Outside the Ming tomb, Los Angeles was built on the mountain, winding and undulating, with a circumference of 3438 meters and a depth of 1.656 meters. There are two gates to the mausoleum. The old and new gates are masonry, and there are 1 Pima tablets on the left and right sides of the gates. The inscription on the tablet was written by Yan Song, and the shinto paved with stone slabs in the gate goes straight to the inner city. The white marble platform covers an area of 344 square meters and consists of the base of Mount Sumi, with a double-eaved peak at the top and coupon doors on both sides. There is a turtle tablet without words in the pavilion, and a royal bridge is set 63 meters behind the pavilion. Crossing the bridge is the main tomb decoration building in the mausoleum area, facing the white marble column, which is 12 meters high and has a square sumeru and a hexagonal column.
The main entrance of the inner city is the grace gate, which is three rooms wide; Next is the Temple of Grace, which is five rooms wide and has only the temple base. There are still glazed Qionghua and Shuanglong walls on both sides of the gate.
The city wall is divided into two circles, with Yaotai in the middle. The plane shape is like a dumbbell, and there are battlements and aprons carved with white marble around the city wall. Diameter of front city 1 12 ~ 125m, wall height 5m, diameter of back city 103m, and wall height 5m. There is a square platform in front of Qiancheng, with a tunnel at the top of the ticket and the Jianming Building. The Ming building is square, with Xian Di's tombstone built in, and Li Nian's records on both sides. In front of the platform, there are five stone platforms and a pair of observation columns, one at the top of each column.
Ladies and gentlemen, this majestic tower building is called Fangcheng Minglou, with the Chinese character "Fairy Spirit" hanging on it. It is the landmark building of the whole mausoleum, specially built to worship the "sacred monument". In fact, the fairy was originally called "Fairy", but it was called "Fairy" just because Xing Wang Zhu Youyuan forgot his grave. In March of the third year of Jiajing, after Zhu Hougui put down the great etiquette dispute by force, he named the mausoleum "Fairy Spirit" for his father. "Those who show the mausoleum are also good at writing and swear: I am the only emperor." It means that his father's virtue is worthy of heaven and earth, and his sacred career is outstanding, which should be known to the world and live with the sun and the moon. It can be seen that Zhu Hougui has made great efforts in promoting personal relations and implementing the "Jiajing New Deal". The wooden structure of the Ming building was destroyed in the fire of the peasant uprising army in Li Zicheng at the end of the Ming Dynasty, leaving only ruins. Now the Ming building is restored at 1990.
We are now in this small courtyard, commonly known as the dumb courtyard, where Si Quanling Shinto begins and ends. There is nothing strange about this small courtyard, but it actually hides a huge mystery: this glass screen wall plays a role of beautification and decoration on the surface, and more importantly, it blocks the entrance to the underground palace. Below the Shinto in the courtyard is an inclined tomb door leading to the underground palace, from which the coffin of Empress Dowager Cixi was slowly sent to the underground palace. The feudal emperors in our country all carried out heavy burial, which was called "heavy burial to show filial piety". After death, a large number of rare treasures were buried in the underground palace, so the emperors were most worried about the theft of the mausoleum. Whether the underground palace can effectively prevent theft is very important, so the craftsmen used in the yard project are all dumb. They rest during the day, work at night, and are blindfolded on their way to and from work, so that they don't know the way and location here. After completion, they were sent to live in remote areas with few people. Because this courtyard was built by the dumb, it is called the dumb courtyard. Of course, this is only a legend and needs expert research.
Ok, now please come with me to visit the most distinctive and unique wonders in the history of Chinese and foreign tombs, that is, one mausoleum and two tombs! What are one mausoleum and two tombs? There are two graves in the cemetery. So why don't other tombs have this phenomenon, but the unique mausoleum does? This also starts from the identity change of the tomb owner: Zheng De 14 in Ming Dynasty, that is, 15 19, and the tomb owner Zhu Youyuan died of illness. At that time, he was just a Wang Pan, and his tomb was built according to feudal etiquette and the regulations of Wang Pan. The former tomb we see now is not only the tomb after the death of Zhu Youyuan, the king of Xing Xian.
