Song Ling began to build the Song Ling in 963, and it has been running for more than 60 years, forming a huge and magnificent royal mausoleum group.
Nine emperors in the Northern Song Dynasty, except Hui and Qin, were all captured by Jin Bing and died in five cities. The other seven emperors and their father, Zhao, were buried in Gongyi, known as the "Seven Emperors and Eight Mausoleums" in history. Together with empresses, royalty, princes and grandsons, as well as Gao Huaide, Zhao Pu, Cao Bin, Cai Qi, Kou Zhun, Bao Zheng, Di Qing and Yang Liulang, there are nearly 1 000 tombs.
Around the cemetery, there are temples, temples and palaces. The mausoleum is planted with pine and cypress, and it is evergreen all the year round. The cemetery is full of pines, cypresses and pines.
According to the time of burial, Song Ling is mainly distributed in four mausoleum areas: Xicun, Caizhuang, Xiaoyi and Baling, covering an area of more than 30 square kilometers.
The order of the eight tombs is:
Xicun Mausoleum is located between Changfeng Village and Hutuo Village in the north of Xicun Township, including Yong 'an Mausoleum of Zhao, Yongchang Mausoleum of Zhao and Yongxi Mausoleum of Zhao. Cai Zhuang Mausoleum is located in the north of Cai Zhuang, and there is the Yongding Mausoleum in Zhao Heng. Xiaoyi Mausoleum is located in the southwest of the county seat, including Yongzheng Mausoleum of Injong Zhao Zhen and Hou Yongling Mausoleum of Injong Zhao Shu. Baling is located in the south of Baling Village, including Yongyu Mausoleum of Zhao Xu Shinto and Yongtai Mausoleum of Zhao Xuzhe.
The imperial cemetery in the Northern Song Dynasty has a unified organizational system and a consistent plane layout, all facing south, with a magpie platform, a chest platform and Shinto pillars from south to north. There are trillion domains, upper palace and lower palace.
To the north of Shinto is the Upper Palace, surrounded by a square tomb wall, which is called Shen Qiang. The plane is square, and its circumference is nearly 1000 meters. There is a holy door in the middle of all sides, and there are pavilions at the four corners of the holy wall. In the middle of the upper palace is a bucket-shaped mausoleum with a bottom circumference of more than 200 meters, and under the stage is the underground palace. There are a pair of stone lions outside the east, north and west gates, and there are stone beasts, stone pillars and stone carving generals and ministers on both sides of Shinto outside the south gate.
Hou Ling is located in the northwest of Mausoleum. Its layout and architecture are similar to those of Mausoleum, but its shape is smaller and there are few stone carvings.
Located in the northwest of the mausoleum, the Summer Palace is a place for daily eating and drinking, and the ground buildings have disappeared. There are also a pair of door lions outside some lower palaces.
Contrary to the emperors' tombs of past dynasties, Song Ling put the tombs in the lowest place, probably influenced by the theory of Feng Shui at that time.
There are many stone carvings in the mausoleum area, with the total number exceeding 1000. There are generally 23 pairs of stone carvings on both sides of Shinto Mausoleum, from south to north, including a pair of sentry posts, a pair of elephant tamers, a pair of Swiss birds, a diagonal, a pair of war horses, four pairs of horse control officers, two pairs of tigers, two pairs of sheep, three pairs of guest ambassadors, two pairs of military commanders, two pairs of civil servants, a pair of gate lions and a pair of warriors.
Song Ling stone carving has got rid of the traditional mystery and adopted various techniques such as round carving, relief carving and line carving. Their vigorous shapes and delicate expressions mainly reflected the secular life at that time. They have both form and spirit, have superb artistic attainments, and many of them are carving art treasures.
The lion running from the tombs of Yongxi, Yongding and Yongyu is the most successful work in stone carving. They wore manes, curled their tails, held their heads high, looked dashing, and faithfully guarded the peace of Empress Dowager Cixi.
The best figure sculptures are elephant tamers and image ambassadors, who use their own characteristics and costumes to express people of different nationalities and identities.
