Judging from its wooden structure, the stage is mostly equipped with four corner columns for sparrows, and the vat is equipped with four large transverse purlins, forming a huge box. There is a large performance area under the box, and the weight of the whole roof is on it. This architectural style of the square is very conducive to the need to open up a bigger stage.
At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, the Wei Village and Wangqu stage were equipped with auxiliary columns at the back third of both sides, and the gables behind the columns were connected with the back wall. An account can be set between two auxiliary columns to divide the stage into two parts: the foreground and the background. There are no gables on either side of the foreground, so you can see from three sides.
This kind of stage can be proved in the stage models of Ma Cun Jin Tomb and Hou Ma Jin Tomb in Jishan County, Shanxi Province.
As for the separate tabernacle, it can be seen in the Yuan Dynasty murals in the Temple and the Water Hall of Guangsheng Temple in Hong Tong.
However, this construction method changed in Dongyang and Cao Gong in the middle and late Yuan Dynasty. All gables were completed, and the audience watched from three sides to one side.
This structure has been basically used on the stage since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but the front desk is widened and the platform mouth is divided into three bays.
The stage in Ningdu, Jiangxi Province was built in the second year of Guangxu. The north and south are opposite to the "Laoguan Temple". The stage is made of wood and divided into two parts. The front desk is used by performers when singing, and the backstage is used by performers for makeup and accommodation. The total length is about10m, and the width is15m.
There is a woodcut poplar on the doorpost at the front desk, with red paint and gold-plated couplets: "or a gentleman or a villain, or a talented person and a beautiful woman, see you as soon as you appear;" Sometimes it is calm, sometimes it is earth-shattering, and it is empty in a blink of an eye. "
On the top of the stage, there is a gold-painted horizontal plaque: "The sound is full."
The stage is usually used three times a year, that is, three plays are performed, and one is the February Flower Festival; One is the birthday of the old official in April; It used to be the He Miao Opera House in August.
Each performance lasts for more than one month and at least half a month.
During the performance, people around you will come, some are purely watching the play, some are doing business, some are gambling, some are whoring, some are visiting relatives for free, everything is available, people are crowded, and hotels and restaurants are full every day, which is very lively.
These three plays are also called "line plays" every year, and the prices of the plays come from boys, married people, wealthy businessmen, donations from various shops, gambling tables and so on.
The content of singing opera is mostly xiang opera, which is the same every year.
Sometimes, some activities will be held jointly with other places. For example, in early August, Ningdu Opera Troupe will be invited to sing tea-picking operas in memory of Xu Jing.
Leping city, Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province is known as China Ancient Stage Museum.
There are more than 465,438+02 ancient theatres scattered in all villages in the city. The construction time has spanned more than 500 years from the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the present.
Leping ancient stage can be roughly divided into five types: house stage, temple stage, guild stage, ancestral hall stage and wannian stage, among which ancestral hall stage and wannian stage are the most common.
No matter what kind of stage, it is the same pattern: it is a traditional brick-wood structure with an arched front, from the third floor to the fifth floor.
A square painted halberd is inserted in the center of the roof, and some square painted halberds are inserted on the top of painted porcelain treasures. The two ends of the roof are decorated with beautifully shaped anchovies, with extremely straight cornices above the front and wind chimes and iron horses hanging under the eaves. In the center of the ceiling of the stage is a gorgeous algae well.
Almost all the wooden components on the stage are carved with exquisite reliefs: Qionghua Yaocao, Qin Xiang Ruishou, Youliang, Suifang, Sanjialiang and Qiangtouliang, which are interspersed among the layers of the archway, and many operas are also carved.
Among these operas, the most frequent ones are Kuixing Diandou, Jiu Lao Tian Gong, Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea and Ma Gu's Birthday.
Zhejiang Ningbo Chenghuang Temple Stage. In the past, there were two small stages on both sides of the main hall and the back hall.
Today, the theater in the central hall is the essence of the City God Temple.
