1 Fujian Earth Building
The Hakka Earth Building, also known as the Fujian Round Building, is a pearl of Chinese civilization, a unique mythical mountain village residential building in the world, and an ancient Chinese building. A wonderful flower, it is independent of the world's residential architectural art with its long history, unique style, large scale, and exquisite structure. The characteristics of earth building dwellings and their construction characteristics are closely related to the history of the Hakka people. Everywhere Hakka people go, their family members always gather together. In addition, most of the Hakka people lived in remote mountainous areas or in dense mountains. At that time, not only were there a shortage of building materials, but they were also noisy with wolves, tigers, leopards, and thieves. In addition, they were afraid of being harassed by local people, so the Hakka people built "defensive" castle-style buildings. Building residences. In this way, a unique architectural form of Hakka residences - earth buildings was formed. Earth buildings are mainly distributed in Longyan, Zhangzhou and other areas of Fujian Province.
Fujian earth buildings originated in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. After development in the early and middle Ming Dynasties, they gradually matured in the late Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, and continue to this day. Fujian earth buildings are unique large-scale rammed earth residential buildings in mountainous areas in the world, and are creative masterpieces of earth building art. Fujian earth buildings are built according to the mountains and have a reasonable layout. They absorb the "Feng Shui" concept of traditional Chinese architectural planning (see Dong Bin's "Modern Feng Shui Essence"), adapt to the requirements of life and defense where tribes live together, and cleverly make use of the mountains. Narrow flat land
2 Kaiping Diaolou
On the fields in Kaiping City, Guangdong, there are small European classical-style buildings and traditional earthen houses in the rural areas of southern China. It forms a unique rural scenery in China. The watchtowers are a combination of Chinese and Western styles, integrating the essence of various architectural styles. At its peak, there were more than 3,000 watchtowers in Kaiping. Currently, there are more than 1,800 watchtowers in existence, distributed in 15 towns and offices in Kaiping. These watchtowers are the result of the initiative of overseas Chinese and villagers in Kaiping in the last century to combine foreign architectural culture with local architectural culture. With its large number, exquisite architecture and diverse styles, it can be called the largest "Diaolou Museum" in the world.
Types and artistic characteristics of carved buildings
In terms of building materials, there are early mud-walled buildings (made of a mixture of gray sand, sugar, salt, clam shells, oyster shells, etc., hammered and rammed layer by layer). ), the mid-term blue brick building (built with ordinary blue bricks thickened), and the final reinforced concrete building (built with reinforced concrete according to modern building materials). In terms of type, it can be roughly divided into three categories: First, watch towers or light towers. These buildings are usually built at the beginning or end of the village. Some are built on small hills for the use of vigilante groups and watchmen. There are searchlights and alarms inside. Immediately call the police when the bandit is discovered and let the villagers prepare. The second is the public buildings, which are jointly built by more than ten or several households. This type of watchtower has 3 to 6 floors, with 2 to 4 rooms on each floor.
3 The Wang Family Courtyard
The Wang Family Courtyard is located in the famous historical and cultural town of Jingsheng, 12 kilometers east of Lingshi County, Shanxi Province. It is 35 kilometers away from Pingyao Ancient City, a world cultural heritage, and 4 kilometers away from Jiexiu Mianshan Scenic Area. It has 231 large and small courtyards, 2078 houses, and an area of ??80,000 square meters.
The Wang Ancestral Hall is divided into upper and lower courtyards, with complete functions and exquisite design. There is a finely carved "Xiaoyi Square" in front of the temple. The three building groups of Gaojiaya, Hongmen Fort and Chongning Fort are adjacent to each other. They are all fully enclosed castle-style buildings on high loess slopes. On the outside, it conforms to the situation, with both form and spirit; inside, the cave dwellings and tile-roofed houses are cleverly connected. It is broad, profound and spectacular, and the heaven and earth are ingenious. Although they seem to be the same, they are ever-changing. While maintaining the uniqueness of traditional northern residences, they also show their own outstanding individual style. The general characteristics are: relying on the mountain, changing with the shape, stacking courtyards, well-proportioned, magnificent, and fully functional. It basically inherits the courtyard style of front hall and back bedroom that was formed in the Western Zhou Dynasty in my country, and is ingenious. The brick carvings, wood carvings and stone carvings of Yun are elegantly decorated, rich in connotation, practical and beautiful, blending the northern and southern sentiments, and have a high cultural taste.
4 Qiao Family Courtyard
Qiao Family Courtyard is located in Qiaojiabao Village, Qi County, Shanxi Province, 54 kilometers away from Taiyuan in the north and only 2 kilometers away from Dongguan Town in the south. Also known as Zai Zhongtang, it is the residence of Qiao Zhiyong, a famous commercial and financial capitalist in China during the Qing Dynasty.
It was first built during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. Afterwards, it was renovated twice and expanded once. After several generations of continuous efforts, a magnificent architectural group was built in the early years of the Republic of China, which embodies the unique style of northern Chinese residences in the Qing Dynasty. .
