(1) Confucius: Implementing the policy of virtue; Observe etiquette. Background: At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the princes fought in melee, causing untold sufferings. The system of the Zhou Dynasty was destroyed. Socrates: he advocated selecting professionals to engage in politics (or opposed the election and lottery system in Athenian politics). Background: The development of democracy in Athens reached its peak, and its disadvantages were increasingly exposed.
(2) Li Zhi's attitude: opposing the authority of Confucius. Objective: To attack Neo-Confucianism and emphasize individuality. Voltaire's attitude: respect Confucius and admire Confucianism. Objective: To attack the Catholic Church.