1958 Many people are very interested today. That year, the whole people played sparrows in spring and made steel in summer, which were all great events celebrated by the whole country. 165438+ On June 27th this year, the Xilan Highway from Xi 'an to Lanzhou was constructed less than100km northwest of Xi 'an. Because the project needs a lot of stone, farmers near Ganxian went to Liangshan to take local materials and blast the stone. When stones flying out of the air were scattered in front of farmers, some knowledgeable people quickly associated them with Wu Zetian. As a result, after more than 1000 years of silence, the stormy Ganling Road was exposed to the broad daylight for the first time.
At the foot of Liangshan Mountain, 6 kilometers north of Ganxian County, Shaanxi Province, farmers work at sunrise and rest at sunset. People there have long been proud of this, that is, they heard that the land where they live is the tomb where Empress Wu Zetian sleeps, which contains countless treasures. For thousands of years, from the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, Wen Tao specialized in tomb raiding, to the Huang Chao Uprising Army and the elite troops of Sun Lianzhong, the activities of robbing Gan Ling never stopped. Strangely, every time I meet a strong wind, I can't stop shivering. 1958, farmers accidentally blew out the dry grave road, followed by archaeologists and rushed to the scene. According to the excavation experience of the Han and Tang tombs in Qinchuan, archaeologists quickly launched an investigation.
Wang Luxiang: What's the biggest difference between this Tang Dynasty mausoleum and the Han Dynasty mausoleum?
Director Zhang: The Tang Mausoleum and the Han Mausoleum are actually two major stages in the development history of China Mausoleum. Because there are 18 tombs preserved in Guanzhong, and there are 14 tombs in the mountain.
Wang Luxiang: It's on the mountain.
Director Zhang: On the mountain, because the mountain is the mausoleum. So this, its original mausoleum, this mausoleum presented by Tang Gaozu Li Yuan, basically imitates the mausoleum system of the Han Dynasty.
Wang Luxiang: Let's build a grave on the flat ground.
Director Zhang: It started underground, so its own cemetery system has not been established. Since Zhaoling, the mountain is the mausoleum. So Zhaoling chose a very steep mountain, and the design of its cemetery was greatly restricted. In fact, this dry tomb should be said to be a sign of the maturity of the cemetery system in the Tang Dynasty.
After careful exploration, archaeologists made a preliminary analysis of the site of Gan Mausoleum. Ganling is the burial tomb of Tang Gaozong Li Zhi and Wu Zetian. The mausoleum is located on the main peak of Liangshan. After the tomb door is filled with stone strips, it is filled with molten iron, which is impregnable. There are doors on all sides of the main peak, and the east and west peaks in the south stand opposite each other, forming a natural door. There is a Shinto in the middle, and the whole cemetery is magnificent, which is a miracle in the cemetery of the Tang Dynasty.
Wang Luxiang: When I came to this place in 1983, the most shocking thing was to see this dry tomb from a distance, just like the feeling of a huge woman lying on Xianyang's head, head, neck, chest, stomach and even two legs.
Director Zhang: Yes, yes, the part we are going to walk now is almost equivalent to this part of her abdomen.
Wang Luxiang: Her stomach.
Director Zhang: The belly piece, this piece is still relatively high. The farther south, the lower.
Wang Luxiang: The whole building in Ganling Park looks a bit like Chang 'an, doesn't it?
Director Zhang: Yes, yes, the triple is that there is an outer Guo Cheng, an imperial city and Miyagi, and so on. Now we are in the first lane, and we are coming in. The front door is still in the south, one kilometer away from this place.
Wang Luxiang: We are out of town.
Director Zhang: It has entered the outer city circle. Ganling, in fact, this cemetery system has formed a model, and then the Tang Mausoleum, which is based on the mountain, basically follows this Ganling model.
Wang Luxiang: What kind of model, what are the basic elements and norms?
Director Zhang: That is to say, first of all, he chose this mountain as a relatively independent mountain, then he chose this hanging palace to dig on the hillside in its south, built a circle around the mountain to wrap it, and then there was a long Shinto in its south.
It has been 23 years since the death of Emperor Gaozong, the construction of cemetery and the burial of Wu Zetian. The cost of manpower and material resources is difficult to count. Some people say that every imperial tomb. It is not only a paradise for the dead, but also a grave for builders.
The legend of the mausoleum was selected by Mr. Li, a geomancer in the Tang Dynasty.
