (222 BC), after Qin destroyed Korea, Wei and Chu, Wang Ben was sent to attack Liaodong, the Yan army was defeated, Yan State was captured and Yan State perished. Li Gongdai was captured on behalf of Wang Jia. Yan Liaodong's hometown and generation land were set as Liaodong county and generation county by Qin respectively. The four counties of the Han Dynasty (BC 108 ~ AD 3 13), namely Lelang County, Xuantu County, Fan Zhen County and Lintun County, were established in the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula from BC 109 to BC 108 after the Han Emperor destroyed Korea, which also had great influence on the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. In 37 BC, Goguryeo established political power in Goguryeo County, Xuantu County, Western Han Dynasty. The founder is Zhu Meng, the Prince of Fuyu, and the capital is Ge Sheng Gucheng (now Wunvshan City, Huanren County, Benxi City, Liaoning Province). Later, Liuli moved the capital to the inner city and Maru Capital (both in Ji 'an City, Jilin Province). Koguryo was the longest-standing local government in the history of China (705 years). In the heyday of its rule, it brought most of the Korean peninsula into the territory, created a highly developed farming civilization, and made great contributions to the economic and cultural development of the eastern part of Northeast China.
In the Western Jin Dynasty, Murong Xianbei moved to western Liaoning. In 337 AD, it was called the Prince of Yan and was built in Longcheng (now Chaoyang City). In history, he was called Yan Qian. Yan Qian also attaches great importance to developing production, building water conservancy projects, stipulating taxes, and returning the non-industrial and commercial population to agriculture. Developing agricultural production in western Liaoning.
In 668 AD (the first year of Tang Gaozong's reign), Goguryeo perished under the attack of Tang Jun and Silla (the ancestors of present-day North Korea and South Korea), and the 27th Wang Baowang Gao Zang was captured by Tang Jun. Most of the rest of Goguryeo's population was moved to the Central Plains by the Tang government and merged into the Bohai people.
After Goguryeo perished in 668, Rong Ruo, the leader of the seven departments of Buji Kingdom, established the Zhen State (later renamed Bohai State) in Dunhua City, Jilin Province in 698, which was originally a vassal state of the Tang Dynasty and later changed to a vassal state of the Tang Dynasty. At the peak of Bohai Kingdom, Fiona Fang had a territory of 5,000 Li, a population of/kloc-0,000 households and tens of thousands of soldiers, which was called "Haidong Guo Sheng" in history. During the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the Qidan people living in the upper reaches of the Liaohe River established the Liao Dynasty (907 ~ 1 125). Jurchens living in Heilongjiang and Songhua River basins entered the Central Plains to establish the Jin Dynasty (115 ~1234). This has had a far-reaching impact on the integration and development of all ethnic groups in Northeast China and the social, economic and cultural development.
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan unified the two tribes in Abaoji, the leader of Lu Ye, and established themselves as kings. In 9 16 AD, Yeluboji proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Khitan. After Baoji died, his son Yeludeguang succeeded to the throne. In 947, the title was changed to Liao and the emperor was changed to Beijing. The territory in the heyday of Liao Dynasty was east of Salinger River and Shileka River. Northeast to the outer Xing 'an Mountains and the Sea of Okhotsk; As far south as today's Tianjin, Baxian County of Hebei Province and Yanmenguan of Shanxi Province, they confronted the Northern Song Dynasty.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, this is the land of Yingzhou and Pingzhou. Liang and Tang established Pingzhou and lulong county in Lulong City. In the third year of Tongguang (AD 925), the Khitan occupied Yong and Pingzhou, and Jin, Han and Zhou were always occupied by the Khitan. Later, Qidan was renamed Liao.
1 1 13 A.D., Akuta, the leader of the Jurchen Wanyan Department of Su Shenzong, captured the Songhua River basin and occupied Liaodong Peninsula in the south. 1 1 15 proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of gold and its capital of Huining (now Acheng South of Heilongjiang). After the founding of the People's Republic of China, they continued to fight, destroying Liao in 1 125 and Northern Song Dynasty in1/27. In its heyday, Daikin surpassed Liao in its heyday and contained the north at that time. Daikin cavalry galloped to the northeast coast of Asia, owning almost all the hometown of the Su protoss, bordering Hetao, Hengshan in Shaanxi, eastern Gansu and Xixia in the west, and confronting the Southern Song Dynasty all the way to the Qinling Huaihe River in the south.
