The ancient Greek Olympic Games were banned in 394. Sleeping for more than 1000 years, it recovered and developed at the end of 19. From the middle of14th century to18th century, there were three major ideological and cultural movements in Europe: Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment. The emerging bourgeoisie's admiration for ancient Greek cultural and sports thoughts aroused people's yearning for the ancient Olympic Games. /kloc-At the beginning of the 8th century, some scholars and experts from Britain, France, Germany and other countries visited Olympia one after another. In addition to finding a lot of historical materials, they also found many precious cultural relics and historical materials related to the ancient Olympic Games, which aroused people's stronger interest in the ancient Olympic Games.
1883, Coubertin first proposed to hold a competition similar to the ancient Olympic Games. This is not a simple inheritance, but the expansion of sports previously limited to Greeks to the world. Despite some opposition to Coubertin's idea, with his unremitting efforts, representatives from 20 countries finally held the first "International Conference on Rebuilding the International Olympic Games" in June 1894 at the University of Paris, France. The meeting decided that the first modern Olympic Games will be held in Athens, Greece from 65438 to 0896. The Greeks showed great enthusiasm for the conference, and the audience attending the opening ceremony reached 80 thousand, which was not broken until 1932 Los Angeles Olympic Games. Since then, the Olympic Games has become a worldwide sports event.
The Significance of Modern Olympic Games
The modern Olympic Games is a modern social and cultural phenomenon established in the name of "restoring the ancient Olympic Games". It follows the name of "Olympic Games", inherits the tradition of "Olympic Games" with a four-year cycle, draws lessons from and develops some ceremonies, and absorbs the ancient traditional ideas of fair competition, brave struggle and harmonious development of body and mind. However, the modern Olympic Games is not a continuation and copy of the ancient Olympic Games, but a new social and cultural phenomenon under the background of capitalism, and there are essential differences between them.
The birth of the modern Olympic Games
From 65438 to 0893, at the suggestion of Coubertin, the father of the Olympic Games, an international sports conference was held in Paris to discuss the revival of the Olympic Games. 1894 1 month, Coubertin drew up the concrete steps and 10 issues to be discussed in reviving the Olympic Games, and wrote to sports organizations and groups in various countries. 16 June, the "International Sports Congress" opened in Sorbonne Theological Seminary in Paris, with 79 delegates representing 49 sports organizations in 2 countries. 2000 people attended the opening ceremony. The General Assembly adopted the resolution of "Reviving the Olympic Movement". On June 23rd, the International Olympic Committee was established. The establishment of the International Olympic Committee marks the birth of the Olympic Movement.
Nationality and internationality
The ancient Olympic Games had distinct nationalism and unique cultural characteristics. This is a national ceremony, always held in the same place, and the athletes must be of pure Greek descent. The ancient Olympic Games played a role in prospering Greek culture, but its limitations made it unable to resist the storm of multi-ethnic integration. It can only develop under the specific conditions of the prosperity of slavery in ancient Greece, and it is difficult to survive once it is invaded by foreign countries. The modern Olympic Games is open to all countries, all regions and all ethnic groups, and is held in turn around the world. It is a peaceful and friendly event for people all over the world.
Ancient sports and modern sports
The ancient Olympic Games used sports content closely related to military skills, with incomplete events and primitive and simple competition methods. It was a childhood sports competition in human society. However, the modern Olympic Games adopted highly standardized modern competitive sports, broke through the ancient tradition, increased collective events and created the Winter Olympic Games. The content is rich and colorful, reflecting the needs of the development of modern society.
Exclusion of women and equality between men and women
Women were not allowed to participate in the ancient Olympic Games, and offenders were sentenced to death. Although Coubertin tried to imitate ancient traditions in the early Olympic Games, he could not stop the trend of equality between men and women. Since 1900 women entered the Olympic Games for the first time, the number of female athletes, female sports events and female sports managers has gradually increased, and their sports performance has been greatly improved. Women's sports have made unprecedented development in the Olympic Games, and its significance has gone beyond the scope of competitive competition.
Festivals and sports celebrations of Zeus
The ancient Olympic Games was a ritual competition dedicated by the Greeks to Zeus, the head of the gods. The cohesive force of Zeus made the city-states with the same religious culture but independent of each other, and sometimes even hated each other, gathered together to participate in the Olympic Games. Therefore, the ancient Olympic Games was not an independent sports event, but a part of religious festivals. The modern Olympic Games is a secular and non-religious sports celebration with an independent system of thought, organization and activities, and it is a sports event where athletes from all over the world gather together.
