Papaya belongs to Pyrinae of Rosaceae in plant taxonomy. There are 5 species, 4 of which are from China and 1 from Japan. There are two original species of Chaenomeles sinensis and Chaenomeles sinensis in Yimeng Mountain area. Since 1980s, it has been further developed and utilized.
1. Xuanpapaya
Alias paste papaya, iron foot pear. Deciduous shrub with spiny branches, slightly curved, hairless, purplish brown or brown, with sparse light brown and sparse light brown lenticels. Leaf blade elliptic, sparsely lanceolate, apex acute or convergent, base wedge-shaped, margin sharply serrated, 5-9 cm long, glabrous or pubescent along tillering into hypotassium; Stipules are large, kidney-shaped or semicircular, with sharp double serrations on the edges. Flowers first and leaves later, and 3-6 flowers are clustered on the 2-year-old branches; Pedicel stubby, ca. 3 mm long or subsessile; Flower diameter 3-5 cm; The calyx tube is bell-shaped, the surface is smooth and hairless, and the sepals are erect, semicircular or oval, which is about half the length of the calyx tube; There are five styles, the base is United, the stigma is head-shaped, equal to the stamens, and the flowering period is March-April. The fruit is spherical, oval to oval or oblong, yellow or yellowish green, with sparse and inconspicuous spots, fragrant taste, and sepals falling off or persistent; Fruit stipe short or subsessile. 9- 10 ripens, and the skin of the fruit shrinks slightly after 7- 10 ripens, so it is named wrinkled papaya. Fruit can be used as candied fruit, jam, juice and other foods. Dried fruit is used as medicine. Chaenomeles rugosa is the mainstream product of traditional Chinese medicine Chaenomeles.
The main products: Linyi, Shandong, Xuanzhou, Anhui, Luoyang, Henan, but the area is very small, the output is less than one thousandth of the dosage of traditional Chinese medicine, and the medicinal gap is large. National scientific research institutes with edible value have further developed a series of products such as canned papaya, preserved fruit and beverage. Its color, fragrance and nutrition are better than those of hawthorn, apple, peach and pear, and it has also passed the appraisal of the former Ministry of Commerce. Products are favored by domestic and foreign merchants and consumers, and high-quality papaya is in short supply.
2. papaya
Alias longmu, fengshui tree, cantaloupe, papaya, hawthorn, plum and pear. Deciduous shrubs or small trees have reddish brown bark, smooth flakes and bluish gray endothelium; Branches spineless, cylindrical, pilose when young, soon deciduous, purple. Simple leaves alternate, nearly leathery, ovoid, sparsely obovate, 5- 18 cm long and 2.5-9.5 cm wide, with acute apex, wedge-shaped or round base and sharp serrations at the edge. When young, the back of leaves is densely covered with yellow-white fluff, which soon falls off, and the front is dark green, smooth and shiny. Stipules membranous, ovate-lanceolate, apex acuminate, margin glandular toothed, about 7 mm long. Flowers are solitary in leaf axils, leaves are open, pedicels are short and thick, 5- 10mm long and hairless; Flower diameter 2.5-3.0 cm; Calyx bell-shaped, glabrous outside calyx tube; Petals obovate, pale pink; Stamens are numerous, about 40-45, with 3 styles, united at the base, pilose, capitate, inconspicuous division, about as long as or slightly longer than stamens; The flowering period is April-May. The fruit is oval, ovoid to obovate, long10-15cm, dark yellow, woody, fragrant, and short stalk. Mature in September -65438+ 10 month. Papaya is mainly ornamental, flowering in early summer, bearing fruit in autumn, and turning red and gorgeous in late autumn night. After 5-8 years, the seedlings enter the flower and fruit stage, and the effect of papaya is very small. Because the wood of its fruit has no practical value, the fruit is for viewing, and because it is still smooth and does not shrink after drying, it is named papaya, and our unit mainly uses it to cultivate green seedlings.
Kiichigo: Location: Shandong, Henan and Jiangsu. National Medical Products Administration banned medicinal use in 2003 because of its poor medicinal effect. This shows that ebony has no medicinal and edible value for the time being, and because ebony is also a rare tree species, it has a good tree shape, less pests and diseases, and there is a market for greening!
