result
The Qing government was forced to negotiate with the British government in Nanjing Jinghai Temple, and the two sides discussed it about four times in the temple. On August 29th, the Qing government in China accepted all the conditions put forward by Britain, and formally signed the first unequal treaty in modern China, the British treaty of nanking, on the British flagship "Khan Hua", which met most of the requirements of Britain. As a result, Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain, and the five ports of Shanghai, Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen and Ningbo were forced to open to the British for trade and residence.
The powers did not want Britain to become a big country, so they signed more unequal treaties with China. 1844 On July 3rd, China and the United States signed the Sino-American Wang Xia Treaty. 1844, 10, 10 On October 24th, France and China signed the Huangpu Treaty, enjoying consular jurisdiction and missionary rights. 1843, 10, 10 On October 8th, China and Britain signed the Humen Treaty, which redefined the most-favored-nation treatment and consular jurisdiction enjoyed by Britain.
Influence: China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
2. The Second Opium War
result
The invading army burned and looted all the way, plundered the precious cultural relics, gold and silver jewelry and set fire to the buildings in the Yuanmingyuan, which the Qing court had long operated. 10 year1On October 24th and 25th, CreditEase exchanged the ratification documents of Tianjin Treaty with Erjin and Ge Luo respectively, and concluded the Sino-British and Sino-French Beijing Treaties.
The main contents of the Beijing Treaty between China, Britain and France include: ① opening Tianjin as a commercial port; (2) Allow Britain and France to recruit Chinese workers to go abroad; (3) ceding Kowloon to Britain; (4) Return the previously confiscated Catholic assets. The French side also added to the Chinese contract without authorization: "and served as a French missionary, renting and buying fields in various provinces and building their own houses"; (5) British and French military compensation increased to eight million and two thousand each, with a pension of five hundred and two thousand for Britain and two hundred and two thousand for France.
Russia has made great contributions to the "mediation", forcing Yixin to conclude the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty in June +065438+10/October 14, 5438, occupying about 400,000 square kilometers of China territory east of the Wusuli River, creating a treaty basis for further plundering the western territory of China. 1864, Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-Russian Northwest Border Treaty. It also divided and occupied more than 440,000 square kilometers of China territory east of Balakash Pool.
affect
China once again lost a lot of sovereignty and territory, and took another step towards the semi-colonial road. Among them, the legalization of opium trade, Chinese workers going abroad, and allowing foreigners to preach in the mainland have intensified social contradictions in China. After the Second Opium War, the aggressive forces of foreign capitalism entered Chinese mainland from the southeast coast and expanded day by day. The foreign ministers in Beijing strengthened their influence and control over the Qing government, and China society was further semi-colonized.
3. 1894- 1895 Sino-Japanese War
result
With the defeat of the war, the Qing government further increased its efforts to beg for surrender. 1 1 In February, it was decided to send Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary to Japan for peace talks. /kloc-in April, 2007, Li Hongzhang, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Ito and Foreign Minister Luo Aozong-guang signed the treaty of shimonoseki, including eleven clauses of the Peace Treaty, three clauses of the Another Agreement, three clauses of the Special Terms of the Negotiation Agreement and two clauses of the Special Terms of the Armistice Extension. China recognized North Korea as an independent country, withdrew from the Korean Peninsula, ceded Taiwan Province Province, Penghu and its affiliated islands to Japan, and opened several inland port cities in China to Japan. Japan received 230 million taels of war reparations (including 32 million taels exchanged by the Qing Dynasty for Liaodong Peninsula).
Influence: The signing of this treaty further deepened the semi-colonization of China society, and at the same time became an important turning point of China's modern national awakening.
4. Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China.
result
1900, 65438+February, the great powers (except the eight countries that sent troops, plus Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain) submitted an outline of the peace talks to the Qing government, and then made detailed provisions, which was formally signed in Beijing on September 7,190/kloc-0. The main contents of the Xin Chou Treaty are: punishing officials who "offended" the great powers; Send princes and ministers to Germany and Japan to make amends; The Qing government explicitly prohibited China people from establishing and participating in various organizations to resist the invading army; The compensation is 450 million taels of silver, which will be paid in 39 years, with the principal and interest of 980 million taels of silver; Beijing Dongjiaomin Lane has an embassy district, where the state can station troops, but China people are not allowed to live. Destroy the Dagu Fort and the Fort from Beijing to Haikou and Tianjin; The state can station troops along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan. After the signing of the Xin Chou Treaty, China was completely reduced to a semi-feudal and semi-colony.
affect
1. The huge compensation has increased the burden on the people of China.
2. The "embassy circle" is a "country within a country" and has become the base camp for the great powers to plan their aggression against China.
The hinterland of Qing Dynasty was under the armed control of the great powers.
4. The powers strengthened their control over the Qing government through diplomatic channels.
5. Forcing the Qing government to become a tool for imperialism to rule China.
6. The signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" indicates that China has completely fallen into a semi-colonial and semi-closed society.