? Thick cotton cloth
Pagodas are also called pagodas (Sanskrit transliteration of "Buddha"), floating pictures, pagodas and so on. It was not until the Sui and Tang Dynasties that "pagoda" was used as a unified translation name, and was originally used to worship relics, scriptures or utensils. After Buddhism was introduced to China in the first century, China became the Han Buddhism. The style of the stupa has also been transformed from a bowl to a pavilion, and the dense-eaves stupa has been derived from pavilions. According to the building materials, the pagodas in China can be divided into wooden pagodas, stone pagodas and brick pagodas, most of which are engraved with inscriptions, Buddha statues and Buddhist scriptures. Its basic shape consists of tower base, tower body and tower gate. The tower foundation is square, round and polygonal, and the tower body is built step by step and gradually gathered. The ancient pagodas have various styles, which together with mountains and rivers constitute a unique humanistic natural landscape. There are five pagodas in Qionglai:
Stone Pagoda Temple Stone Pagoda (NiGu Mei Town God Pagoda). Located in Gaoxing Village, Houshan, Tiantai, it was built on the Southern Song Dynasty Avenue for eight years (1 172) and stood for a thousand years. The tower of the national key cultural relics protection unit was built with red sandstone, with 13 layers of dense eaves and a height of about 17 meters. There is a double-layer sumeru on the stone platform, engraved with the relief of the arc Kuhn Gate of Haitang and the patterns of peony, lotus and curly grass. It is very rare for the four corners of Sumeru Mountain to swirl. Above Mount Sumi, the first tower is built, and there is a niche door in the middle of each side for Buddha statues; Above the square pagoda gate, there is a plaque inscribed with the words "Nigumei, a true pagoda". There are broad square eaves on the first floor of the tower, and there are attached steps around the eaves, especially on the tall Sumeru Mountain, which is rare in the ancient pagodas in China, but the Shi Si Tower in Shexian, Anhui can be compared with it. The first floor of the tower has twelve dense eaves, all of which are picked out by stone carving, and the corners are turned upside down. Tasha is a double bowl with stone beads on its seat. It embodies the style of southern architecture. The whole tower is prism-shaped, tall and beautiful.
It is said that there is a Buddha tooth relic on the top of the tower.
Sido. Founded in the year of Gengzi in Xuanhe, Song Huizong (1 120), it is located in Baihe Mountain in the western suburb of the city. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Lu You wrote the poem "Let the boat go from the mountain to the county" with the poem "The white pagoda in the mountain is high and rugged". Hook Long Ting's "Gone with the sky shows my state" also shows that this tower once marked the scenery of a state. The existing West Tower was rebuilt by Qiongzhou poet Wujiang and others in the fourth year of Daoguang in Qing Dynasty (1845). The tower is made of blue bricks, octagonal, seven stories high 17.89 meters. The tower foundation is made of red sandstone, and the tower gate is connected by three cover basins. The pavilion stands at the peak of Baihe Mountain.
On the east side of the West Tower is Helin Ancient Temple, a famous temple in western Sichuan. There is a 7.77-meter-high Maitreya statue in Dianyi Cave in the middle of the southwest mountain, which is the largest Maitreya statue in western Sichuan.
Yunju Tower. "Qionglai County Records Landscape Records" (Republic of China) records: "Taziba is west of the south bank of the river, and there is Yunju Temple on the mountain ... which started in the Yuan Dynasty and is better than the Ming Dynasty. Old name Guangfu Temple, Monk Temple also. Baiyun changed its name because it was idle between islands. Wang Tingjian, a native of Mingzhou, has a record. There is a Huyue Pavilion on the mountain. There is no pavilion today, but there is a tower. It was built in the middle and late Qing Dynasty and is called Yunju Tower. " The tower stands on the top of the mountain, five stories high, and the top has been destroyed, which is quite vicissitudes, echoing the Huilan Tower.
In addition, there are two pagodas related to Buddhism:
The Kongling Tower was built on Tiantai Mountain in Ming Dynasty, which was once a famous Buddhist mountain. It was a second-class square made of red sandstone imitation wood structure and was about 6.7 meters high. The two floors are hollow, and the front of the outer layer is provided with a door post, a threshold and a lintel. There are two doors carved with stone carvings and a door shaft that can be opened and closed. About one meter inside the door is the inner tower ventricle (tomb), and its front wall also has a stone gate. The top three layers of stones are stacked into a square algae well, and there are precious flowers in the central relief. There are stone railings around the upper flat roof, and there are three or four pillars on each side. The pillars are carved with lotus flowers, and the fences are embossed with phoenix birds and auspicious beasts. There are reliefs around the tower. The first-class tower covers stone eaves and carved tile ridge wing angles. The two stages are similar in shape.
