What is the performance of Perikles's reform?

Perikles has expanded the rights of civilians. He stipulated that the state should give certain allowances to those who hold public office, so that ordinary citizens can also hold posts. The citizens' assembly is the highest authority in Athens, which decides major issues such as internal affairs, diplomacy, war and equality. Adult male citizens can participate. The 500-member conference is composed of 50 people selected by lottery from ten tribes and remains the highest administrative organ. The jury court consists of 60 people, and each tribe draws lots to select 6000 people from citizens over the age of 30. It is the highest judicial organ, hearing major cases, supervising public officials and making decisions by voting. Ten generals were elected by a show of hands at the assembly. They are the highest officials of the government, commanding the army and holding real power. During the Persian war, the power of the Senate, regarded as one of the two anchors of the city-state in Solon's constitution, was expanded. The Senate is composed of retired consuls and other important administrative officials, all of whom are lifelong members, and it is a conservative aristocratic component in Athens' political system. In 462 BC, Ephialtes reformed the Senate through a general assembly, which greatly weakened the power of the Senate, and only reserved the right to try cases of murder and arson and supervise religious ceremonies. Its initial functions and powers were transferred to the jury court, the 500-member parliament and the citizens' assembly. These reforms, together with the allowance system for jurors and Council members, and the political system in Athens, are indeed highly democratic within the scope of citizens. In Perikles, the restriction of property qualification was replaced by drawing lots, and a public office allowance system was established, which enabled more people to hold public offices, thus expanding the political rights of civilians. Paid public office began in 1950s. As we all know, there are two items: jury allowance and remuneration of board members. In order to make it possible for the insecure class of Athenian citizens to participate in state affairs, Perikles (or Ephialtes, Ephialtes) promulgated the jury duty allowance. Before entering the court building, each juror will be given a court stick and a badge, and the voucher can receive the stipulated allowance of two Oboler, which was later increased to three Oboler, that is, half a drachma. As we know, in the disputes between the Athens court and the states under the jurisdiction of the empire, there are a large number of jurors in every court session. There are often 6,000 citizens serving as jurors in Athens, with a total number of about 40,000, and jurors account for a large proportion of the citizens. Modern historians believe that jurors are mostly elderly citizens who have passed the age of military service, and jury allowance is actually a kind of care for veterans who have experienced long-term military service. The scope of cases tried by Athens court is extremely wide, and the paid jury system is an excellent opportunity to educate middle and lower class citizens politically. Only when citizens have a clear understanding of state affairs, the citizens' assembly that holds the highest power of the state will not become a mere formality. Perikles's democracy has indeed made great achievements in this respect. Another important paid public office is parliament. After the Greek-Persian war, the number of members of the Security Council remained unchanged. In the past, all 500 members of the committee were unpaid, and each member got a drachma in Perikles every day (to live a decent life for a family of five). At the same time, the qualifications for being elected as a member of parliament are also relaxed compared with those in Clety's period, and all citizens of the "double cow class" (middle peasants) can be elected as members of parliament. In view of the fact that the property standard has been changed from the physical unit to the monetary unit, and with the rise of prices, the number of Athenian citizens who are restricted in property and cannot be elected as members of the Council is very small. Modern historians have calculated that13 of Athenian citizens have a chance to be elected to the Council in their lifetime according to the rule that members of the Council cannot be re-elected. But the people who can enjoy this right are still a minority among the residents. In about 45 1 year BC, the citizens' assembly passed Perikles's proposal, which stipulated that only people whose parents were Athenian citizens could be regarded as Athenian citizens, greatly limiting the number of citizens. Slaves, foreigners and women have no civil rights. As we already know, from Solon's time, Athens' citizenship was open to newly moved foreigners, which was an important and effective measure for Athens to absorb foreign craftsmen and businessmen and develop the underdeveloped economy at that time. Now, Athens is prosperous and rich. The citizens of Athens are a collective "ruling by turns" in a city-state centered on a huge empire, and they have various privileges such as being elected as paid public office, acting as armed immigrants to emigrate overseas, and receiving theater allowances. The Athenians can't help thinking that this was won by their ancestors who endured great sacrifices and fought bravely in the harsh Persian War. If citizenship is still open to all new foreign immigrants, new immigrants will enjoy the benefits, which is hard for them to agree with. The emergence of this privileged thought may be inevitable among ordinary people, but it is narrow. In the face of this psychology, the civil rights of Athens may actually have become more and more limited. Unfortunately, Perikles, a so-called wise and enthusiastic democrat, tried to develop democracy within the scope of Athenian citizens, but he was not spared from the narrow selfish departmentalism of the old citizens of the city-state. In 445 BC, shortly after the jury allowance system was stipulated, Perikles restored an old law, which stipulated that "only people whose parents are Athenians can become Athenians". This law has retrospective effect and was strictly enforced. This law has caused many misunderstandings, deception and fraud, and caused many lawsuits. At that time, about 5000 people were deceived and sold into slavery. Ten will have no salary, and this position has always been monopolized by industrial and commercial slave owners, and ordinary citizens simply cannot hold it. The Athens 10 tribe elected a general to form a "Ten Generals Committee" to command the army, and the executive power was still in the hands of the consul. The chief executive served as the commander-in-chief of the whole army, and the chief executive died in a marathon. After frequent wars, the commander-in-chief of the army was gradually in the hands of the winning generals for a long time, and the chief generals gradually mastered all government affairs, and the consuls became the institutions that handled daily government affairs. In addition, the post of consul has always adhered to the old system, with a term of one year and no possibility of re-election. But generals are rare, and changing commanders at will will inevitably lead to a military fiasco, so the system of "no re-election" does not apply to generals. In this way, since the 1970s, the political system in Athens has been rapidly democratized. On the other hand, there is a chief general who can actually hold a lifelong position to guide major government affairs such as national defense and foreign affairs, so Perikles was re-elected as the chief general 15 years. According to Thucydides, an ancient Greek historian, "Athens is nominally a democratic country, but in fact the power is in the hands of the first citizen". (The History of the Peloponnesian War, page 150) Many people who live by labor can't often go to Athens to attend civic meetings. Therefore, the democracy in Athens is essentially the democracy of slave owners, serving the slave economy.