1287, the yuan dynasty established Liaoyang province, which governs the whole northeast. 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian (now Nanjing), established the Ming Dynasty, and destroyed the Yuan Dynasty in the same year. In Dusi, Liaodong, agriculture and handicrafts have been greatly developed. Liaoyang area, in the Ming Dynasty, was a rich place with enviable years and buildings connected by thousands of miles. At that time, the handicraft industries such as iron smelting and salt making in Dusi of Liaodong were also very developed. Thirty thousand Forbidden Guards in Liaodong, Longzhou in Sichuan and Zunhua in Shuntian were the three famous iron smelting centers in China at that time. Jilin is a shipbuilding base located in the northeast of Ming Dynasty.
In the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1368), the Ming army captured Dadu (that is, Beijing) and the Yuan Dynasty perished. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, sent Huang Zhuo and others to Liaodong in order to eliminate the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty, which occupied the northeast, and "ordered Liaoyang to attract officials and people into the people"; On the other hand, he sent troops across the sea from Shandong to Liaodong, forcing Liu Yi, the former secretariat of Liaoyang, to surrender. So in the fourth year of Hongwu (137 1 year), Liao Wei Dewey was established in Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, and in the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), Liao Wei Dewey was changed to be the commander-in-chief and special envoy of Liaodong, governing Liaodong 25 Wei, 138 Wei, two states and one alliance.
In order to advance northward, Zhu Yuanzhang, under the guidance of the thought of "defending the frontier and protecting the royal family", enfeoffed his sons in the north and northeast, such as sealing the Yanwang in Peiping, sealing the Hanwang intact, sealing the Ningwang in Daning (now Ningcheng in Chifeng) and sealing the Liaowang in Guangning, with the aim of "controlling according to the name to divide the world". At that time, the late Yuan Taiwei Naha occupied Jinshan (that is, Nong 'an County, Jilin Province) and "relied on and supported each other" with Gao Jianu, Halazhang, Ye Zhizhi and other remnants of the Yuan Dynasty in an attempt to continue fighting. If the Ming Dynasty wanted to unify the Northeast, it was necessary to eliminate the "Yuan Dynasty soldiers" in the Northeast. In the twentieth year of Hongwu (1387), Zhu Yuanzhang sent Shengfeng and Fu Youde to lead the Ming army to attack Jinshan, and Naha was defeated and surrendered. Other "old soldiers" also defected in succession, and the remnants of the Mongolian and Yuan dynasties in Northeast China were eliminated.
Wei suo is a local military administrative organization set up according to the political system of Ming dynasty. Different from the mainland, apart from military functions, it also manages local administrative affairs, so-called "following the Ministry" and "guarding the local area". The officials of the "Wei suo" were directly appointed by the central government of the Ming Dynasty, adopting the principle that "because of their tribe, the chief officials are the governor, the governor, the governor, the thousand households and the town magistrate, and they are given seals to protect the customs." Their official positions are hereditary, and the death of their father, the succession of their sons and the replacement of their fathers must be approved by the Ming government. Want to be promoted, change the letter of appointment, increase the reward, etc. You must report to the Ming government and you must not act without authorization, otherwise you will be punished. The official seals granted by the Ming Dynasty to the Xiawei Institute of Nuer Division have been found constantly, such as the official seals of Maoluwei, Mudali Shanwei, Hetun Jiwei, Nangha and Tashan, which clearly show that the local administrative institutions were established in Northeast China in the Ming Dynasty for implementation.
Due to the unprecedented close relationship between Jurchen and the politics and economy of Ming Dynasty, the land and water transportation in Northeast China has also developed. On the basis of setting up a post station in Mengyuan, the Ming Dynasty expanded and built the post station vigorously, and extended or built the post station route. According to the Records of Liaodong, there were six traffic trunk lines from Liaodong to Northeast China at that time, and kaiyuan city was the starting point of these six trunk lines. East to North Korea, west to Mongolia, northeast to Telin area of Man Jing; Northwest China leads to northern Manzhouli, forming a postal transportation network extending in all directions.