The arbitration institution of slave owners and nobles and the modern organization of complete system
The leader of the ancient Olympic Games was an arbitration institution composed of slave owners and nobles. It was held by full-time priests and local officials in the temple of Zeus, who were all composed of people from the single city-state of Elis. It is difficult for them to maintain justice when hosting competitions between their own city-states and foreign players. In order to compete for the dominance of the Olympic Games, the city-states even fought with each other. The modern Olympic Games, on the other hand, has a perfect organizational structure, which is composed of the International Olympic Committee, the International Individual Sports Federation, the National Olympic Committee and the organizing committee of the host city, and has a wide range of internationality. Its scientific management, objective evaluation and strict organization constitute another essential difference between the modern Olympic Games and the ancient Olympic Games.
The Development of Modern Olympic Movement
1894 it has been a century since the establishment of the international Olympic Committee. Its development can be divided into four stages.
(1) The early days of the Olympic Movement (1894-World War I) lasted from1894 to 19 14 years. Before the First World War, the world political and economic relations changed rapidly, and all kinds of nationalism and xenophobia hindered normal international exchanges. Modern sports are only carried out in a few European countries, and sports competitions around the world are rarely carried out. The Olympic movement is still in the exploratory stage. The Olympic Games has not yet formed a certain hosting mode, such as poor stability in project setting, poor facilities in venues, financial difficulties, uncertain duration, unfair referee and law enforcement, and lack of clear regulations on competition qualifications.
1908 Olympic Games implemented standardization and standardized management, which set up a basic framework for future Olympic Games. 19 12 Olympic Games is the most successful Olympic Games in this period, and the participating countries, the number of athletes, venues, facilities and organizational work have been greatly improved. Coubertin realized his expectation for the first time: an Olympic Games without accidents, protests and ethnic chauvinism hatred.
The main problem in this period is that the International Olympic Committee, international individual sports organizations and the National Olympic Committee are still only a loose organization. The IOC has not realized that the Olympic Games were entrusted to a certain city by the IOC, giving up the leadership and supervision, so that all the affairs of the Olympic Games were arranged by the host at will. Because women are not allowed to formally participate in the Olympic Games, there are not only major defects in the popularity of the Olympic Games, but also hinder the development of women's sports.
(II) The formative period of the Olympic Movement (1914-World War II) The Olympic Games, which were interrupted by World War I, resumed on 1920. The International Olympic Committee realized the importance of Olympic standardization from practice, and the basic framework, operating mechanism and fundamentality of the whole Olympic Games were basically formed during this period, which was embodied in the following aspects: the setting of competition events gradually became reasonable; Competition facilities have been further improved; The duration is basically fixed; The bidding and hosting procedures have been basically established, and the qualification of athletes has been basically solved. Advanced technologies have been applied to competitions, such as electronic timers, terminal cameras, automatic printers, closed-circuit television broadcasts and so on. Since 1928, women's track and field events have been included in the official competition. This important change has promoted the popularity and attraction of the Olympic Movement. Another important development is the Winter Olympics, which greatly increases the coverage of the Olympic movement.
During this period, the organization of the Olympic movement has also developed, and the number of national Olympic committees has increased from 29 before World War I to 60, which has made important contributions to the spread of Olympic ideas around the world. At the same time, international individual sports organizations were established one after another. Through the coordination among the IOC, international individual sports organizations and national Olympic committees, the IOC has got rid of the specific technical affairs that exist in every Olympic Games and played a more important role in leadership, coordination and decision-making.
An important issue at this stage is that politics has a growing influence on the Olympic movement. For example, 1936 Berlin Olympic Games was superior to previous Olympic Games in many aspects, but it was used by Hitler to show off his strength to the world, which violated the purpose of Olympic peace, friendship and progress.
(III) Development Period of the Olympic Movement (1946- 1980) After the end of World War II, the world political pattern formed a confrontation between the two major political groups in the East and the West, which had a great impact on the development of the Olympic Movement. On the other hand, the economic revitalization and scientific and technological development of countries after the war promoted the development of the Olympic Movement.
Due to the participation of the Soviet Union and newly independent countries, during this period, the number of participating countries and events in each Olympic Games is increasing. At the same time, Coubertin's idea of holding the Olympic Games in turn on all continents was realized; Mainland Games and Paralympics also came into being. With the popularization of the foundation-laying movement, the level of competitive sports has also improved rapidly, and African sports have begun to rise. At the Olympic Games, the United States and the Soviet Union competed for strength. Olympic venues and various supporting facilities have developed greatly than before, and the Olympic Games are developing in the direction of large-scale and artistic. Advanced electronic equipment, as well as gender and illegal drug inspection, have strengthened the fairness of the competition. All previous Olympic Games have greatly improved the municipal construction of the host city, laying the foundation for it to continue to play its role after the games. The funds for hosting the Olympic Games have also changed from simple government grants and private donations to government grants, social donations, selling TV broadcasting rights and issuing lottery tickets.