After Zhu Hougan became Emperor Jiajing in 152 1, his father Zhu Youyuan was posthumously named "Emperor" and once wanted to move his father's mausoleum to Beijing to be buried with other emperors in the late Ming Dynasty. The idea was opposed by ministers, so he didn't move. Jiajing 17 (65438+) In order to find "auspicious land" for his mother, Emperor Jiajing visited Tianfu (Zhongxiang City) in February of the following year. After paying a visit to his father's tomb in New Xian Di, he thought it was a rare treasure trove of geomantic omen, and decided to send his mother's coffin from Beijing to Zhongxiang Xianling to be buried with his father. However, after inspection, it was found that the underground palace where the father's coffin was obviously parked had been flooded and was very small. So Jiajing ordered the Ministry of Industry to rebuild a new underground palace behind his father's original tomb to house his parents' coffins. In this way, the original single burial tomb in Wang Pan has been continuously expanded by Emperor Jiajing for decades, and it has become a large-scale double burial tomb.
The huge tomb we see now is called Baocheng, which looks like a huge dumbbell from the air. Qianbao City is oval in shape, with a width of 1 12m from east to west and a length of 125m from north to south. It is the earliest place to park the newly presented king's coffin (a large number of funerary objects have been provided), while Hou Baocheng is a full circle with a diameter of 1 10m, below which.
The place where we are staying now is called Yaotai, which connects two treasure cities. Yaotai is a place where immortals meet in myths and legends. And before and after the treasure market, Yaotai figured it out, indicating that the human soul has entered a fairyland. The construction time between the two treasure cities is 19 years. In ancient times, I had a traditional custom that people could not see the light of day after death. So, after the completion of the new palace, a passage was built between the old underground palace and the new underground palace, and the Yaotai was built. When Emperor Jiajing's father and mother were buried together, his father Zhu Youyuan's coffin was transported to the new underground palace from the passage under the Yao platform. It can be said that Yaotai plays an important role in the fairy.
It has been nearly 500 years since Xianling built the city, during which it suffered several disasters. One of the biggest was the peasant uprising in Li Zicheng in the late Ming Dynasty. /kloc-in the winter of 0/643, Li Zicheng army captured Chengtianfu (that is, Zhongxiang), demolished Zhujiajian Island Temple, and tried to excavate Xianling underground palace. It is said that when preparing to excavate the former underground palace, it happened to be struck by lightning. Li Zicheng, who had superstitious thoughts, was suspicious and didn't dare to break ground, so he set fire to all the wooden buildings in the mausoleum. Nowadays, scientific exploration has proved that the Xianling underground palace is well preserved and has never been stolen, which also reflects the simple folk customs here. I believe that one day, when the Xianling Underground Palace opens, it will certainly attract the attention of the whole world.
The construction of Xianlingbaocheng embodies the advanced scientific concept at that time. Please note that there will be a faucet carved with white marble on the circular Baocheng wall at regular intervals. The faucet is connected from the neck to Longkou, and all the faucets face outside Baocheng. This is the unique drainage system of faeries. When it rains, the accumulated water is discharged from the city through the pipeline at the faucet mouth, which makes the loop dry and reduces the amount of accumulated water in the grave. This is the origin of the name of the faucet we use at home today. In addition to the practicality of drainage, the mighty and fierce faucet also shows the supremacy and inviolability of imperial power. At the same time, the builders also used the power of this thing to defend the dead.
Distinguished guests, please board the Ming building of Fangcheng with me.
Look at this monument, which is 5m high and1.2m wide. "Gong Mingrui offered the imperial tomb" was written by Emperor Jiajing. This monument has special significance. It is the business card of the whole fairy, and it has played an important role in the process of fairy's declaration of world cultural heritage and its final adoption. You can see that both sides of the whole monument have been destroyed, but this monument is intact and can't be said to be an act of god!