Haiyun Tower. Located in Hejiang Village, Shuikou, it is the tomb tower of Lingguang Temple in Ming Dynasty. Red sandstone masonry double stone door, surrounded by carved flower patterns. The tower is 7.4 meters high, divided into three layers, surrounded by eaves, carved with doors and windows, beautifully decorated, with ridges on the roof, bucket arches and gourd-shaped tower gates under the eaves, and carved with "Haiyun Tower" on the second floor.
Fengshui pagoda
? ? Feng Shui Pagoda, also known as Wenfeng Pagoda, rose in the early Ming Dynasty (AD14th century), when the theory of Feng Shui prevailed. The Feng Shui Pagoda is mainly used to control the water in the mountains, supplement the terrain, relieve floods, attract auspicious atmosphere, and "revive the humanities" through "prospering the pulse of the place", becoming a landscape, symbol and symbol of one side, highlighting local culture and customs. There are three Feng Shui pagodas in Qionglai:
Huilan Tower (also known as Zhenjiang Tower). "Qionglai County Records Landscape" (Republic of China) records: "In the forty-fourth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 16), Yuan Wenzhao, a state shepherd, founded Zhenjiang stupa, and Yang Shen, a county magistrate, wrote an inscription. In the last years of Chongzhen, it was destroyed by hooligans and unheard of. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, Xu Shimin, a state animal husbandry, was not built, leaving only the tower base. During the Tongzhi period, Zhou Mu Hu Xingzhu rebuilt on the basis of the tower, but was approved to give up halfway and the work was suspended. During the Guangxu period, Zhou Mu Li Yu announced it, but it was renamed Huilan Wenfeng Tower. " According to "Rebuilding the Monument of Huilan Pagoda", "During the Hongwu period, there was a flood, and the year was not guaranteed ... Wang Zhixiong, a resident of the county, advocated the construction of Zhenjiang Pagoda ..." Today's Huilan Pagoda was rebuilt on the basis of the Ming Dynasty in the sixth year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, and was completed from the ninth floor to the top by Zhou Xing-Yuxuan in Li Chu in the eighth year of Guangxu. The tower is located on the southeast bank, with a total height of 75.48 meters. It is the third tallest brick tower in China and a provincial cultural relic protection unit.
Huilan Tower is a 13-storey hexagonal pavilion-style brick tower, which sits east to west. The first floor is called Zhenjiang Tower, which is dedicated to Wu Zixu, the king of Zhenjiang. The second floor is called "Fu Lu Lai Chong", which is dedicated to the god of wealth Fan Li; The third floor is called "Jianghan Chaozong", which is dedicated to Guan Yu, the son of Wu Sheng. The fourth floor is called "biography of Debei", which is dedicated to Li Bing and his son. The fifth floor is called "Sanyuan Dingzhi", which is dedicated to Su San and his son. The sixth floor is called "Hakka Mianyan", which is dedicated to Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty and Feng World Bank, the first scholar in Sichuan. The seventh floor is called "filial piety", dedicated to Wu Muyue; The eighth layer of plastic "Fighting the Stars" combines the themes of solving problems, achieving career, perseverance, advocating sages and respecting philosophers, and embodies the purpose of "revitalizing a generation of writing style and perfecting ancient and modern laws". More than nine floors are hollow buildings, because they are gradually overlapping and introverted, and no towers are built. They are called "Wuchang" architecture or "five ethics" architecture, which means benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith. The tower spirals up the stairs with a small square window, which has good lighting and ventilation. Climbing to the top of the tower, overlooking from the window, the landscape is panoramic, which is refreshing.
There is Dabei Temple under the tower, which was built in the Ming Dynasty and rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty, and it is detached from the world in simplicity and tranquility.