Wang Luxiang: It is said that the Ganling in Rites of Rites was not chosen by Emperor Gaozong before his death, but after the death of Wu Zetian. Is that so?
Director Zhang: There is no clear record on who will be chosen in the literature, but judging from the present mausoleum site, its environment, its topography and even the traditional Feng Shui in China, it is a very good site.
Wang Luxiang: Obviously, it was the Royal Feng Shui Master.
Director Zhang: Yes, it should be.
Wang Luxiang: Because at that time, Feng Shui in China reached a peak in the Tang Dynasty. It can also be said that the geomantic omen in China reached a peak, and the most famous Li was born and lived in this period.
Anyone who is familiar with the history of the Tang Dynasty knows who Li is. He is a legend in the palace and a Feng Shui master in the Tang Dynasty. He and Yuan Tiangang, a famous warlock in the ruling and opposition parties at that time, chose the mausoleum for Emperor Gaozong. Later, when they returned to Korea, they all said that the emperor had chosen a place to go to the extreme, just in Liangshan, north of Chang 'an. When the emperor heard this, he immediately ordered veteran Sun Chang Wuji to check it out. As a result, when Sun Chang Wuji came to Liangshan, he was shocked and speechless for a long time.
According to legend, when choosing a site for the emperor, Yuan Tiangang took copper coins as a record, and Li took chai as a standard. When Wuji got there, he was surprised to find that Li's hairpin turned out to be even, just stuck in the square hole of Yuan Tiangang copper coin. When he looked up, he suddenly found that the whole mountain was like a woman, and he was uneasy.
Qianling?Mausoleum
Ganling is the mausoleum of Li Zhi (628-683) in Tang Gaozong and the only female emperor Wu Zetian (624-705) in China history. It is the largest and most well-preserved of the eighteen Tang tombs in Shaanxi. The cemetery is located in Liangshan, 6 kilometers north of Ganxian County, Shaanxi Province, 76 kilometers away from the ancient capital Xi and 40 kilometers away from Xi Xianyang International Airport. 196 1 was announced as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in China. In 2000, it was declared as an AAAA-level tourist attraction by the National Tourism Administration.
Ganling is called Ganling because it is located in the northwest of Chang 'an, the dry place of gossip. The most striking thing here is that Wu Zetian's tablet without words is famous for its "no words". As for whether Wu Zetian didn't write a poem because of his last words "meritorious service, leave it to others to comment", or because Wu Zetian was "respected and unable to write, leave it to others to comment", there is no sufficient historical evidence to support it.
Special food:
Guo Kui: According to legend, when Ganling was built in the Tang Dynasty, the project was huge and there were many foot soldiers, which made cooking difficult. Some soldiers use helmets to make pots and barbecue bread, which is quite delicious. This method is easy to be popularized on the ground. Later, people improved it and developed it into the "Guo kui" steamed bread baked in a flat-bottomed iron pan today. Now, Guo Kui of Ganzhou takes fine wheat flour, makes it into a round cake with a diameter of eight inches and a thickness of six points, and bakes it on the fire. After baking, the appearance is yellow and white, and there is a sense of hierarchy inside. Smells sweet, tastes sweet, lasts for a long time, and is easy to carry.
Noodles: handmade with fine powder, fine as hair, white, smooth and tough. Boiled water is cooked, fished out first, washed with cold water, fished out and cut into small pieces to make sour soup. Chopped egg cakes, tender leeks and Chinese cabbage are used as "floating tips" and poured into the fished noodles, also called "noodle soup". It's sour, fragrant and delicious. It is said that when Ganling was built, foot soldiers and migrant workers worked day and night regardless of the heat and cold. In order to let them eat noodles, the locals put the rolled and chopped noodles on bamboo poles to dry, cut them into bundles, and sent them to the construction site together with the prepared sour soup, so that the foot soldiers and migrant workers could cook in the pot after work and eat the sour soup, which not only satisfied their hunger, but also quenched their thirst, and was regarded as a superior comfort meal by the birds. Later, some people improved the dried noodles into handmade noodles, and added "slightly floating" to the sour soup, which became the "sour soup noodles" widely circulated among the people today.
Crispy: It is also a famous snack in Ganxian. It is made of horse oil and flour, wrapped in rock sugar, green shredded pork and white sugar, and fried in a pot. The cake is frothy, golden in color, crisp and delicious. It is said that pork crisp was originally a food in the court, and it was offered as a sacrifice during the sacrifice of Ganling in the Tang Dynasty, and later spread among the people. Because there is little horse oil, it is mostly replaced by big oil today.