Let's feel the grandeur and magic of the fairy! Please take a long view. This dragon forest's curved Shinto from the new Red Gate to the mausoleum is like a trilogy with a dragon's tail and a dragon's neck, which is lifelike. The new red gate and the old red gate are not on a central axis, which does not formally show the anger of the dragon tail swinging? Look at the Jiuqu River again, interspersed around the dragon, just like a water dragon winding and sneaking, meeting the dragon outside the Neiming pool, forming the magic of two dragons playing with beads. Naiming sugar is based on the theory of geomantic omen, that is, "the dragon god will disperse when he meets the wind and stop when he meets the water." It symbolizes the eternal consolidation of mountains and rivers in the Ming Dynasty. The design of this amphibious dragon makes the whole fairy spirit full of vitality and vitality for the second time!
Please look at the general environment of the whole mausoleum area: according to the principle of ancient geomantic omen, all the mountains, water systems and forest plants in this large area are arranged as elements of the mausoleum area, and the Songlin Mountain behind the mausoleum area is arranged and arranged as elements of the mausoleum area. During the bend of Jiuqu River, Tianzigang in front is Pingshan, which constitutes Qianzhu. Fairy spirit deserves to be a natural masterpiece combining ancient architecture with environmental aesthetics! The construction of Xianling Mausoleum is a concentrated expression of China's belief in the soul in feudal times, which embodies the political thought, moral concept and aesthetic taste in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. At the same time, this kind of mausoleum built by state forces also reflects the economic situation, scientific and technological level and architectural technical level at that time, and is the highest expression form and architectural model of funeral art in China.
Ladies and gentlemen, after visiting the Tomb of the Epiphany, will you give the same admiration to Mr. Jean-Louis, a United Nations World Heritage expert? Of course, according to the vastness of the fairy and the richness of the' cultural history' of pregnancy, I can't fully understand it in such a short time. In addition, my knowledge is limited, and many places are still lacking. To this end, I will redouble my efforts to master more knowledge about faeries. At that time, you are welcome to come to Xianling again. I will also visit faeries again for you, and I will give you more wonderful explanations.
Thank you! I wish you all a pleasant journey!
I am your tour guide (commentator) * * *, and I will accompany you to visit and explain. I hope that with our joint efforts, we can appreciate the charm of the wealth of all mankind and the magical story behind it.
Before entering the mausoleum area for sightseeing, let me give you a brief introduction to the Ming Tombs:
Founded in 15 19, the tomb of the apparition has a history of nearly 500 years. It is the burial tomb of Zhu Youyuan, the ancestor of Ming Dynasty, and Jiang, the empress. As early as 1988, it was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit by the State Council. At the end of 20xx, Xianling successfully declared the World Cultural Heritage and was included in the United Nations World Heritage List, which became the wealth of people all over the world. At present, there are more than 500 world heritages in the world, only 30 in China, only 2 1 cultural heritages, and only 2 in Hubei, namely Wudang Mountain and Xianling Mausoleum. Most of the 32 provinces and cities in China have none.
As I said just now, the fairy is the tomb of Zhu Youyuan, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty. People who know a little about the history of China will definitely want to scold me. There was an emperor named Zhu Youyuan in the Ming Dynasty? Then I'll say it. You know it's right, so am I, not only in the Ming Dynasty, but also in the history of China. Because there is no such person in China's history, because he is the only person in China's history and the world's history who was ratified after death, which is also the strangeness of the fairy. Although Zhu Youyuan was not an emperor before his death, Zhu Hougui, the Jiajing Emperor of the Ming Dynasty who became emperor after being killed by his son, not only regarded him as the emperor, but also built the largest imperial tomb for him in China history. In order to make the scale of the Epiphany Mausoleum surpass that of the emperors in China, Emperor Jiajing spent more than 40 years in office, spent more than 40 years in the state treasury and used tens of thousands of laborers to build today's scale. It is also the longest imperial mausoleum in the world and one of the largest in the world.