The stone statues in the mausoleums of Yongding, Yongyu and Yongtai are magnificent and lifelike, with lotus seats on their backs and long noses on the ground. The elephant tamer's long hair rolled to his shoulders, a bunch of hair, beaded forehead, a spear on his arm, a bracelet on his wrist and big earrings.
Statues are made by Zhu Ling's envoys, with different faces and costumes. They hold vases, corals, lotus bowls, rhinoceros horns, jade letters and other things, symbolizing the intention of the minority regimes to submit to the Song Dynasty.
Other stone carvings also have their own characteristics. Imperial secretary's shoulders are thin and tied, and women's characteristics are distinct; The chamberlain is slightly fat and stiff, holding a ball and blowing dust that reflects his identity; Warriors are tall and brave, standing on swords or holding axes and cymbals; Civil servants come first, military attache comes last, which embodies the bureaucratic order of suppressing martial arts in the Northern Song Dynasty. Shi Hu is dignified and noble, and Shiyang is soft; Hua Biao is a square-based lotus base with hexagonal or octagonal prisms and a closed lotus at the top of the column.
The plastic column is a sculpture with various decorative patterns. The lower part is a square lotus seat, the middle part is a hexagonal column, and the upper part is a hinged lotus. The column body is decorated with flat cymbals or yinxian lines engraved with peony, Yunlong and Xiangfeng patterns. Smooth lines and precise structure.
According to the changes in the shapes and decorations of various stone carvings, Song Ling stone carvings can be divided into three periods: the middle period and the late period.
The early period was from the end of 10 to the beginning of10/0/0, including four tombs, namely Yong 'an, Yongchang, Yongxi and Yongding. All kinds of characters are stout and have the legacy of the late Tang Dynasty.
The middle period is about 1 1 the first half of the century, including the tombs of Zhao Yong and Hou Yong. Statues of figures gradually became thinner from coarse to fine, civil servants were quiet and elegant, and military attaché s also had the demeanor of "Confucian generals".
The late period is about the second half of 1 1 century to the beginning of 12 century, including the tomb of Yongyu and the tomb of Yongtai. Auspicious animal patterns lose their lively expressions, and clouds and water ripples are added on both sides of the abdomen to deliberately render their mysterious colors. The characters are slender, full of literary spirit and their prestige is getting thinner and thinner.
Yuan De Li, the concubine of Emperor Taizong and the mother of Zhenzong, is one of the tombs of Emperor Taizong's Yong Xiling. Li is an inclined tomb, the tomb door is a voucher door, and the bluestone lintel and the door line are engraved with the images of Feitian and samurai.
Hou Li's mausoleum is a single room with a nearly round polygonal brick roof. There are brick-carved corner columns, horns, cornices, rafters, watchboards and eaves tiles around the tomb wall. The clown also carved a head, a human body, folded hands, a bird's belly and a bird's paw on the front, and a picture of Jialing's wings and potted flowers outlined with ink lines on the back. The top of the tomb is painted with a blue-gray sky, and the stars and the Milky Way are painted with white powder.
Two brick foundations were found in front of Hou Li's mausoleum, with many building components, such as bricks and tiles. Presumably, there should be a building in front of the mausoleum.
Li found jade brand, funeral brand and more than 80 pieces of exquisite Yue kiln green glaze, white glaze or black glaze porcelain, among which Ding kiln porcelain with the word "official" and Yue kiln dragon pattern plate are quite rare.
The burial tomb of Wang Wei and his wife in the Northern Song Dynasty consists of the main room, the ear room, the tunnel and the tomb. The tomb door is a imitation building of blue brick and wood structure. There is an ear chamber on each side of the tunnel. The tomb is a circular dome with a diameter of 6.54 meters and a height of 6.48 meters from bottom to top.
The interior of Wang Wei's tomb is paved with slate. Early grave robbery, epitaph unearthed. The buried relics include thin-walled white glazed porcelain bowls.
Many epitaphs and inscriptions have also been found in Song Ling, including princes, princesses and other royal descendants, such as Yang Guogong's epitaph, epitaph, epitaph, Princess Yan's memorial and Princess Deng's memorial.
In addition, many green glazed tiles and tiles have been found, indicating that glazed components have been used in cemetery buildings in the Northern Song Dynasty.