Especially in the area of Heilongjiang and Songhua River, in order to ensure the traffic in Tongnuergan area of Liaodong, the Ming Dynasty set up 45 post stations from Songhua River to the lower reaches of Heilongjiang in the tenth year of Yongle (14 12). In the eighteenth year of Yongle (1420), a shipyard was established along the Songhua River in Jilin City, which was responsible for "shipbuilding and transporting grain" and transporting troops. It is precisely because of the active development of northeast traffic, the addition of post stations and the establishment of shipyards in the Ming Dynasty that the connection between Jurchen and Liaodong and the Central Plains was strengthened.
However, after the mid-Ming dynasty, the national strength declined and it was unable to maintain the rule of the northern frontier. 1435 (the tenth year of Xuande in Ming Dynasty), Nuer Tuotu Division was abolished, but its subordinate health centers continued to exist. With the rise of Tatar and Nuzhen, the Ming Dynasty retreated to Liaodong in the effective control area of Northeast China. /kloc-At the end of 0/6, Jurchen rose again. 16 16 the leader of nuzhen founding the country, Aixinjueluo Nurhachi, called the Great Khan in Hetuala and rebuilt the Great Jin State, which was called "the Later Jin" in history.
In the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), in April, Huang Taiji changed the name of the country to "Qing" and the name of the Jurchen nationality to "Manchuria". 1644, Li Zicheng troops invaded Beijing, and the Ming Dynasty perished. The Qing army took the opportunity to enter the customs and unified the country through bloody slaughter. In order to consolidate the rule of Manchu nobles, the Qing Dynasty implemented the policy of "respecting Manchu first" to prevent Han Chinese and make the Eight Banners corrupt rapidly. In order to prevent the intellectuals of the Han nationality from thinking of distinguishing between China and foreign countries, opposing the Qing Dynasty and restoring sight, the Qing government widely practiced shaving hair and changing clothes and literary inquisition, which caused unprecedented damage to the national self-esteem of the Han nationality, made China's social ideology and culture more closed and conservative, objectively caused the retrogression of China's social ideology and culture, and formed a situation of poverty and weakness in modern times.
After the Qing dynasty gained political power, it took the northeast as a prosperous place and Shengjing as its capital, and implemented a "special system" governance mode for the northeast. From the middle of the17th century, Russian invaders crossed the outer Xing 'an Mountains and invaded the Heilongjiang River valley in China, burning down villages, killing people and robbing food and mink. Later, conflicts or wars broke out between the Qing army and Russia for many times. Until the war of Gaxia in 1685, at the behest of Emperor Kangxi, the Qing army won and signed a peace treaty. 1689, the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu was signed. Before the signing of the Treaty, the territory of the Qing Dynasty in Northeast China included Mongolia in the west, including central and eastern Siberia, the Pacific Ocean in the east, including Sakhalin Island and Thousand Islands, the Arctic Ocean in the north, kamchatka peninsula and Bering Strait in the northeast. 1689 After the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, the territory of northeast China gradually retreated to the south of the Outer Xing 'an Mountains, the Wudi River and the south bank of Lake Baikal. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, China weakened, Sakhalin Island and Kuril Islands fell, Outer Mongolia became independent, and the territory of Northeast China eventually shrank to this day.
With the increase of population, land reclamation and popularization of advanced production technology in the Central Plains, the basic outline of agricultural production in Northeast China has been roughly formed. With the development of agriculture, commerce and handicrafts have sprung up, and economic centers such as Shenyang, Jilin, Qiqihar, Liaoyang, Jinzhou, Changchun, Ning 'an, Liaoyuan and Harbin have emerged.
After the Qing army entered the customs, General Shengjing, General Ningguta (Jilin) and General Heilongjiang were set up in the northeast in the early years of the Qing Dynasty. The jurisdiction of the three generals is different from that of the Central Plains in management mode, administrative system and land possession form. 1644, Dourgen ordered that Han people were forbidden to enter the so-called "Longxing Land" for farming. This is the "prohibition of alcohol". Although the Qing Dynasty began to send the Eight Banners and Han immigrants to the Northeast in 1692, the population of the Northeast became even rarer after the Manchu entered the customs in the early Qing Dynasty. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty regarded the Northeast as "the land where ancestors made a fortune" and implemented a long-term blockade policy on the Northeast under the pretext of protecting "the benefits of participating in mountains and rivers".