Wenbi Tower (South Tower). Wenbishan, opposite the first bridge in southern Sichuan. Hu Kun's Rebuilding the Southwest Twin Towers in Qing Dynasty recorded: "The writing tower was created by my teacher, Mr. Du Ji 'an. The stone is a beam, and the ethereal west shines. Only 30 years later, the tower was tilted and shaped like a hawthorn, and the magistrate Dongjiang Zhu came to Qionglai to raise funds for restoration. "Originally a stone tower, it was rebuilt as a brick tower in the 25th year of Daoguang (1845), with a height of 21m.. The tower is a seven-story hexagonal pavilion-type solid tower, the tower body is gradually reduced, and the tower gate is connected at the top with iron columns, which is tall and elegant in appearance. The poet Wujiang wrote an inscription for this: "Go to meet the immortal, wrap the green slate on five sides, write a column, and keep a pen every day." "
Worship tower. Huang Chongjia's Tomb on Chongtuo Mountain in Huojing Town and the Champion Bridge at the foot of the mountain were both built to commemorate Huang Chongjia, a talented woman of Shu State five generations ago. Chongtuo Tower was built in the fifth year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1866), with a total height of18.7m.. It is a municipal cultural relics protection unit in Chengdu. The tower is a five-level octagonal pyramid-shaped stone tower with double eaves and waist. There is no doorway in the tower, and the cornices above the second floor are upturned and gradually close to the top. There is a niche on the second, third and fourth floors in the northeast of the outer wall, with stone statues inside. On the fourth floor of the tower, there is an animal face embossed in the southeast and northwest directions of the tower. The tower is engraved with couplets, "Building a tower to rule five, towering should be eternal."
Zikuta
The font tower is also called the font library, the treasure font library, the treasure font building and the burning font library, and the Hakka people are also called the Jingzi Pavilion. It is usually built on the street corner of a town, in the temple of a college or beside a road and bridge. Cang Xie, Wenchang, Kong Sheng and other gods are enshrined in the tower, which is unique and exquisite with corresponding couplets and auspicious patterns. Font Tower began in Song Dynasty and prevailed in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The ancients thought that writing was sacred and noble, and it was a treasure in the world, not comparable to money and titles. Cherishing writing is a great blessing. Even the waste words written on paper should not be thrown and profaned at will, but should be burned with sincere respect. The font library is a place where paper is burned, and words are written on it, which is the embodiment of the ancient concept of "respecting and cherishing word paper". There are ten word towers in Qionglai:
Xingxian Tower. Located in Xinjie Community Town, Mouli Town, it was built in Qing Daoguang for six years (1826). It is a three-story hexagonal brick tower with a total height of 13.5 meters. It is a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit. The tower is carved with glazed components and plain pottery, with figures, flowers and geometric patterns. The plaque on the first floor is called "font library", and the couplets on both sides are "save sages and waste ink, save the legacy of ancient sages". The sculptures on the wall include Tie Guai Li, Lv Dongbin and other Eight Immortals. Six columns are engraved with lotus flowers, and the columns are engraved with patterns such as blessing, auspiciousness and longevity. The tower is hollow and has an arched door for burning paper. There is a niche and a pottery statue in the lower part, with a horizontal plaque "Zhangshantang" and "Ji Zheng, Man Ji" linked on both sides. On the second floor, the plaque is named "Cang Xie Hall" and "Wenchang Palace", and the joint name is "Literature promotes ancestors, love makes flowers". The tower is equipped with two steps, a brick carving corridor, eighteen glazed dragon columns supporting the tower eaves, and twenty-four filial piety reliefs in the square heart. On the third floor, the plaques are named "Xingxian Pagoda" and "Guanyin Pavilion", supported by six round dragon columns, and the square heart is carved with patterns such as the champion returning to the house. There are inscriptions on the east and west sides of the tower on the first floor, which record the reason and age of construction. Inscription to the east: "It is a tower, with dazzling scale, full of branches, reaching the top of bricks, majestic and firm ..." Inscription to the west: "Qiongzhou is called Wenju, and there are talents on behalf of it. The famous area of the original Sichuan Province has also built a font library called Xingxian Tower, following the footsteps of Zhenjiang and cultivating it.
Ascending tower Tuxi Village, Tiantai Mountain Town, a five-story hexagonal pavilion stone structure building in Qing Dynasty, with a height of11.73m, is a cultural relic protection unit in Chengdu. There are niches on the second to fifth floors of the front wall of the tower, in which figures and flowers and birds are embossed. There is a square hole below the second floor niche, which is communicated with the hollow tower body; There is also a square hole on the back wall of the third floor, which communicates with the hollow tower. There are one or three memorial tablets on the south side of the tower, and the "Liansheng Tower Font Library" is engraved on the front.
? ? Nizi kuta. It was built by Nijia, a battle village in Wolong Town in Qing Dynasty, with a height of 1 1 m, and is a cultural relic protection unit in Chengdu. The tower is a three-story hexagonal pavilion-style brick structure building with a waist and sumeru at the bottom, a niche in the middle of the front of each floor, and a horizontal plaque on the first floor to "learn Chinese characters and prolong life"; There are rectangular niches on the southwest and both sides of the second floor, and the front niche is horizontally inscribed with "concentric knot"; There is a rectangular niche in the middle of the front of the third floor, and there is a "font library" on the niche. Three floors were destroyed. The tower eaves cover is decorated with pipe tiles, which extend outward and the corners are upturned. The eaves of the tower are painted with flowers and plants, geometric patterns and other patterns.