3. Chinese papaya
Alias Mu Tao. Originated in the southwest of China. Deciduous shrubs to small trees. Branches erect with short spines; Branchlets cylindrical, slightly curved, glabrous, purple-brown. The leaf blade is elliptic, lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate, 5-1cm long and 2-4cm wide, with a sharp or tapering apex, a wedge-shaped base, an awn-like serration at the edge, hairless at the top when young, densely covered with brown fluff at the bottom, and nearly hairless after shedding. Flowers first, then leaves, 2-5 flowers clustered on biennial branches, pedicels short and thick or nearly sessile; Flower diameter 2-4 cm; Calyx tube campanulate, glabrous or slightly pubescent outside; Sepals erect, ovoid to elliptic, 3-5 mm long and 3-4 mm wide, with obtuse to wedge-shaped tips, entire or shallowly toothed, and yellow-brown tomentose; Stamens 45-50, about half the length of petals; There are 5 styles, the base is United, the lower part is pilose or woolly, and the stigma is capitate. Flowering in March-April. The fruit is ovoid or nearly cylindrical, with a protuberance at the top, 8- 12cm long, yellow, red and fragrant. Mature in September -65438+ 10 month. The fruit is used as medicine and cannot be eaten. Cold tolerance is not urgent, wrinkled papaya and smooth papaya.
Location: Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan and Qiu Zi, Hubei. The area is up to tens of thousands of mu, and the output is10 million kilograms. Because there are obvious wrinkles after drying, it is sold as wrinkled papaya, which is a counterfeit of medicinal real papaya. What's more, some drug dealers describe real papaya as peaches and plums; Mu Tao and Li Mu are also described as "real papaya", and the fake and the real are confused. Lower quality and price, accept at a low price and sell at a high price. The greed for profiteering disturbs the market, and farmers' income from planting real papaya is low, which discourages farmers' enthusiasm for planting real papaya and restricts the improvement of the quality of medicinal papaya!
The difference between the fruits of papaya, Chaenomeles amurensis and Chaenomeles tomentosa.
Compendium of Materia Medica explains in detail: "Papaya is a moist and tasteless product. The circle is smaller than papaya, and it is the peach that tastes dull and astringent. Just like papaya without nose, it is more astringent than Mutao, which is also called Muli, which is hawthorn and mariko. "
Chinese medicine information introduction: "papaya (alias: wrinkled papaya, begonia)." Mutao (alias: papaya, papaya). Muli (alias: Muli, Chrysanthemum Tea, Papaya).
He also said: "Papaya (refers to wrinkled papaya) has a thin skin, yellow color, sweet and sour but not astringent, and its son refers to the lining." On the one hand, it is beneficial to people. "
"There is a kind of hemp seed, which is yellowish in color, thick in pedicle, small in round, astringent and slightly salty, and can hurt people. And manzi, a small one, absolutely astringent and unbearable. There are soil seeds, and the taste is absolutely bitter. The seed oil is as fragrant as incense, and the bait is dazzling, which hurts too much. "
As can be seen from the above records, eating papaya is good for people! Eating peach and pear is harmful to people!
It is best to cut the three into large pieces and dry them in the sun to distinguish them.
Papaya: fleshy, soft and fragrant, fragrant in summer, with wrinkles 3 to 5 mm deep on the surface; After the slices are dried in the sun, due to the large shrinkage, they are easy to curl, and the surface wrinkles are shallow and thin, some are wrinkle-free, extremely hard and brittle, and there is no sand feeling when chewed. But after tasting papaya acid, it is more than twice as good as the two.
Mutao: After drying, there are obvious rough wrinkles, 2-3mm deep, hard and chewy, like sawdust.
Li Mu: The surface of fruit is smooth and waxy. After drying, it is still smooth and all-wood. Dry boards are easily broken, and chewing is completely wood residue.
Therefore, to develop papaya, we must plant it reasonably according to the actual situation and local conditions, and strive to get rich by planting papaya. To develop papaya, the first choice is the excellent variety of Mengshan papaya, which has the same origin of medicine and food, high yield, good quality, wide use and good market. Don't blindly plant ebony, plum and wild, real wrinkled papaya. Plums and peaches bear woody and semi-woody fruits. Can't be processed and eaten; The medicinal effect is poor and it is gradually eliminated by the market.