The compound is a fully enclosed castle-style building complex, covering an area of ??10,642 square meters (about 16 acres) and a construction area of ??4,175 square meters. It is divided into 6 large courtyards, 20 small courtyards, and 313 rooms. houses. The compound faces the street on three sides and is not connected to the surrounding residential buildings. The outer perimeter is a closed brick wall, more than 10 meters high. The upper floor is a female wall-style crenelation, and there are watchtowers and gazebos dotted among them, making it look majestic, majestic and tall. The gate faces east and west, with a tall attic above and a city gate-like doorway in the middle. Opposite the gate is a brick wall with a picture of a hundred years of life. Beyond the gate is a stone-paved corridor running east-west. There are protective walls and platforms on both sides of the corridor. At the end of the corridor is the ancestral hall, which is far away from the gate and has a temple-like structure. The three courtyards in the north all have verandahs, eaves, gates, dark lattice and pillars, and three large bays, which are more than enough for cars and sedans to come in and out. There are horse-bolting pillars and horse-mounting stones on the outside of the door. Counting from east to west, they are the old courtyard and the northwest courtyard. , Study Courtyard. All the courtyards in Bubu have a front-side structure. The owner lives in the main courtyard, while the side courtyard houses the guest rooms, servants' quarters and kitchen.
5 Imperial City Prime Minister's Mansion
The Imperial City Prime Minister's Mansion (also known as Wutingshan Village) has a total area of ??36,000 square meters. , the former residence of Chen Tingjing, the chief reader of the "Kangxi Dictionary" and the lecturer of Emperor Kangxi's 35th year. Its buildings are based on the mountain and change according to the shape. The official residences and civilian houses are lined up in rows. It is a unique group of castle-style official residences in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. "The green trees border the village and the green mountains slope outward." The Imperial City Prime Minister's Mansion is not only an ancient "natural landscape painting", but also an ancient oriental castle with a strong humanistic spirit.
Geographical environment
The Imperial City Prime Minister's Mansion is located in Beiliu Town, Jincheng City, in the southeastern part of Shanxi Province. It is adjacent to Jiaozuo City, Henan Province in the east, the ancient capital Luoyang in the south, and Shanxi Province in the west. It intersects Linfen City and Houma City in the province, and is closely connected to Changzhi City in Shanxi Province to the north. Currently Asia's largest Hangkou Thermal Power Station - Yangcheng Power Plant is within easy reach. Huangcheng Village is home to 234 households with more than 680 people, and is engaged in farming. With 480 acres of land, the village has a total area of ??1.7 square kilometers. There are rich and unique coal resources underground, and above ground there is Chen Tingjing, the teacher of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty and the general editor of the "Kangxi Dictionary" Wenyuange Bachelor and Minister of Civil Affairs.
.6 Dayi Liu Manor Museum
It was built in October 1958 and was announced by the State Council as the ninth batch of national key cultural relics protection units in November 1966. It is one of the important historical sites and representative buildings in modern Chinese society. Over the past 40 years since its establishment, the museum has accumulated a rich collection with rich connotations. There are more than 2,700 existing cultural relics in the collection, 15 of which are first-class items. The large-scale, well-preserved manor buildings, as well as a large number of physical objects and documentary materials left by the manor, together with the unique manor display, form an organic whole. It is an important place and physical site for understanding and studying China's semi-feudal and semi-colonial social economy, cultural architecture, and the history and folklore of Sichuan warlords in China. It is a microcosm of the old Chinese countryside and a section of the history of Chinese social development.
In 1965, at the rent collection site of the former manor owner Liu Wencai, sculptors combined traditional Chinese sculpture techniques with Western modern sculpture art, and used typical creative techniques to create famous works both at home and abroad. His super-realist sculpture masterpiece "Rent Collection Courtyard", which is highly unified in both ideological and artistic qualities, has had a profound and widespread impact at home and abroad after being exhibited to the public.
7 Hongcun
Geographical location: Northeast of Yixian County, 11km away from the county seat of Yixian County Area: 9.17 hectares (more than 300 acres)
Selection of Hongcun The site, layout, and beautiful scenery of Hongcun are all directly related to water. It is an ancient village that has been rigorously planned. The planning and design of the artificial water systems inside and outside the village are quite exquisite and ingenious. Experts commented that Hongcun is "a cultural landscape and a natural landscape that complement each other. It is one of the few villages in the world with detailed planning in ancient times." It is called "a pearl of Chinese tradition" and "a living textbook for studying the history of ancient Chinese water conservancy" by Chinese and foreign architectural experts. Water played an important role in Hongcun's site selection.
Hongcun is known as "the countryside in Chinese paintings", and United Nations experts praised it as "unparalleled small town water street landscape". Because it is backed by the Yangzhan Ridge and Leigang Mountains in the Huangshan Mountains, the terrain is relatively high. Sometimes the clouds are steaming and the clouds are bright, like thick ink and heavy colors, and sometimes it is like freehand brushwork with splashed ink. The surrounding mountains and pink walls and green tiles are reflected in the lake, and people, ancient buildings and nature blend together. As one, it is like a slowly unfolding landscape painting.
