Basic Introduction Chinese Name: Lian Xiao Pinyin: (xiào lián) Begins in Han Dynasty Meaning: Basic definition, introduction, source allusions, official selection criteria, system introduction, allusions source, Confucian thoughts on governing the country, advantages, system background, cultural development, system function, system detailed explanation, inspection system, practical significance, and basic interpretation of Lian Xiao. Lian, an incorruptible person. The subject of selecting talents for the ruling class began in the Han Dynasty, which was the only way for officials in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and was often merged into one subject. Also refers to the elected scholars. 2. The title of juren in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Brief introduction of filial piety is one of the objects of inspection system in Han Dynasty. Filial piety means filial piety and integrity. In fact, the tea bureaus are monopolized by clans, boasting about each other and practicing fraud. At that time, there was a nursery rhyme irony: "Give a scholar, I don't know the book; If you are filial, your father will be separated. " Filial piety is a test of dutiful sons and honest officials. Lv Hou, Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty, once wrote a letter of filial piety. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established the basic policy of respecting Confucius and paying special attention to people's moral character when selecting ruling talents. According to Confucianism, emphasizing filial piety is the foundation of human beings, and honesty is the principle of being an official in politics. Therefore, the inspection of filial piety has been identified as the most important subject in selecting talents, and it has become the most representative and typical subject in the inspection system of Han Dynasty. Investigating filial piety was originally two subjects. At the beginning of the first year of Han Yuanguang (BC 134), the county was ordered to raise filial piety, that is, one filial piety and one filial piety. However, in the late Han Dynasty, Lian Xiao was often confused with the same theme. Most of the cited people are state and county officials or Confucian scholars who are familiar with Confucian classics. After being quoted, those who did not have official positions were given official positions, and those who were originally small officials were promoted to big officials. In the Han dynasty, the promotion of filial piety was designated as annual promotion, that is, each county recommended talents according to the prescribed number of people every year and sent them to the court, which became the correct way to select officials and appoint and promote them in the Han dynasty. From Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, many people, from local officials to court officials, were born with filial piety, which had a great influence on the politics of the Han Dynasty. Through the promotion of filial piety, the public opinion and fashion of being a dutiful son at home and being an honest official in society have been created, which has played a role in social education. In the Western Han Dynasty, the examination of Chaju Xiaolian was stricter and the management of officials was clearer. After the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, the examination was lax and the investigation was untrue. Many people make it a big joke to inspect the departure of Xiaolian's father, which is mutually causal with official corruption and forms a vicious circle. Filial piety is a subject of the Chaju Examination established by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Filial piety means filial piety and integrity. Filial piety is the most important and important subject in the overall subject of procuratorial system. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu's suggestion was adopted, and the imperial edict was issued in the first year of Yuanguang (BC 134), and people were sent to the county every year to inspect a filial person and an honest person. Soon, this kind of inspection was commonly known as Ju Xiaolian and became the most important annual inspection subject in the inspection system of Han Dynasty. "There are many famous officials", which is an important source of officials in Han Dynasty. System Introduction After Lian Xiao was promoted to the central government, according to the system, he was not immediately given a real post, but was appointed as a Langguan in the Langguan Office, and assumed the responsibility of staying in the palace. The purpose is to let him "examine the ability of ministers" and be familiar with the administrative affairs of the court. Then, after selection, they were appointed to different positions according to the grade results, such as local county magistrate, governor, minister, or relevant official positions of the central government. Under normal circumstances, people who advocate filial piety and honesty can be awarded different sizes of official positions. In the first year of Yang Jia, Shun Di, Emperor Gaozu (132), according to Zuo Xiong's suggestion, people who want to be filial must be at least 40 years old; At the same time, an important system of "scholars try their best to learn the law and take notes on official teaching" was formulated, that is, the central government should test the filial piety of Confucian scholars and the officials should take notes. Since then, there has been a formal examination method, and filial piety has also begun to transition from the recommendation system of local governors to the central examination system. Shigu said: "Filial piety is a person who is kind to his parents, and honesty is a person who is honest and clean." History of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Allusions come from Confucian thoughts of governing the country, loyalty, filial piety and righteousness. There is a saying: "he is also a filial brother, and people who are good at making mistakes are rare;" It's not easy to make mistakes, but it's not easy to make mistakes. Gentleman's business is based on inheritance and Taoism. Filial piety is also the foundation of benevolence! " Confucius simply described the relationship between human kindness and filial piety and behavior and social stability. It is rare to see people who are filial to their parents, obedient to their brothers and like to offend their superiors. There are even fewer people who don't disobey their superiors and like to rebel. The gentleman is committed to the promotion of benevolence and filial piety, and the principle of governing the country and being a man is established. Filial piety is the essence of benevolence. What is the relationship between filial piety and the election of officials? In fact, the answer is here. In several dynasties that used "living in filial piety", they all ruled the country with Confucianism. Confucius and Mencius believe that the key to world stability lies in benevolence, and there is a theory of benevolent government; The key to benevolence is filial piety. As for "cheap", that is another consideration. However, in history, a dutiful son who went away from home was born in poverty, never forgot to be filial to his parents and obey his brothers, and naturally he would be honest. Therefore, filial piety and honesty seem to be a seemingly inevitable connection. In the history of New China, there are some similarities between separatists and "promoting filial piety". Basically, Confucius' words are just a notice, and filial piety can lead to family harmony. After all, today's society stresses equality, not to mention rebellion and governing the country. But on another level, it is still very enlightening. There is a primitive human logical relationship between benevolence and filial piety, that is, whether a person has a "rebellious consciousness" from filial piety, and whether he will rebel from the "rebellious consciousness". Then, combined with a practical idea, if your company wants to recruit several people, would you like to choose a filial son or an unfilial son? So it seems that "he is also filial, and few people are good at making mistakes." In other words, people can be judged by "a glimpse of the whole leopard". For example, if you can betray other people's friends, you will be betrayed; Subordinates who are not filial to their elders and disobey orders have basically no future, and so on. Of course, "obedience" here does not mean "blind obedience". Institutional Background Cultural Development The Han Dynasty lasted for more than 400 years and was a prosperous period in China's history. The rulers of the Han Dynasty earnestly summed up the historical lessons of the rapid collapse of the Qin Dynasty. Although they followed the Qin Dynasty in political system, they made great adjustments in cultural policies and adopted a series of measures conducive to the development of literature. Coupled with the enhancement of national strength and social progress, the literature of the Han Dynasty has developed vigorously. Ju Xiaolian's literary accomplishment, the number and variety of literary works, the depth of thought and the level of art are all worthy of attention. The literature of Han Dynasty set an example for later generations in many aspects, such as value orientation, aesthetic fashion and style. The role of the system The combination of recommendation and examination in the Han Dynasty provided many opportunities for the formation of writers' groups. In the Western Han Dynasty, the court called for virtuous and upright people, and counties called for filial piety and scholar. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, subjects such as simplicity, virtue, ability, outspoken, independence, high morality, honesty and innocence were added, and talents were widely recruited. The selection of talents in the Han Dynasty pays attention to learning and character, and does not exclude the employment of those with literary creation talents. Many writers stand out mainly because of their literary talent, not because they are trained. Although it was not dominant in the employment system of Han dynasty, it was only an auxiliary means, but it promoted the formation of writers in Han dynasty. In the Han dynasty, not only the central court and princes, but also some consorts in important positions selected talents. This system explains in detail the official selection system in China feudal society. In the Han dynasty, officials were mainly selected from the countryside, and in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the system of nine grades was the main one. After the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination system prevailed. In the Han Dynasty, local officials recommended local scholars to the central authorities, and were awarded certain official positions after investigation. The object of the election is morality, integrity, filial piety and demotion. Filial piety is the most important electoral system. A person who is chosen as a dutiful son must meet the following conditions: "first, he is virtuous, clean and innocent;" Second, study and practice to get a doctorate; Third, the sensible method is doubtful enough, which can be asked in the case chapter and suggested in the text; Fourth, I am resolute, resourceful, not confused by things, and clear-headed enough to make a decision before being appointed as the third assistant. " ("Were Historical Records" note. People who meet these standards are called scholars or intellectuals. In order to enter the official career through filial piety, the scholars at that time dressed up in disguise and sought fame, and asked the dignitaries to get the good name of filial piety. A man named Wu Xu was chosen as Lian Xiao. Considering that his two younger brothers are not famous yet, in order to make them famous, after consulting with them, he convened the whole clan and divided the property into three parts. His own part is fertile land and a wide house, and the two younger brothers get little and poor property. However, the two younger brothers didn't quarrel with their older brothers at all. The clan and the villagers praised their modesty and accused their brother of greed. As a result, the two younger brothers were chosen as filial piety. Afterwards, Wu Xu summoned clan members to tell them the truth and said, "My property has tripled since I was at home, and now I have all my property with my two younger brothers." So Wu Xu's reputation soared, and he was later transferred to the central government as Changle Shaofu. When Fan was appointed as the prefect of Anle, there was a man named. After his father died, he buried his father and lived in the tomb. He mourned for more than 20 years, and his fame shook the counties. The magistrate recommended him to Chen Fan. Chen Fan saw him and asked about his wife and children. As a result, all his five sons were born in mourning. Chen Fan was furious and guilty. When Wang Fu, a scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, exposed the disadvantages of the election at that time, he pointed out: "Those who follow the crowd, or those who are stubborn, should be talented, those who rebel should be filial, those who are greedy should be honest, and those who are cunning should be righteous ... The name is not true, and the tribute is not commensurate. The rich take advantage of their financial resources, while the noble take their potential as obstacles, and their virtue is strong. " Latent husband theory, performance appraisal. At that time, a folk song was popular in the society: "Give a scholar, but don't know the book;" Cha Xiaolian, father separated. The cold element is as pure as mud, and the highest soldier is as timid as a chicken. "Ge Hong: Bao Puzi's external article is a magic horse. It can be seen that the electoral system at that time was decadent and hypocritical. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Zheng Zhi system of Jiupin was a tool for aristocratic families to monopolize political power. The right to vote is controlled by local strongmen. " Love evil at will, honor and disgrace in hand, no poverty in the top grade, no gentry in the bottom grade, no truth in the public examination, no private interest. "Liu Yichuan, the book of Jin. Because this kind of election system seriously hindered the masses from entering the political power, after the Sui Dynasty, with the collapse of the aristocratic system, the nine-product system was abolished and replaced by the imperial examination system. The system of selecting officials in han dynasty. 196 years ago, Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu, asked a saint for a book, which made him recommend a "scholar-bureaucrat" with the ability to govern the country from the county and state, creating a precedent for the supervision and trial system in the Han Dynasty. The system of selecting officials with Chaju began with Emperor Wen. In the second year of Emperor Wendi (BC 178), he wrote, "Give an example of Founder who is eloquent and extremely remonstrant"; Fifteen years later, he wrote "A virtuous and eloquent monarch, minister and county magistrate" ("Han Shu Wendy Ji"). Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the founder of Lian Xiao Lian Xiao, further developed the Tea Bureau into a relatively complete official selection system. First, there are clear new regulations on the standards of talent inspection and employment, and all families except Confucianism are not allowed to do so, creating the standards for selecting talents by Confucianism. Second, the choice of scholars includes four aspects: morality, knowledge, law and policy. Third, the tea bureau can be divided into two categories: age order and imperial edict. Annual promotion is a regular subject and is recommended every year. Topics include filial piety and scholar. Filial piety began with two subjects, filial piety and honesty, and later it was called a subject. The objects of Cha Xiaolian are local officials below 600 stone and Confucian scholars who are familiar with Confucian classics. He is recommended by counties and countries to serve in the central government every year, and his way out is to serve as a Langguan in the central government. There are quota restrictions. Every county with 200,000 people in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the imperial system has one person every year, one person for two years under 200,000 people and one person for three years under 654.38+10,000 people. There are few people in the border areas, and if there are more than 654.38+10,000 people, one person can be raised every year. The way out for filial piety is to be a Langguan around the emperor and then move from Langguan to a central or local official. Filial piety and incorruptibility are the main subjects that tea houses often take, and they are the right way to be an official. The object of raising a scholar is the current official. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to avoid Liu Xiu's taboo, the scholar was changed to Cai Mao. Mao is elected by the state, so the number is much less than that of Xiao Lian. Cai Mao's way out is mostly as a local county magistrate, which is more important than Lian Xiao's appointment, but there are fewer places. Imperial edict is a temporary special subject, which was called by the emperor to inspect talents. Its characteristic is that imperial edicts are often held after disasters. There is no limit to the number of letters, which shall be temporarily stipulated by the letters. Recruitment targets are many and not fixed, and people with special talents can be selected. No matter how young, talented and virtuous you are, you have to take the exam when you get to the Central Committee. There are two kinds of examination methods: countermeasure (proposition examination) and shooting (lottery examination). Countermeasures are mostly used to test candidates, and shooting strategies are mostly used to test doctoral students. Recommended by imperial edicts, generally tried by the emperor; Filial piety in the county is examined by the three government offices. Confucian scholars take an examination of Confucian classics and give examples of official examinations. They selected top students through the examination and submitted them to the emperor for employment. The exam is actually a merit-based admission. From the Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the procuratorial system played an important role and selected a large number of useful talents for feudal countries. In the future, with the increasingly corrupt politics, the phenomenon of false inspection will become more and more serious. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it had become a tool for dignitaries or officials to install private individuals, completely losing its role in recruiting talents. Practical significance * * * Shaanxi Provincial Party Secretary * * said when talking about fair and upright selection and employment: Leading cadres at all levels are strong organizers of implementing the party's line, principles and policies, and are also recognized as people with personality charm. Those who have no distinction between honor and disgrace, are morally corrupt and disrespectful and unfilial must never be promoted and reused. (People's Daily) Filial piety is the traditional virtue of the Chinese nation. Throughout the ages, children's respect and filial piety to their parents has become one of the important standards to measure personal moral quality. However, with the development of society and the deepening of socialist market economy, we have to admit that the pursuit of interests is constantly impacting people's original moral values, and traditional virtues including filial piety are gradually being "forgotten" by some people. It is undoubtedly of positive significance for Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee to take "filial piety" as the standard for selecting leading cadres. The first is a reminder. Incorporating moral standards into the assessment criteria is an early warning to remind politicians to realize that losing basic moral standards means losing the prerequisite for being an official before obtaining a position. Imagine, a person who has no distinction between honor and disgrace, is morally corrupt and doesn't even care about his parents, how can he be expected to be close to the people and benefit one side? At the same time, it is also an incentive. Moral assessment enables people with high political literacy and moral standards to realize their desire to seek government for officials, which will undoubtedly stimulate people's strong moral consciousness. It can be expected that the threshold of moral assessment of Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee is not only conducive to purifying the ranks of officials and improving the moral level, but also conducive to the long-term development of the whole society. Officials mean both power and responsibility, and should also be moral models. Disrespect and unfilial is a retrogression of morality. Undoubtedly, bringing "filial piety" into the scope of official assessment will not only help to select good officials, but also inject a strong impetus into traditional virtues.