Wen Zi kuta. Built in the Qing Dynasty, it is located in Qiudianzi Village on the outskirts of the city, with a residual height of 6.6 meters. Three-story hexagonal pavilion brick structure building, each floor has an arc eaves extending outward, and the eaves are upturned. There is a niche in the middle of the front of the font, with a fan-shaped plaque on it and couplets on both sides, which are mostly damaged. Only the plaque on the second floor of "Xi Zigong" and the inscription "Keep the heart of sages and make contributions to the world" and the plaque on the third floor of "Kuige" are left.
Kangcaozi Kuta. Located in Feng Ba Village, Tiantai Mountain Town, it is a four-corner pavilion stone building built in the 10th year of Qing Daoguang (1830), with a height of 2.4m.. The outer wall of the base is made of stone, hollow and paved with stone slabs, on which is the library body. There are two columns on both sides of the front, the left column says "I can't stand it" (the right column is missing), the middle is a square doorway, and there is a niche on the left stone slab with inscriptions on it. The roof is temple-style, decorated with tiles, and the four corners are upturned.
? Tianbatou font library tower. It was built in the eighth year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (1084) and is located in Feng Ba Village, Tiantai Mountain Town. It is a quadrangular stone building, with a height of1.8m. The tower is hollow, with a square plane, and is located on a two-story pedestal. Temple-style roof, decorated with tiles, upturned corners and carved patterns on both sides. There is a square mouth on the front, and the lines on both sides are engraved with cirrus floral patterns, and the characters are mostly weathered.
Dugu font library tower. It is a 19 19 (Republic of China) three-story hexagonal pavilion stone structure building, located in Wanfu Village, Daozuo. The tower is 7.5 meters high, and a pair of couplets are engraved on the stone pillars on the previous floor: "The pavilion is full of chic and happy chess and calligraphy; The virtual pavilion has a quiet view of spring, summer, autumn and winter. " The upper part of the middle stone wall is engraved with the inscription of the font library built by Du clan, and the lower part is engraved with the words "font library" and there is a statue inside. There is a hollow arch on the west side for storing and burning Chinese characters. On the second floor, it is engraved with the words "Pavilion is like a treasure house, tower is written for ages". There is a niche in the lower part of the middle stone wall, engraved with the inscription "The rise of a scholar", and a relief statue sits on the lotus platform.
Erlongshan font library tower. It is a pavilion-style stone building with three floors and four corners in Qing Dynasty, located in Erlong Village, Jiaguan Town. Eaves are placed on each floor, and the eaves and corners are upturned. The library is placed on the corset, and word paper can be stored and burned in the hollow. On the first floor, there are holes in the front and back, the upper part is decorated with wishful patterns, and the couplets of stone pillars on both sides are damaged. On the second floor, the front door is open and decorated with grass finches. The stone pillars on both sides are engraved with couplets: "Words must be put into storage, and there is nothing hidden in the middle." The front door of the third floor is opened, and the upper part is decorated with embossed scroll-shaped sparrow patterns. On the stone pillars on both sides, couplets are engraved: "Kui Fei San Jie, pen end connected with Kyushu".
Maping village font tower. Built in Maping Village, Tiantai Mountain Town, it is a quadrangular stone building, about 1 m high, Ming Dynasty. Above the three-story base is a girded Sumitomo, and the tower is hollow on Sumitomo. Temple-style roof, decorated with tiles, with protruding eaves, upturned corners, open front door and round flower windows on both sides.
Feng Ba, small print, Kuta. Located in Feng Ba Village, Tiantai Mountain Town, the tower is a stone single-story square pagoda in Qing Dynasty, with a total height of about1.8m. It has a pyramid-shaped roof with a sumeru at the bottom, a hole in front of the tower, carved tiles on the eaves and a gourd-shaped tower brake.
These ancient pagodas integrated with natural mountains and rivers are not only a kind of humanistic beauty, but also have their indispensable cultural and academic value. As early as the 1990s, many ancient pagodas in Qionglai were damaged, more of which were caused by human factors. For example, the demolition of Huichuan Pagoda in Xiaba attracted the attention of Zhou Yang, then Minister of Culture, but the pagoda was difficult to restore. This may be one of the reasons for the failure to dismantle the round-trip orchid tower. Not bad!