I'm hungry and cold. I'm white and narrow.
Poor in water, cooking, suffering, fighting.
Awkward words, ao, vertical and horizontal alliance, bM: I hé, unofficial history, bài, leveling bā n.
Sibling bāo stripped bāo organization báo parallel bèi
Bud bèil I went to bèn, generate bèng shelted bí.
Paralysis, servility, willfulness, recovery.
On the edge of b and n, hold your breath, b ǐ ng, abandon bǐng.
Staggered, staggered
Confess chán, compensate cháng and pretend to be cháng.
Get up, chāo 1, let's go, she was shocked.
Riding on chěng, flogging ch and wasting time on luxury chǐ?
Tidying up is full of enthusiasm and anxiety.
Looking forward to ch not ng, feeling disappointed, hesitant and dwarfed.
Forgive me, Chu. Think about Chu's M: i. Trauma, chuāng, sadness, Chu dang.
Crying for Chu, dropping out of school, Chu's defect, C: serving the clock.
Chimney cūng, leisurely flowing water cūng, you can do it with one move.
Brilliant copper 68686
Catch the mouse d m: I catch d I, try my best to catch the mouse d ā n, and keep an eye on D ā n.
Be careful of unscrupulous gears. D: Back then.
Create a dirty diàn, intimidate Dü nghe, read dü u.
Redeem nuó\u\u\u\u\u\u\u\u \ u \ u
In short, I perfunctory, F ū y, m: n, n, n, n, n, n, n.
Following the voice, Fu provided gong confession, gong confession, Gong confession.
Rickets g not uló u activities g u bones g u spine g incarnation.
Bewildering gǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ
The converted Gu He Xiongzhuang Gu quarreled with the executioner.
Hada, H, M, Ruins, hái, Hanhan, Singing, háng.
Collusion with each other, hàngxiè dried up, hé is birds of a feather, hé cheers hé.
The load is ridiculously heavy. Unexpected troubles made Hengfa a windfall. permanent
Dispersed in a hubbub, Shan, Hu Yan, Hu Yan, Hu Qu ā n,.
Terminally ill, huāng is afraid of illness and doctors, and teaches people tirelessly.
Scramble around, fish in troubled waters, muddle along, confuse muddy Xiao with muddy Hu.
The unrestrained J: and the bohemian J: who provoke the open-minded deformity.
Get into J: and the wanted order, J: and learn from J: Even if J: is as evil as hate, J:.
Jealous, tricky, barren, messy, brilliant, brilliant.
The backbone jǐ gave J ǐ Y ǐ what he dreamed of. As a result, J ǐ let bygones be bygones, Ji ǐ.
Deeds Ji cigar jiā stationery jiān annihilation jiān disregard for human life jiān
Silence jiān eyelid Ji m: n Correct Ji m: o proofread Ji ao's flowering results.
As a result, Jie went back to Jie, and jié jū escorted Jie, but she couldn't help it.
Rhizome, leaf, spasm, lottery, acupuncture jěng moxibustion.
Take killing as an example. jǐng's crime of chives attacked jūchow.
Follow the rules, jǔ ǔ Y ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ ǔ
Stubborn juéJiang, meaningful jué role, jué Rise jué rampant jué
Never recovered, jué, jué, grab jué, crack, jūn, show, j ū n.
The same enemy, kài, is neither humble nor humble, kàng is bumpy, and kēKhan kèhán abides by kè.
Although I am busy, I still keep an eye on Ku and sloppy lāta.
The book is loud and clear, and the puppet kuǐ is fruitful.
Blackmail, tighten your belt, beat the drums, gallants, die
Liàn, lièqiè sculpture, bribery and plunder.
Wipe the table mā haze mái depressed mǐ blame mán and màodié.
Hand in hand with me, very stuffy, I asked myself, I hate you, I am very quiet.
It's ridiculous to have a baby, and suddenly I look back at what I look like.
Shy n: n: n: I'm not silent, but embarrassed.
Hide, persist, rather die than surrender, intimate, muddy and stubborn.
I am embarrassed, I am stubborn, I am jealous, I am promiscuous, I am jealous.
Abuse of mortars nü è p I am broad-minded and fat pá n staggered pá n.
Pouring pāngtuó to process páo embryo, püI to taste pè n.
The flaw pθ neighbors like pǐ, comparable to the boat PI ā n.
Copying with piāo, paunchy pián, hungry pi m 4 o, ulterior motives pǒ
Looking forward to qiáo, praying for a long and wonderful life.
Have a rest at checkpoint q qiān 820 1
The moat qiàn harms qiāng and forces qi m: ng to be a baby qi m: ng.
The outline led to the cowardice and tooth decay of Qi Qi's in-laws, and they looked at each other.
Discussion on bonds: què is in Qūnūsūsūsūsūsūsū s ū
Pregnancy is still a long time, tears are sh ā n.
Give up Shan, laugh at Shan, lose money, conquer Shan, a mirage.
