Li Bai (701-762), also known as Taibai, also known as Qinglian Jushi. Li Bai is a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty and one of the most famous poets in my country. He is another great romantic poet after Qu Yuan in the history of Chinese literature. He is known as the "Immortal of Poetry". Li Bai and Du Fu are collectively called "Li Du".
Li Bai (701-762), also known as Taibai, also known as Qinglian Jushi.
His ancestral home was Chengji in Longxi (now southwest of Jingning, Gansu Province). At the end of the Sui Dynasty, his ancestors lived in Suiye (near today's Tokmak in northern Kyrgyzstan). When he was young, he moved with his father to Qinglian Township, Changlong County, Mianzhou (now Jiangyou, Sichuan). At the age of 25, he "said farewell to relatives and traveled far away" and left Shu with a sword. Tianbao initially served in the Hanlin Academy, but was slandered by the powerful and left Chang'an after just over a year. During the Anshi Rebellion, he served as an aide to King Yong Lin. Because Lin was defeated in Xunyang Prison, he was banished to Yelang, but he was pardoned and returned to the east. In his later years, he went to his uncle Li Yangbing, who ordered him to Dangtu. He later died in Dangtu and was buried in Longshan. In the twelfth year of Tang Yuanhe (817), Fan Chuanzheng, the observer of Xuanshechi, moved his tomb to Qingshan according to Li Bai's last wish of "aiming at Qingshan" during his lifetime. There are thirty volumes of "Collected Works of Li Taibai" in circulation.
There are more than 990 poems by Li Bai in existence. There are a large number of political lyric poems, which fully express the poet's extraordinary ambition, unrestrained passion, and heroic spirit. They also represent the typical tone of high-spirited poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai had a strong self-awareness and compared himself with the Dapeng many times. "The Dapeng rises with the wind in one day, and its fortunes rise ninety thousand miles" in "Li Yong". However, Li Bai returned frustrated after three years in Chang'an. When his passionate political enthusiasm was collided with reality, he turned into a song of sorrow and anger for his unrecognized talent. He burst out from his chest: "The road is like the blue sky. I can't reach it alone. I am ashamed." "In the middle of the Chang'an society, the red chickens and white dogs play for pears and chestnuts, they play the swords and sing songs and make bitter sounds, and they drag their trains to the royal family, which is not suitable for them." Li Bai also wrote joyful drinking poems to relieve the sorrow of not being able to realize his talents. "About to Enter the Wine": "If you are successful in life, you must have all the fun. Don't let the gold bottle stand empty against the moon. I am born with talents that will be useful. I will come back after all the gold is spent. I have fun cooking sheep and slaughtering cattle. I will drink three hundred cups at a time." In line with this bold and unrestrained emotional momentum, the distinctive features of Li Bai's poetry in terms of artistic techniques are: magical imagination, unprovoked changes, vertical and horizontal jumps in structure, and scattered sentence lengths, forming a majestic and elegant poem. style. "Dreamwalking Tianmu chants and leaves behind":
"Tianmu reaches the sky and stretches across the sky, stretching out the five mountains to cover Chicheng. The rooftop is 48,000 feet long, and I want to fall to the southeast. I want to dream of Wuyue because of it, Flying across the Jinghu Lake all night, the moon shines on me and sends me to the Yan River. The place where Xie Gong stayed is still there, and the clear apes are singing in the water. There are chickens in the air. The road is uncertain in the thousands of rocks, and the rocks are suddenly dim. The roaring bears and dragons sing in the Yinyan Spring. The clouds are green and green, and the water is full of thunder. , Qiu Luan collapsed, the stone fan of the cave suddenly opened, the blue sky was vast and bottomless, the sun and the moon shone on the gold and silver platform, the kings of clouds came and fell one after another, and the tigers and drums played. Luan returns to the carriage. Immortals are lined up like hemp." And when I first wake up from the dream, the illusion disappears, which leads to my feelings about life and the world: "The same is true for happiness in the world. Everything flows in the east." It makes me unhappy to bow down and serve the powerful.” Li Bai's characteristic of thinking beyond the world greatly developed Zhuangzi's fables. Qu Yuan's first romantic spirit and expression techniques also integrated Taoist immortal imagery, which has amazing artistic charm and won the praise of a generation of "poetry immortals". praise.