The whole building is decorated with traditional Zhu Jin wood carvings, and the content is mainly opera stories.
As an important evidence of "hometown of traditional Chinese opera" and "birthplace of southern Chinese opera", Wenzhou ancient stage has a long history and a large number.
Yongjia County alone has 236 places, far more than Ninghai County in Ningbo City, with only 120 ancient stage, which is known as the "hometown of ancient stage culture in China".
A few days ago, the book "Wenzhou Ancient Stage" was published by Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House as one of the "achievements of the third national Wenzhou cultural relics survey", which is also the first book in Wenzhou devoted to the ancient stage.
Jin Dynasty Stage of Erlang Temple in Wangbao Village, Gaoping City, Shaanxi Province.
Founded in the 23rd year of Dading in Jin Shizong (A.D. 1 183), this stage is the earliest existing stage in China.
Gaoping City is located in the southeast of Shanxi Province, belonging to Jincheng City, more than 300 kilometers away from Taiyuan City.
There are many mountains in the territory, all of which are around 65,438+0,500 meters above sea level, and the highest is over 2,000 meters. The famous mountain ranges are Taihang Mountain, Wuwang Mountain and Zhongtiao Mountain.
The long history has left a wealth of cultural relics and historical sites in southeastern Shanxi, the essence of which is a large number of well-preserved ancient temples and Taoist temples, making southeastern Shanxi the region with the largest number of existing ancient temples in Shanxi Province.
Niuwang Temple Stage is located in Niuwang Temple in Wei Village, 25 kilometers northwest of Linfen City, Shanxi Province.
The stage was built in the 20th year of Yuan Dynasty (1283). It was damaged by the Pingyang earthquake in the 7th year of Dade (1303), and was rebuilt in the first year of Zhengzheng (132 1). It was repaired many times in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The existing stage buildings were originally built in the Yuan Dynasty, and the rest were built in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The stage was built on a brick abutment, with a height of 1 m, a width of 7.45 m and a depth of 7.55 m. The plane is almost square and is located on the top of the mountain with only one roof.
The beam frame structure is unique, which has both load-bearing and decorative effects.
The big bucket is placed on the four-corner column, and the mouth of the bucket is provided with a cross sparrow to support a large number of squares. The sides of the front square are provided with a bucket square 12, which is divided into two types: building and corner, and five paving projects are done, with emphasis on the heart, cornices and beams, and corner corners of the bucket square are provided with corner plastering squares.
A beam truss bucket is placed above the wellhead, and the upper bearing angle truss forms an inclined box. It is meaningless for caisson to set up vertical columns in the center of corner truss, set up small transverse clapboards to form a plane octagonal roof truss, and hang thunder columns in the center.
The stage is open on three sides, only the back eaves and the back sides of the two mountains are built with walls, and the gables are about 1/3 of the total length of the mountain surface.
The front eaves and the two hills are the early inherent forms.
Jiangxi Guild Hall is located on the north side of the middle section of Jiangxi Street in Huize County. It has a history of more than 280 years. The stage, the main hall and the back hall are connected at three points to form the main body of the hall.
Among them, the ancient stage can be called a boutique in ancient buildings in Yunnan.
There are 22 doors and windows * * *, beautifully carved and well-structured. After hundreds of years of ups and downs, they are still strong.
The Fu Lushou Samsung above the stage is said to be carved with three matches.
Secondly, the wood carving, stone carving, brick carving and other techniques of the Zhenjun Hall, the East-West Piandian and the Guanyin Temple in the temple are also excellent.
The whole guild hall is the representative of the temple building in Huize County, and it is the best stage in Huize County.
The ancient stage of Shaxi Ancient Town in Yunnan was built in Qing Dynasty. It is a three-story Kuixing Pavilion, with a stage structure, a front desk and a back pavilion. It has a unique structure with overlapping cornices and a flying angle of 65,438+04, standing under the blue sky and white clouds.
I didn't expect that there would be such a gorgeous and exquisite stage in this country with traffic jams.