Tofu brain: Legend has it that when Ganling was built, foot soldiers and craftsmen ground soybeans into soybean milk and cooked them. Later, someone accidentally dropped gypsum into soybean milk, and the soybean milk coagulated. Someone dares to taste it. It's very delicious. After that, I intentionally added a proper amount of gypsum to the prepared soybean milk to solidify it, and a new food was produced. Because it looks like brain marrow, it is named bean curd. Has been passed down to this day.
Dried bean curd in Ganxian is white, soft and smooth because of its special water quality, and it keeps turning and stirring. In addition, the seasoning is exquisite, cinnamon is soaked in vinegar, and vegetable oil is poured on spicy noodles, which is salty, spicy and sour, moist and palatable, and the fragrance is attractive.
Li Zhi is not "fatuous, incompetent, timid and mediocre" as the old historians said. At the beginning of his reign, he "cherished eternal life and learned from hundreds of kings" and determined to be the king of ZTE in order to build the foundation of Datang. With the assistance of Sun Chang Wuji, Chu Suiliang and other senior officials, he was diligent in state affairs, humble to corporal, conscientiously implemented the legacy of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan, reclaimed wasteland, and implemented the system of equal land; Develop the imperial examination system; The population has increased rapidly, the society and politics are clear, the economy is prosperous, the people live and work in peace and contentment, and foreign forces have entered Central Asia. Therefore, in the early years of Emperor Gaozong's accession to the throne, the history books rated it as "the policy of eternal emblem, the security of the people, and the legacy of chastity". After middle age, Li Zhi appointed Wuhou to handle the affairs of state affairs, because "the wind is dazzling, and the eyes are too heavy to see". Wuhou took the opportunity to monopolize power, specializing in state affairs, and "empowering the people to be the masters." In the first month of 666 A.D., Li Zhi and Wuhou ascended Mount Tai to offer sacrifices to Confucius, which formed the situation that the "two saints" respected each other in Tang Dynasty. Shangguan Yi, the prime minister, played with the harem dignitaries and was put to death in prison. Li Zhi also deeply felt excluded, afraid that Li Jiangshan would be defeated by himself, and wanted to be the Zen Prince Li Hong (the eldest son of Li Zhi and Wu Zetian), but Li Hong was helpless. So he made his second son, Li Xian, a prince to run the country. Wu Houxuan deposed Li Xian for "disobedience". Li Zhi was helpless, and made King Li Xian of England a prince. In 682 AD, Li Zhongrun, the son of Li Xian (posthumously named Prince Yide), was appointed as the great-grandson of the emperor by Li Zhi, and made an exception to set up a mansion for the great-grandson in order to make the Tang Dynasty prosperous for generations. In December of the first year of Hongdao, Li Zhi died at the Zhenguan Temple in Luoyang, the capital of East China, at the age of 56, and he reigned for thirty-four years. Before he died, he said, "If the God of heaven and earth prolongs my life for a month or two, I will return to Chang 'an and die without complaint. "He expressed his willingness to bury his bones in his hometown of Guanzhong. Testament "cemetery system, to be frugal. "If the military affairs are undecided, Tianhou (Wu Zetian) will be punished." In May of the first year of Kaihua (684), Wu Zetian obeyed her last wish and ordered her to escort Gao westbound to Chang 'an. In August, he was buried in Liangshan, and the tomb was named Ganling.