The Xian Mausoleum is the first imperial mausoleum in China that has been rated as a world cultural heritage by the United Nations. The Ming Tombs and the Ming Tombs that we are familiar with were included in the expansion project of the Ming and Qing Tombs four years after the Xian Mausoleum became a world cultural heritage, mainly because the Xian Mausoleum has obvious advantages. First of all, it completely preserved and embodied the feudal etiquette system, played a connecting role, and influenced the shape of the tombs in the Qing Dynasty. He is the most outstanding representative of the Ming Tombs, which has its own uniqueness different from other tombs: one mausoleum and two tombs are unique to the tombs of past dynasties! Without China, there is no second one in the world! The golden urn-shaped Outer Luocheng, the Nine Curves Royal River, the dragon-shaped Shinto, and the circular inner and outer Tang Ming are absolutely not found in other tombs. Secondly, the architecture of Xianling Mausoleum is based on the principle of China's geomantic theory that "the mausoleum should be commensurate with the scenery", and the landscape is regarded as an organic part of the mausoleum, with a unified layout. The architecture is built on the mountain, and it is patchwork, which constitutes a genius masterpiece combining architectural art with environmental aesthetics. More importantly, the construction of the Xianling Mausoleum was the product of a major historical event in the early years of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty-the dispute over etiquette.
There are so many strange things in Xianling Mausoleum, which meet the relevant standards of the United Nations on world heritage. Even Mr. Jeanlouis, a United Nations World Heritage expert, was amazed, saying that Xianling Mausoleum was really a "magical Ming Xianling Mausoleum". I don't know how you will feel after visiting faeries! What evaluation will it be! Ok, ladies and gentlemen, now that you have set foot on the royal mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty, please keep quiet and let me take you back to the Ming Dynasty. ...
First of all, the stone tablet we saw was called "Dismount the Horse Monument", with the words "Officials and others dismount here" engraved on it, which was written by Yan Song, the prime minister of Jiajing period. In China's feudal society, the dignity of the emperor is supreme, and the mausoleum area is regarded as a sacred forbidden area. Not only ordinary people can't go in and out at will, but even court officials have to dismount here. This plaque was legally binding at that time, and offenders would be severely punished.
Ladies and gentlemen, the single-eaved mountain building in front of us is called Xinhongmen. Through this door, we officially entered the mausoleum area. The fairy project is huge. It took 40 years before and after, covering an area of 183. 13 hectares, equivalent to the size of 300 football fields. The whole fairy is surrounded by two walls, inside and outside. You see, the wall connecting the new Red Gate is called Wailuocheng, which is 6.5 meters high and 1.9 meters thick. It is more than 3600 meters in circumference, with red walls and yellow tiles, winding in the rolling mountains, with great momentum. After the establishment of the mausoleum, officials from all over the country, States, prefectures and counties went north to the northeast one after another. From Yunnan to Guizhou, every brick, tile and stone is presented here. Each brick and tile has a complete indication of where the tension comes from, which shows the arduousness of the project. Seen from the air, Wailuocheng is in the shape of a "golden vase". In geomantic omen, it is not only regarded as a backup gas and protection of life, but also a tool for worship of immortals. Its meaning is sacred and auspicious. At the same time, the winding city wall fluctuates along the mountain, which avoids the external rigidity of the building and is more harmonious with the natural environment. The Xianling Mausoleum outside Luocheng is the first mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty! Later Ming and Qing Tombs also followed this practice.
Passing through the Xinhongmen, you will find that according to the regulations of ancient architecture in China, all major buildings are centered on the central axis and spread to both sides, while Xinhongmen deviates from the central axis. Why? Please continue to visit with this question.
The pond you see on our left is called Waimingtang, so it is named because it is located in the position of Waimingtang in geomantic omen (this hall is the hall of the hall). Tang Ming is an important concept in the theory of geomantic omen, which originally refers to the open space in the mausoleum area, which should be wide and narrow and suitable for the development of the mountain. Waimingtang is connected with Jiuqu River in Ling District, and Canglang Lake is connected with the water below. It broke through the fence and left a 90-meter gap in Wailuo. There is an interesting story about this gap: It is said that Emperor Jiajing spent a lot of money to build a mausoleum for his parents, but the national treasury was short of silver and could not afford so much money. As soon as this plan came out, all parts of the country were forced to build tombs. Just because Yunnan and Guizhou are located in remote and poor areas, they failed to raise enough funds in time, which led to the delay in launching major projects. Later, he was demoted by Emperor Jiajing. At that time, the designer decided to build Aming Hall in this vacant lot to connect the outer Luocheng on both sides. And this vacancy also left the saying that Yunnan is short and Guizhou is short. So far, Zhongxiang people still say that what is lacking is lacking-Yunnan is less-Guizhou is less.