The themes of Li Bai's poems are diverse. His seven-character ancient poems ("The Road to Shu is Difficult", "Dream Wandering Tianmu's Song of Farewell", "About to Enter the Wine", "Yin of Liang Fu", etc.); five-character ancient poems (59 poems in "Ancient Style"); there is a Yuefu folk song of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties The unique "Changganxing", "Midnight Wu Ge", etc., and the seven-character quatrains ("Wanglu Mountain Waterfall", "Wangtianmen Mountain", "Early Departure from Baidi City", etc.) have become famous works in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai was already famous in the Tang Dynasty. His poems "are not collected in a fixed volume, but every family has them." He is the first person in the Chinese poetry circle.
Early Years
Li Bai’s ancestral home was Chengji, Longxi (now Qin Andong, Gansu). He was born in Suiye (located near Tokmak, Kyrgyzstan today) in the Western Regions in the first year of Chang'an of Wu Zetian (701 AD).
According to the "New Book of Tang", he was the ninth grandson of Emperor Xingsheng (Liang Wuzhao King Li Hao), and he was actually the same ancestry as the kings of Li and Tang. When he was young, Li Bai and his father Li Ke moved to Qinglian Township, Changlong, Mianzhou (now Jiangyou County, Sichuan). He began traveling throughout China in his youth. Later, Li Bai once worshiped Hanlin in the first year of Tianbao, Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (AD 742). However, his unruly character determined that he could not be tolerated by the powerful, so he left Chang'an in less than two years.
Middle-aged
Later he met Du Fu, another famous poet of the Tang Dynasty in China, in Luoyang and became a good friend. After the Anshi Rebellion broke out, in December 756, Li Bai was invited to serve as an aide to King Yong in order to quell the rebellion. After King Yong was angry and killed Suzong of Tang Dynasty, Li Bai was also convicted and imprisoned. Soon after, he was exiled to Yelang (now Tongzi, Guizhou). He was pardoned during his exile, when he was 59 years old.
Later Years
Li Bai wandered around the Yangtze River in his later years. When he was 61 years old, he heard that Lieutenant Li Guangbi was leading an army to attack the Anshi rebels, so he went north to prepare to follow Li Guangbi and join the army to kill the enemy, but he turned back due to illness on the way. The next year, Li Bai defected to his uncle Li Yangbing, who was the county magistrate of Dangtu (now Anhui). In November of the same year, Li Bai died of illness in his apartment at the age of 62.
Works
Li Bai created a large number of poetry works throughout his life, more than 900 of which have been handed down to this day. His poetry creation covers a wide range of themes of Chinese classical poetry, and there are famous works on many themes. His favorite genres are mainly ancient poetry, including ancient style and Yuefu poetry, but he often also retains swan songs in modern poetry genres such as rhymes and quatrains. Among the Ci poems that were not yet popular in the Tang Dynasty, two are considered to be Li Bai's works, namely "Bodhisattva Man" and "Recalling Qin E", which Huang Sheng of the Southern Song Dynasty called "the ancestor of Ci and music in a hundred generations". There are also a few people who doubt that they were written by Li Bai.
Textual research
According to the "Old Book of Tang" records, Li Bai, courtesy name Taibai, was from Shandong, and his father was Rencheng Wei. In his youth, Li Bai showed extraordinary talents, great ambition, and a transcendental heart. He and other students from central Shandong, including Kong Chaofu, Han Mian, Pei Zheng, Zhang Shuming, Tao Mian, etc., hid in Culai Mountain, singing and drinking heavily, and were known as "Zhuxi Liuyi" at that time.
The "Old Book of Tang" records that although Li Bai was pardoned during his exile, he died of drunkenness in Xuancheng due to excessive drinking on the way ("He died of drunkenness in Xuancheng because of excessive drinking").