The ancient stage occupies the east side of Sifang Street and is adjacent to Xingjiao Temple in the west.
Climb the ancient stage. Along the steep wooden stairs, the second floor is an exhibition of cultural relics unearthed in Jianchuan, and the third floor is Kuixing Pavilion.
The ancient stage in Qimen, Anhui Province occupies an extremely important position in the history of China opera stage, especially the 1 1 ancient stage left in various periods since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which is a complete history of Huizhou stage and a physical example, reflecting the attainments and achievements of Huizhou architectural art from one side.
Qimen Ancient Stage is mainly distributed in Xin 'an Township, Wang Jiacun Village, Li Shan Town and Wenshan River Valley in the west of the city. The style of writing in this area is at its peak in history.
As a performance place, the ancient stage not only has the function of entertainment, but also has the function of clan education: on the one hand, it can maintain the blood relationship of the clan, Huizhou people pay attention to loyalty, filial piety, righteousness and respect for their ancestors, and when performing, people can feel the glory of the clan; On the other hand, it embodies the majesty of the clan.
The ancestral temple is a place for law enforcement. Through acting, the people who violated the laws and village regulations were punished, and the troupe was invited to perform at its own expense, which educated the whole village and played a warning role.
The ancient stage is mainly located in the front of the ancestral hall, opposite to the pleasure hall, which is one of the typical features that distinguish it from other regions.
The stage is divided into foreground and background.
The bright room at the front desk is the performance area, the next room is the Wenwu Hall, and the next room is the cloister. There are theater buildings on both sides of the corridor, and the facade and components of the stage are beautifully carved, which makes people feel beautiful and quiet.
Typical ancient stages in Anhui are: Jade Qing Tang Ancient Stage, Huiyuan Tang Ancient Stage, Dun Palace Ancient Stage and Jiahuatang Ancient Stage.
Yuqingtang Ancient Stage, located in Zhu Lin Village, Xin 'an Township, was built in the early years of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (185 1- 1853) and is a provincial key cultural relics protection unit.
This ancient stage is an integral part of the Jade Qing Hall of Zhao's Ancestral Hall.
Yuqingtang advanced to build a stage, and the ancestral hall gate is the background of the stage. If people enter the temple, they must bow their heads and pass under the platform.
On both sides of the patio are viewing halls, which are integrated with the main stage.
The building technology of the stage is very exquisite, carved beams and painted buildings, resplendent and magnificent.
The ancestral hall faces east in the west and the stage faces east in the west. The ancestral hall covers an area of 504 square meters, of which the stage and the theater building cover an area of 136 square meters.
On the walls and partitions of the stage, there are ink marks on the walls of the stage where troupe artists come to perform in various periods.
Huiyuantang Ancient Stage is located in Kengkou Village, Li Shan Town.
Hui Yuan Hall is the ancestral hall of the Chen family, which was built in the 15th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1587). It consists of three parts: stage, appreciation hall and sleeping hall, with a total area of 600 square meters.
The stage faces north, covering an area of 97 square meters, with a hatchback stand and patio of 206 square meters.
The stage foundation is of masonry structure, the table top is supported by wooden columns, and the upper deck is laid.
The back wall of the stage is the south wall of the ancestral hall, and there is no gate, which is a major feature of the ancestral hall.
The bright room at the front desk is the performance area, with a compartment on each side to accompany the band.
There is a stone baffle in front of the stage, and the stairs on both sides are connected to the stands.
There is a dome-shaped caisson at the top of the center of the stage, and the beam structure is hard-mountain purlin. Various relief patterns and three-dimensional wood carvings are carved on the forehead, moon beam, diagonal brace and sparrow replacement. The whole stage is carved with beams, which is very decorative.
The eaves columns on both sides of the verandah are square stone pillars, and the columns are equipped with rhombic bucket arches.
Eaves, columns, and braces are all carved with exquisite ornamentation and character ornaments.
The patio is paved with bluestone slabs, which is very regular.