There are two words related to the "Forbidden Customs Order": "Hexagonal" and "Crossing the Kanto". In order to strictly enforce the "Forbidden Customs Order", from the Shunzhi period, the Qing government built a 1000 km fence called "Liubianbian" in the northeast at all costs, also known as Liubianbian, Liuqiang, Liucheng and Tiaozbian, which was completed in the middle of Kangxi.
The wicker edge from Shanhaiguan via Kaiyuan and Xinbin to Fengcheng South is the "old edge"; From the northeast of Kaiyuan to the north of Jilin, it is a "new frontier". Cross-border reclamation is strictly prohibited to the east of the northeast side wall, and the west side wall is used as the pasture of Mongolian nobles, an ally of the Qing Dynasty. The closure of the Qing dynasty to the northeast resulted in a thin population in the northeast, which eventually created favorable conditions for Russia to occupy the northeast.
In the late Qing Dynasty, the border crisis became more and more serious, and the Qing Dynasty was forced to open the border ban and adopt the policy of "emigrating to the real border". From 186 1 to 1880, official flag sites such as Jilin paddock, Alechuka paddock and Dalinghe ranch were opened one after another. 1882 (eighth year of Guangxu) first reclaimed land in Jilin, established Hunchun Reclamation Bureau, and then reclaimed land in Heilongjiang. In 1907, the Qing court abolished three generals, namely Shengjing, Jilin and Heilongjiang, and set up governors in Fengtian, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces and three governors in Northeast China.
Zhou Li Youzhou mentioned earlier is the northern town of Liaoning, which governs the eastern part of Hebei and today's Liaoning, and is collectively called "Northeast".
Liaodong, outside Shanhaiguan and the Great Wall connected with it were built in the early Ming Dynasty. People have a new concept of the distinction between the inside and the outside: the place east of Shanhaiguan is called Liaodong, that is, today's Liaoning Province, and the west of Shanhaiguan, that is, the inside of the Great Wall, which is collectively called "Guannei" and later gradually called "Guannei". In the official documents and books of the Ming Dynasty, such as Records of the Ming Dynasty, the Commissioner is also called "Jidong" and "JD". COM "means the same as" Commissioner ". The administrative region of Liaoning in Ming Dynasty was also the capital of Liaodong, so Liaodong was used to refer to the northeast in Ming Dynasty. In history, Qinhuangdao, its administrative region and geography have always belonged to the northeast, and Shanhaiguan is only a divided administrative region, which transferred Qinhuangdao from Daning Road to Yongping House in Zhili, Jingbei, while the ethnic composition of Qinhuangdao's geographical and cultural personnel still belongs to the northeast;
Guandong, the so-called journey from Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, abolished the Great Wall in Qing Dynasty, but there was no Shanhaiguan. This great pass is still of great significance to the Qing Dynasty. It guards Shanhaiguan, which on the one hand helps the country to inspect business trips and collect taxes, and on the other hand prohibits mainlanders from entering the northeast through Shanhaiguan to avoid damaging its "Long Mai" of geomantic omen. It has been banned since Kangxi, and it has been strictly forbidden for about 200 years for future generations to follow suit. Shanhaiguan became an insurmountable barrier for the Qing Dynasty to ban Northeast China. /kloc-in the 9th century, the lower reaches of the Yellow River in China suffered disasters for years. Zhongyuan people in Shanxi, Henan, northern Anhui, Shandong and northern Jiangsu in the lower reaches of the old Yellow River began to invade the northeast, and most of them needed to go through Shanhaiguan, so they were called "going to the Kanto" and became popular from then on. Going to Shanhaiguan only refers to the northeast, and the geographical Guandong to the east of Shanhaiguan does not represent the whole northeast, because Mengdong and Qinhuangdao do not.
From 1945 to 1954, the Northeast People's Government governed seven provinces including Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Jehol Province, Liaoxi Province, Liaodong Province, Jilin Province, Songjiang Province and Heilongjiang Province.