The Olympic organization in this period is not only a sports institution, but also has increasingly close relations with the state and social departments. The influence of politics on the Olympic Games is more obvious, complicated and sharp, and all kinds of power groups want to achieve their goals through this stage. In addition, the issue of doping and the excessive financial burden of the host country of the Olympic Games have been put on the important agenda. There are cracks between the three pillars and the economy is in crisis. This kindness didn't change until 1972 killanin became the chairman.
(4) The reform period of the Olympic Movement (1980-) entered the 1980s, and under the leadership of Samaranch, a large-scale reform was carried out in view of various problems faced by the Olympic Movement. In the past, the principle of "independence", that is, not making profits economically and not contacting the government politically, has not adapted to the needs of the new era. People's requirements for the Olympic movement are not limited to the four-year Olympic Games, but the Olympic movement has participated in a wider range of fields. The IOC pays attention to the dissemination of Olympic ideas in culture, education, science and technology. Through a series of activities, such as holding the Olympic Art Festival, establishing museums, holding "Olympic Day" commemorative activities, and holding regular Olympic science and technology conferences, it has played a very good publicity role. 1992 The number of countries and regions participating in the Barcelona Olympic Games increased to 172, with a total of 257 events.
The self-renewal and perfection of organizational structure make the relationship between IOC and other institutions closer and closer. Since the 1980s, the IOC has established a permanent organization-Lausanne Headquarters, which includes the president and various professionals, thus ensuring its leading position in all aspects. From 198 1, the IOC has a formal legal status for the first time, and can participate in various major affairs as a legal person, boldly carry out commercial development in the economy, create wealth through various activities, and create a good economic foundation for the development of the Olympic movement. Since the 23rd Olympic Games, there has been no deficit in the host countries of previous Olympic Games. Economic profits have greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of the host country to run the Olympic Games well.
The important change in this period is that while affirming the role of politics in sports, it emphasizes that sports should not be directed by any country; While affirming commercialization, we have taken some restrictive measures against commercialization, canceled the principle of amateur status of competitors, and made the Olympic Games open to all outstanding athletes. This pragmatic attitude has promoted the healthy development of the Olympic Movement.
From the initial exploration to the basic formation of its own model, from the development after the Second World War to stagnation, and after the reform since the 1980s, the Olympic Movement has finally entered a stage of vigorous development.
Olympic Truce and World Peace
In ancient Greece, there were mountains and rivers, and more than 200 city-states in a state of separatism never had a real alliance. But they always have a unified tradition and the same religious belief, which makes the city-state alliance maintain peace in special festivals. At that time, an important link that could unite Greeks with a strong sense of separation was the Olympic Games held every four years. To this end, the Greek city-state alliance concluded the "Olympic Truce" treaty. However, the scope of the truce is limited. It can't stop all wars in Greece, and it can only ensure that the Elis city-state and Olympia are sacred and there is no war zone. The ancient Greeks can enjoy an absolute peaceful life here, but in other areas, they only have the right of "exemption", that is, no one can infringe on athletes, officials and spectators passing through here (even if there is a war here). Therefore, the ancient Olympic Games lasted 1000 years without interruption. This is a peaceful event, serving the Greek nation and independent of the war environment. The modern Olympic Games aims to build a peaceful and beautiful world. Although it has no ability to stop the ongoing war, it strives to make people all over the world understand each other, respect each other, unite and cooperate with a view to building a better new world.
The ancient Olympic Games and the modern Olympic Games are two fundamentally different social and cultural phenomena under different social backgrounds. The social basis for the emergence and development of the ancient Olympic Games was the politically independent slave city-state system, unified culture and religion, humanized primitive gods and relatively complete sacrificial system in ancient Greece. Therefore, it can't exist beyond slavery in ancient Greece. The fundamental reason for its decline and extinction is that the social background on which it lived no longer exists, and the ancient Olympic Games in slave society can never be revived under capitalist conditions. Just as the "Renaissance" movement flaunted the new ideas and new cultures of the bourgeoisie under the banner of "restoring" the ancient Greek and Roman culture, Coubertin's success lies in that he not only used the classical model of the ancient Olympic Games with great appeal strategically, but also clearly realized that "the Olympic Games must be modernized instead of clumsy and simple imitation and restoration." Therefore, he always takes the internationalization and modernization of sports content as the basic principle, making the new Olympic Games an international sports event with classical traditional colors and modern ideological connotations, and an excellent cultural crystallization of human society across cultures, nationalities and transnational degrees.
1896 On April 6th, the first modern Olympic Games was held in Athens, Greece.