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Li Bai’s life and character
Li Bai (701-762) was named Taibai. Originally from Chengji, Longxi (now Qin'an, Gansu), he was born in Suiye City (in today's Kyrgyzstan) in the western region of Central Asia. When he was about five years old, his family moved to Changlong, Mianzhou (now Jiangyou, Sichuan). His father, Li Ke (or his real name is unknown, "Ke" is a general term for outsiders), did not seek a job and his family was wealthy, so people speculated that he might be a wealthy businessman. Li Bai spent his teenage years in Shu. He has been widely involved in reading since he was a child. It is said that "reciting Liujia at the age of five and observing hundreds of schools of thought at the age of ten" ("History of Pei Chang of Shang'an Prefecture"), "watching wonders at the age of fifteen" He wrote a poem about Ling Xiangru ("A Presentation to Zhang Xianghao"). When he was young, he was a swordsman and a knight. "Books with Han Jingzhou" says: "Fifteen years of good swordsmanship has spread to all the princes. "Wei Hao said that he had "bright eyes, trembling like a hungry tiger... he was a young knight, and he could kill many people with his hands" ("Preface to the Collection of Li Hanlin"). Cui Zongzhi also wrote in the poem "Gift to Li Twelve Whites" that "there is something in his sleeves" Sentences such as "dagger and sword" and "eyes that illuminate people" describe his demeanor. Much later, he reminisced with his friends and recalled with great interest the past when he fought his way out of the siege of the evil young men in Wuling (see "Reminiscing the past with Jiangyang Zailu Diao") .
He has longed for the life of wandering immortals for a long time: "I have traveled to immortals for fifteen years, and my immortal travels have never stopped. "(Part 5 of "Eight Poems for Feelings") When he was eighteen or nineteen years old, Li Bai once lived in seclusion in Daitian Dakuang Mountain and learned from Zhao Rui.
" ("Yin of the Jade Pot") He sometimes made lofty words that disdained the powerful, such as "The gold and white jade bought songs and laughed, and I was drunk for a long time and looked down on the princes" ("Recalling the Old Travels and Send Qiao County Yuan to Join the Army"), etc., but mainly Showing his inner arrogance. As he understood the actual situation of the high-level power groups, he further revealed the opposition between the common people and the powerful: "Pearls buy songs and laughs, and chaff nourishes talents. "("Ancient Style" No. 15) "The phoenix nests in the sycamore tree, and the mandarin duck nests in the mandarin thorn tree. "("Ancient Style" 39) "Chickens gather together to compete for food, while phoenixes fly alone without neighbors. The grasshopper mocks the dragon, and the fish's eyes are mixed with treasures; my mother's clothes are rich, and Xi Shi's salary is unpaid. ”
("Ming Gao Ge to Send Cen Zhengjun") and the ugliness of those who stole power because they flattered the emperor, such as "Ancient Style" No. 24:
The carts are flying in the sky, and the streets are dark at night. There is a lot of gold in the sky, and there is a cockfighting house on the road. The crown is shining brightly, and all the passers-by are afraid. Who knew Yao and Zhi!
And in "Dream Wandering Tianmu's Song of Farewell", he made the loudest cry:
I can't help but humble myself to serve the powerful. Happy face!
The meaning of this artistic summary in Li Bai's poems is just like Du Fu's famous line "The wine and meat in Zhumen are smelly, and there are frozen bones on the road" ("Five Hundred Words of Odyssey to Fengxian from Beijing") Du's poems are equally important. In the increasingly deteriorating political situation at the end of Tianbao, Li Bai linked anti-establishment with broad social criticism, such as "Reply to the King Drinking Alone on a Twelve Cold Nights", which not only defended the sages who died but also defended them. Expressing disappointment and contempt for the court: If you don’t see Li Beihai, where will your heroic spirit be now? If you don’t see Pei Shangshu, the earthly tomb is three feet tall and there are wormwood and thorns. The young man has long wanted to go to the five lakes.