8 It makes visitors feel like they are in a maze. At the head of the village is a three-bay, four-column, five-story bluestone archway built in the sixth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1578). It is majestic and has an exquisite structure. It is a symbol of the Hu family's prominent status.
There is a "Lufu Hall" built in the Kangxi period in the village. It is elegantly furnished and full of scholarly atmosphere. The hall is titled "Books, poems and articles about the world, filial piety is a newspaper", "Reading is good, business is good" The couplet "If it works well, it will be good. It's hard to start a business but it's hard to know if it's hard." shows the penetration of Confucianism into architecture. Another ancient house in the village is the "Da Fu Di", which was built in the 30th year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1691 AD). "Dafudi" is a pavilion-style building facing the street. It was originally used for viewing. There are six big characters hanging on the forehead of the building: "People in the Peach Blossom Spring." Interestingly, in recent times, many people regard this building as a young lady in a costume drama choosing a husband. The location of "Hot Throwing Hydrangeas" has now become the place where Xidi Village holds this folk activity. There is also an inscription "Take a step back and think" under the door of "Da Fu Di", which is a pun and intriguing.
9 Jiang's Manor
Jiang's Manor is located in Qiaohecha Township, 16 kilometers southeast of Mizhi County. It was built during the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty. Jiang Yaozu, the richest man in the village, asked Beijing experts to design and recruit skilled craftsmen in the county to build it. It took thirteen years to complete. Jiang's manor is ingeniously designed, meticulously constructed, and tightly integrated from top to bottom. >
The manor covers an area of ??more than 40 acres. The main building is the highest-level "open, five, dark, four-six-chamber kiln" style cave courtyard in Shaanxi. The three courtyards of the manor are connected by secret passages, and are surrounded by towering walls, which are interconnected internally and strictly external. In order to prevent danger, the entire building has a wonderful design, exquisite craftsmanship, reasonable layout, and an integrated whole. It is the largest castle-style cave manor in the country and one of the treasures of Han nationality architecture.
The entire manor is divided from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain. Part 3: The first floor is the lower courtyard, with a 9.5-meter-high wall built with stones in front, and a parapet wall built on the upper part, which is like a city wall. The road along the southwest side of the first floor leads to the second floor, which is the southwest of the middle courtyard. A wall about 8 meters high and more than 10 meters long is erected to surround the manor, with a doorway leading to the back mountain. A gate tower is built in the middle. Walk along the stone steps to the upper courtyard on the third floor, which is the main residence of the whole building. From northeast to southwest, there is a line of 5-hole stone kilns on the front, with symmetrical double courtyards on both sides. There are small arched doorways at the east and west ends. There is a toilet in the west, and there is a walled city behind the entire courtyard in the east, with a walled gate in the middle. It can be connected to the back mountain.
10 Kangwanwan Manor
Kangwanwan Manor is located in Kangdian Town, Gongyi City, 3 kilometers away from the urban area. It was built in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. It is backed by Mang Mountain and faces Luoshui River, so it is known as the "golden turtle exploring the water". It was designated as a provincial cultural relics protection unit in 1963 and a national cultural relics protection unit in 2001. It is one of the three largest manors in the country (Liu Wencai and Mou). It is 19 times larger than the Shanxi Qiao Family Courtyard. It was awarded the national AAAA tourist attraction in 2005. The so-called "Kang Million" was because the then owner of the manor, Kang Yingkui, hung up the golden sign of "Thousands of Farms" twice. Later, Empress Dowager Cixi fled to Xi'an and passed by Kangdian when she returned to Beijing. The Kang family paid to supervise the construction of Heishiguan, the county seat and the official building. He spent more than 1 million taels of silver on the palace and the "Dragon Kiln", and donated another 1 million taels of silver to Qingyan. Cixi said that she didn't know there was a Kang millionaire here. From then on, the imperial title "Kang Million" became widely known. Word spread.
Kang Baiwan Manor built buildings on the street, cave dwellings on the cliffs, walls around it, and docks on the river. It integrated the styles of farmers, officials, and merchants, with a rigorous layout and a large scale.
The total construction area is 64,300 square meters, with 33 courtyards and 53 buildings.
The longest wall in the world - the Great Wall
The imperial palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties - the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Forbidden City in Shenyang
Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site
Xi'an Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit
Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes
Qufu Confucius Temple, Confucius Forest, Confucius Mansion
Wudang Mountain Ancient Building Group
Chengde Summer Resort and surrounding temples
Potala Palace (Jokhang Temple, Norbulingka)
Lijiang Ancient City Pingyao Ancient City
Suzhou Classical Gardens
Beijing Summer Palace
Beijing Temple of Heaven Dazu Stone Carvings
Wannan Ancient Villages Xidi and Hongcun
Ming and Qing Royal Mausoleums
Qingcheng Mountain - Dujiangyan
Luoyang Longmen Grottoes
Datong Yungang Grottoes
China Goguryeo Imperial City, Royal Tombs and Noble Tombs
Too many. The list goes on and on.