Wu Zetian (624-705), who claimed to be Chang, was once called the Great Sage Queen and later called Wu Zetian. Born in Chang 'an, Tang Dou (Guangyuan, Sichuan), his ancestral home was in Wenshui, Bingzhou (now Wenshui, Shaanxi). His father, Wu Shihuo, was originally a timber merchant. Later, he followed Sui Taiyuan to stay in Li Yuan, and proposed. In the early Tang Dynasty, I went to the Ministry of Industry, Shangshu and Lizhou. His mother, Yang, was the daughter of the prime minister of Sui Dynasty. It is said that Wu Zetian was out of phase when she was a child. At that time, Yuan Tiangang, a world-famous astrologer, went to the Wu family for dinner. During the dinner, Yuan was invited to meet his family. After seeing his wife Yang, Yuan Tiangang said, "My wife's bones are very good. She will have children!" After seeing Wu's second son, he said, "These two sons can achieve three things, but they are not rich for life!" At this time, the wet nurse came out with Wu Zetian in boys' clothes. Yuan Tiangang looked forward for a while and said, "This little husband looks cold and hard to understand. Let him see. " So the nurse put her on the ground. The child took a few steps, and Yuan Tiangang asked her to look up again. She was shocked and said, "This son has dragon eyes and phoenix neck, and Fuxi's appearance will be extremely noble!" " Yuan Tiangang looked at the child from the side for a while, surprised and sorry: "Unfortunately, it is a husband. If it is a woman, it is the master of the world! "
In the 11th year of Zhenguan (637), when Wu Zetian 14 years old, Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, heard that she was "beautiful", called her into the harem, made her a talent, and gave her the title of "Wu Mei". Wu Cairen, who entered the palace for the first time, won the favor of Emperor Taizong with her unique charm, but in the harem with beautiful women like clouds, it was difficult for her to get the long-term favor of Emperor Taizong. This calculating woman seduced the Crown Prince with her beauty. At the end of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong was critically ill, and Li Zhi was in the side waiter, having an affair with Wu Shi. In the 23rd year of Zhenguan (649), Taizong died. According to the court system at that time, 26-year-old Wu Cairen and his childless concubine in the harem were sent to Kanye Temple for a haircut as a blessing to Qin Shihuang. In the third year of Yonghui (652), on the anniversary of Emperor Taizong's death, Li Zhi burned incense in the temple, got to know Wu Meiniang and relived the old love. He was recalled to the harem and named Zhao Yi.
Since ancient times, there have been many complaints about fire in the palace. The most important thing is that eyebrows are not attractive. Wu, who returned to the court, with her intelligence and wisdom, did not hesitate to strangle her own daughter and frame the king and queen, and finally ascended the coveted queen throne and began to participate in state affairs. Wu Zetian, who has always been resourceful and dabbled in literature and history, soon showed superhuman talent and capable ability to govern the country, and gained great trust and dependence. After October (660), Li Zhi, who suffered from various diseases, decided that "the best performance should be decided in detail." Wu Zetian took this opportunity to woo courtiers and, with the support of Li Yifu, Xu Jingzong and others, eliminated the senior ministers headed by Sun Chang Wuji and Chu Suiliang, and acted arbitrarily from then on. After the death of Emperor Gaozong in the first year of Hongdao, Li Xian succeeded to the throne and Wu Zetian became the Empress Dowager. The following year, Li Xian was abolished and Li Dan became emperor, so that he could not interfere in political affairs. In the third year (690), Wu Zetian ordered the monks to fabricate the Great Cloud Sutra, saying that Maitreya Buddha was born and would take the place of Tang. Then he ordered his confidant ministers to "surrender" hundreds of people. As a result, tens of thousands of people, including the imperial court, inside and outside the capital, the leaders of the four barbarians, monks and Taoists, followed suit. Seeing that the time was ripe, Wu Zetian changed the Tang Dynasty to the Zhou Dynasty, and officially ascended the throne in September of the first year of natural grant, claiming to be the emperor of the Zhou Dynasty and becoming the only female emperor in the history of China.
Wu Zetian is knowledgeable in literature and history, skillful in tactics and cruel in means. After she proclaimed herself emperor, she broadened her career, initiated the system of "entrance examination", "bootstrapping" and "martial arts", and recruited talents extensively. Reward informers, appoint brutal officials, repeatedly set up prisons and crack down on nobles to maintain their absolute dominance. During her nearly 50 years of rule, social politics, economy and culture flourished. At the same time, it also strengthened and improved the relationship between the Tang Dynasty and the border ethnic minorities. In his later years, he was extravagant and extravagant, and his palace was messy. My nephew, Wu Sansi, is in control of state affairs, and the political constitution is chaotic. In the first month of the first year of Shenlong (AD 705), Wu Zetian was seriously ill, and Prime Minister Zhang Jianzhi staged a coup to restore Li Xian. 1 1 month, Wu Zetian died in Luoyang Shangyang Palace, and her last wish was "Mimo Temple, Guiling Mausoleum, make God, and call it the Great Sage Queen." At the age of 82. In May of the following year, Zhong Zonghu returned to Xijing with the spirit, and was buried in Gong Xuan Ganling with her husband in August.