In poems such as "Letter to Cai She Renxiong", "Ancient Style" Chapter 51, "Climbing the High Hill and Looking at the Far Sea", Li Bai even used the past to satirize the present and criticize Xuanzong. I made a sharp rebuke.
In short, it can be said that he brought the theme of anti-power in Tang poetry to a vivid and vivid level. Ren Hua said that Li Bai "has been a guest for decades and has never lost his color." ("Miscellaneous Words to Li Bai"), this awareness of not yielding in front of powerful people and having the courage to resist in order to maintain one's dignity is an important part of the tradition of attaching importance to personal values ??and valuing integrity since the Wei and Jin Dynasties. It is precisely in the new era that Li Bai Under historical conditions, he inherited and carried forward this excellent tradition and became a superstar in the poetry world.
Li Bai's poems are full of passionate love for life. His poems are often filled with childlike interest, such as : "The two drank together, drinking with the flowers blooming, one cup after another. I'm drunk and want to sleep, please go away. I want to bring Qin to you tomorrow morning. "("Drinking with a Hidden Man in the Mountains") "The long sleeves of the pipe stimulate the desire, and the prefect of Hanzhong dances drunkenly. Holding a brocade robe and covering my body, I lay drunk on his buttocks. ("Reminiscing about old travels and sending Qiaojun Yuan to join the army") "The setting sun is about to disappear in Xianxi, and the weed flowers are falling down and falling." The children in Xiangyang clapped their hands together and blocked the street to sing "White Bronze River". People nearby asked him what he was laughing at, but he laughed and killed the monkey, who was as drunk as mud. "("Song of Xiangyang") Life is like rich wine that makes the poet intoxicated. This certainly does not mean that there is no sorrow and pain in life, but the poet's optimistic spirit is enough to enable him to transcend and defeat the consciousness of worry. ? "Let's drink fine wine and climb high buildings" ("Liang Yuan Yin"), "Let's get drunk and study at home, don't look at the monument of tears" ("Xiangyang Song" No. 4), are the portrayal of his broad-minded mentality. One of his three poems "The Road Is Difficult" 1:
Ten thousand dollars worth of wine in a gold bottle, ten thousand dollars worth of gold on a jade plate. I stopped to throw the cup and chopsticks, but I couldn't eat. I drew my sword and looked around, feeling confused. I was about to climb the Taihang Mountains, which were covered with snow. When I was free to fish on the green stream, I suddenly took a boat ride and dreamed of the sun. The road was difficult and divergent, but now I am safe! There will be strong winds and waves, and I will sail across the sea.
Even if I write. There is no sorrow of losing the road, and there are no cold and astringent words of danger. The images of the Yellow River, Taihang, the sea, the sun, etc. that appear in the poem, as well as the majestic posture of drawing a sword and looking around, and the reverie of sailing across the sea, all have a magnificent feeling. Emotional. He will never settle for loneliness, as shown in Part 1 of "Drinking Alone Under the Moon":
A pot of wine among the flowers, drinking alone without a blind date, raising a glass to invite the moon, and the moon becomes three people. I don't know how to drink, and my shadow is with me. I will be with the moon for a while, and I will have fun until the spring. When I wake up, my dancing shadows are scattered. When I am drunk, we will be separated forever. .
Only a poet full of vitality can come up with such fantastic ideas. He has a poem "Dan Ge Xing", in which he conceives: "I want to attract six dragons, and I will hang a fusang on my carriage. Beidou will drink fine wine, and each of the dragons will have a cup. Wealth and honor are undesirable, and people live in ruins." There is no lamentation here. He laments his humiliation, but expresses his infinite attachment to life with the innocent imagination of "persuading him to drink". With their innocent taste, these poems inspire the beautiful humanity that is drowned by vulgar life, and thus gain permanent charm.
Li Bai had a strong sense of nature. He was good at integrating his personality into natural scenery, so that the mountains, rivers and valleys he wrote all had an idealized color. In his poem "Sunrise and Entrance", he said: "I will cover the big pieces, Haoran and Mingju are the same family." He also said: "Yangchun calls me with smoke and scenery, and the big pieces fake me with articles."