The ancient stage of Dun Hall is a part of the Dun Hall of Chenjiaci in the village.
The ancestral hall faces south and consists of a gatehouse, a stage, a patio, a pleasure hall and a sleeping hall.
The total construction area is 340 square meters, and the area of stage, patio and entrance is 170 square meters, of which the stage area is 86 square meters.
The bottom of the stage is supported by a movable short column and covered with a bedplate, which is a detachable movable stage.
The front desk on the second floor is the performance area, with a dome-shaped caisson (equivalent to today's sound reinforcement equipment) above the center, and a room on both sides of the background for the band to accompany.
Decorations such as "Five Blessingg holds longevity" are engraved on the foreheads of Ming people, including the relief of the stigma, diagonal bracing, sparrow replacement, beam camel, pan bucket and column base.
Jiahuatang Ancient Stage faces south, with three rooms.
The ancestral hall was built in Tongzhi period of Qing Dynasty, and it has two parts: the forward ancient stage and the backward sleeping hall.
The ancestral hall covers an area of 505 square meters and consists of a hall, a stage, an upper wing of a veranda, a front patio, an ear door, a pleasure hall, a back patio, a bedroom hall and an upstairs hall.
This temple belongs to one of the examples of the combination of Huizhou traditional ancestral temple and stage. Except patios and stone terraces, most of them are square brick terraces or large floors.
The main entrance of the temple enters from the south, and the front eaves are sealed with brick walls. The gate is located on the brick wall in the middle of the eaves column, with water-milled bricks and bluestone doorframes, and a gatehouse is set up.
Entering from the gate is the stage part, which is the hall part.
The abutment column not only borrows the main column of the ancestral temple itself, but also sets additional short columns to support the abutment plate according to the needs of table setting.
The whole building is simple and generous, with high horse head wall, which is dignified and pleasant, fully embodies the unique characteristics of Huizhou architecture and has high architectural artistic value.
Dongba Theater is located on the north bank of Xu He River, Dongba Town, Gaochun District, Nanjing.
It turned out to be a progressive building of Dongyue Temple, with a brick-wood structure, a single eaves and a mountain-resting style, surrounded by walls on three sides, while watching a play.
The theater is divided into two floors, the upper stage and the lower stage for the troupe to live in.
The theater plane is convex, with three rooms wide and height of 1 1.5m, so it is difficult to reach the top of the mountain.
The area is 159 square meters.
In the middle of the stage, columns are used to separate the front and back stage, which are used for acting, with an octagonal algae well on the top and makeup in the back stage.
There is a horizontal plaque hanging outward from the sky wall, with dark green couplets on both sides. Both the plaque and the couplets were written by Jiabin Wang, a famous calligrapher of Jieyuan and Gaochun in the late Qing Dynasty.
The two sides of the main stage are separated by inclined columns and wooden boards. The left stage is for the band to play and the right stage is for the guests to watch the play.
The "diagonal braces" under the left and right beams of the front desk column are carved into an inverted phoenix and a lion with too many pictures, which are lifelike and exquisite.
There is an inclined square in front of the theater, which is low in front and high in back, covering an area of 1600 square meters and can accommodate thousands of spectators.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the rise and development of Kunqu Opera in Suzhou, except for the above-mentioned Washe Goulan, all the official halls, gardens, pavilions, halls, ancestral temples, temples, tea shops and boathouses had performances by opera clubs.
Actors are active in the red flag, fixed stage or temporary or semi-temporary stage, which is colorful and magnificent.
Kangxi and Qianlong visited the South and were stationed in the Weaving Institute. In the palace, there is a rest stage, a theater hall and an indoor and outdoor theater.
There are also many stages in Zhongyi Palace of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
Li Hongzhang paid his brother He Zhangshu a sentence: "There are three or four gardens and two or three stages in Zhongyi Palace, which is unprecedented in my life."
The small class of Zhongwangfu Liyuan was once opened here.