(Preface to "Spring Night Banquet from My Brother's Peach Garden") Li Bai has heroic demeanor and pursues a simple and noble state of mind. These different personality aspects have formed two major types of his landscape artistic conception: one is in the majestic and majestic style The majestic mountains and rivers highlight the beauty of force and movement, expressing heroic sentiments and thoughts in a magnificent artistic conception; the other type deliberately pursues the beauty of light and clarity, expressing innocent and innocent feelings in a beautiful artistic conception. For example, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River in his works are roaring and rushing for thousands of miles: "The water of the Yellow River comes up from the sky, and rushes to the sea and never returns" ("Jianjin Wine"); "The Yellow River touches the mountains for thousands of miles, and spins the vortex of the Qin mine... The giant spirit roars and smashes the two mountains, and the torrents of water shoot into the East China Sea" ("Song of Yuntai in Xiyue to Send Danqiuzi"); "Climbing high and spectacular, the vast river will never return.
The yellow clouds are thousands of miles away and the wind is moving. , White Waves and Nine Flowing Snow Mountains" ("The Ballad of Mount Lu Sent to Lu Shi Yuxu Zhou"); "The sea god comes and the evil wind returns, and the waves hit the sky gate and the stone wall opens. How is it like this in August in Zhejiang, the waves are like snow spraying from the mountains" ("Hengjiang"). word"). The mountain peaks in his works are soaring and majestic: "The sky is not full even if the peaks go up, and the withered pines hang upside down and lean on the cliffs" ("The Road to Shu is Difficult");
"The sky stretches to the sky, The five mountains are so powerful that they cover Chicheng; the rooftop is 48,000 feet high, and it is about to fall to the southeast." ("Sleepwalking Tianmu Yin Liu Farewell"). He used the heroic spirit in his heart to endow the landscape with sublime beauty. His praise of the power of nature is also a tribute to the ideal of life with far-sightedness and endless struggle. The extraordinary natural image is integrated with the proud heroic character. At the same time, Li Bai wrote many landscape poems with crystal clear and beautiful artistic conception. For example, "A man travels to the moon, and the boat sails in the air" ("Send Wei Wan, a man from Wangwu Mountain, back to the king's house"); "A man rides on the moon on the sea, and his sail falls into the sky in the middle of the lake" ("Xunyang sends his brother off to Chang'an, Poyang, Sima Zuo") "); "The moon turns with the green mountains, and the water merges with the green mountains and rivers. It is like a starry river, but I feel the clouds and forest are quiet" ("Moonlight Night River Journey to Cui Yuanwai Zongzhi"); "The night in Jinling is quiet and cool breeze blows, I go up to the west tower to look alone Wu Yue. The white clouds reflect the water and shake the empty city, and the white dew drops drop the autumn moon" ("Yin under the Moon on the West Tower of Jinling City") etc. These poems win with clarity and purity.
Li Bai's landscape poems are not so much realistic depictions of natural forms, but rather images that have been transformed and idealized according to the poet's personality. He only strives to grasp the overall momentum or atmosphere, relying on the sudden surge of emotion to express freely, while omitting specific details, and even the sequence of visual transitions in observing the scenery is often indifferent. Li Bai's landscape poems are always lyrical. He is good at permeating and blending landscape scenery with specific emotions. There is a subtle "isomorphic and mutual feeling" between the situation of "scenery" and the characteristics of "emotion". response relationship. For example, when he first came out of Shu, he wrote "Farewell at the Jingmen Gate":
I traveled far beyond the Jingmen Gate to travel from the Kingdom of Chu. The mountains end with the plains, and the river flows into the wilderness. The flying mirror under the moon, the clouds and sea towers. Still feeling pity for the water in my hometown, I send my boat sailing thousands of miles away.
The poet writes from a suddenly enlightened place and writes about the promising feelings of a young man who is just starting his journey. In his later years, he wrote "
" after being pardoned and released.