Official banquets are also commonplace. Except for the stage in the weaving room, most of them are staged in the hall.
A feast for celebrities and officials, who are often performed by Le Jia or Yan Troupe in the hall.
According to the script illustrations published in the Ming Dynasty, the chairman is located in front of the screen, the hall is covered with a red carpet as the performance area, the music scene is located on the side of the red carpet or in front of the entrance, and the upper left and lower right doors remain up and down, which is why people later called the stage "Red Jun".
There are also performances in the famous Suzhou Garden Villa.
For example, Fan Ming Changbai's family class is active in Tianping Mountain Villa.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the Humble Administrator's Garden was occupied by Wu Sangui's husband, Wang Yongning, and a stage was built. You Dong and others went to eat and watch a play.
The west of Humble Administrator's Garden in the late Qing Dynasty was owned by Zhang. In addition to the temporary stage in the Ming Hall, there is also the Yuanyang Hall with the amount of "Eighteen Datura Flower Hall" and "Thirty-six Yuanyang Hall", where operas are often performed.
There are ear rooms in the four corners of the main hall, which are not only in and out, but also for changing clothes and serving food, which is extremely rare.
There are many ancient stages in Shi Die Township, Fuding, at the junction of Fujian and Zhejiang.
Because it is located at the junction of the two provinces, the ancient stage here not only retains the characteristics of Fujian stage, but also is influenced by neighboring Zhejiang. They showed us the long-standing beauty of China opera culture.
Its pulse charm is intoxicating.
Several existing ancient stages in Shi Die Township have a distinctive feature, all of which were built in temples. So far, no stage built in the ancestral hall has been found.
The reason is closely related to the weak family financial resources at that time.
In ancient Taishun, Zhejiang, families with relatively strong economic strength often had their own stage.
Due to the lack of funds, the neighboring Shi Die Township had to be funded by several families to build the stage in a public building-a temple.
This can not only build a decent stage, but also ensure the funds for the troupe to perform all the year round.
Another feature of the existing ancient stage in Shi Die is that the entrance of the stage in the countryside corresponds to the main temple in the village.
This comes from a geomantic point of view: the entrance of the platform is facing the temple, which can avoid the wind and rain from attacking the platform and is also a metaphor for the function of entertaining the gods.
After the changes of the times, the function of the stage has evolved into a cultural space where rural customs and folk music blend.
The stage built in the palace temple is also closely related to religion.
Shi Die Township's Cangbian Ancient Stage, Kukou Ancient Stage and Chetou Ancient Stage are all located in yangfu Palace.
Whenever there are folk customs and festivals, these places become a sea of joy: going to the opera, watching lights, tuning tunes, and being very lively.
Earlier, a troupe was usually invited to perform at yangfu's birthday party on May 18. The purpose is to invite yangfu to the theatre through "entertaining the gods" and pray for good weather.
The eaves of the ancient stage in Shi Die Township are all made to lean on the mountain, which is very solemn.
Detail decoration is mainly manifested in the stigma arch and algae well. Most of the stigma arches have decorative patterns, mostly auspicious flowers and animals.
There are two methods to make caissons of Shi Die ancient stage. The caisson of the ancient stage in Cangbian Village and Kukou Village adopts eight-sided bucket arches with up to eight floors.
The ancient stage caisson in Cangbian Village on the first floor of Sijing is engraved with the image patterns of the Eight Immortals on the four exposed arches, and each stigma is carved in pairs, which is exquisite and lifelike.
A pair of flower baskets and grass carvings are embedded in the joints of the first and second floors of the ancient stage caisson in Kukou Village.
The caisson of the ancient stage in Chetou Village is a five-story bucket arch, and then the top is made into a flat roof, which is slightly square.
It is said that there are exquisite paintings of the Eight Immortals on the caisson of the front stage. Although destroyed by the Cultural Revolution, some paintings are still faintly visible.
Some of them also found fragments of words in Su Shi's Fu on a Thousand Cliffs, but most of the characters and flowers in the lattice were vague.