What's there to be afraid of when you give birth? Hunting U suddenly sucks N.
The ever-changing shn encourages s ngyang to whip T with a whip.
Shameless tián invited tiū copybook tiè wailing children in full swing.
Decadent Yi Tu decadent Tui, but this is a big deal.
The third part of anatomy püu Yupu
(A) timbre and function
1. Tone: It mainly refers to the rise and fall of sounds that can distinguish the inherent meaning of each syllable in some languages, also called tone.
2. The change of tone makes the language musical, and the regular arrangement of various tones can form the rhythm of poetry.
3. Tone can distinguish the meaning of words.
(2) Adjustment of value and category
1. Tone: The essence of tone refers to the form of high and low, rising and falling, bending, straightness and length of sound. Putonghua has Gao Pingtiao (55), treble (35), falling tone (2 14) and full falling tone (5 1).
2. Tone category: the type of tone. There are four tones in Mandarin: even tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone.
(C) Tone marking method: five-degree marking method
Four-tone pronunciation formula
(D) Tone practice
1. should be carried out under certain control of breath, tone and fame. If the control is not good, the ups and downs are prone to problems.
2. Whether the tone catches up is an important aspect of whether the pronunciation catches up. Because the tone is not accurate, there are many cases where the accent is not accurate.
3. Various combinations of monosyllabic contact and polysyllabic exercises can be used in practice.
(5) Tone contact matters needing attention
1. The leveling is often not high enough, and it is easy to slide down. Change 55 to 53.
2. When the flat tone is a narrow vowel, the pronunciation is easy to squeeze.
3. Yangping pronunciation is easy to turn, and 35 is pronounced as 335.
4. You can't go down when you go up, and you can't go home when you go up.
The pronunciation of winning words is easy to split and break, especially when syllables are stressed.
6. Don't squeeze or work hard when bullying students. You always feel that your breath is supporting you.
Tips for Putonghua Test
First, read monosyllabic words (100 syllables, *** 10 points, limited to 3.5 minutes)
Second, read polysyllabic words (100 syllables, ***20 minutes, limited to 2.5 minutes)
Third, read the essay (400 syllables, ***30 points, limited to 4 minutes)
In the boundless desert, there is a beautiful oasis with a shining pearl hidden inside. This pearl is Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. It is located in the embrace of Sanwei Mountain and Mingsha Mountain in Dunhuang City, Gansu Province, China.
The eastern foot of Mingsha Mountain is a cliff with an average height of17m. More than 700 caves, large and small, have been dug on the cliff with a length of 1600 meters, forming a grand cave group. Among the 492 caves, there are more than 2 100 colored statues and more than 45,000 square meters of murals. The Mogao Grottoes are a valuable cultural heritage left by countless artists in ancient China.
Every painted sculpture in the Mogao Grottoes is a fine work of art. The largest is nine stories high, and the smallest is less than the size of a palm. These colorful sculptures have distinct personalities and different expressions. There are good-natured bodhisattvas, majestic kings, and strong and brave lux. ...
Four. Proposition speech (please choose one of the following topics, ***40 points, not less than 4 minutes)
1. My favorite occupation
2. The feeling of shopping (consumption)
Scoring rules of putonghua test
The Grade Standard of Putonghua Proficiency Test promulgated by the State Language Committee is a unified national standard for grading Putonghua proficiency. Putonghua level is divided into three levels and six levels, namely, one, two and three levels, and each level is divided into two levels: A and B; The first grade is the highest and the third grade is the lowest. Candidates' Putonghua level is determined according to the test results.
The standard of Putonghua proficiency test is as follows:
Level a
Grade a (> =97 points), when reading aloud and talking freely, the pronunciation standard, vocabulary and grammar are correct, the tone is natural and the expression is smooth. The total loss rate is less than 3%.
Grade b (92~96) is correct in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, with natural intonation and smooth expression when reading aloud and talking freely. Occasionally there will be mistakes in pronunciation and tone. The total loss rate is less than 8%.
assistant
Grade a (87~9 1), when reading aloud and talking freely, the pronunciation of phonology is basically standard, the intonation is natural and the expression is smooth. Several difficult pronunciations (flat tongue, front and back nasal sounds, lateral nasal sounds, etc.). ) sometimes I make mistakes. Lexical and grammatical errors are rare. The total loss rate is within 13%.
Grade b (80~86) is not allowed to adjust individual values when reading aloud and speaking freely, and vowel pronunciation is not in place. There are many difficult sounds (flat tongue, front and back nasal sounds, lateral nasal sounds, Fu Hu, z-zh -j, aspirated but not aspirated, i- ü undifferentiated, voiced stops reserved, voiced stops fricative, voiced stops lost, vowels monosyllabic, etc.). ), and there are many mistakes. Dialect intonation is not obvious, and sometimes dialect words and dialect grammar are used. The total loss rate is less than 20%.
Three levels
In Grade A (70~79), when reading aloud and talking freely, there are many vowel pronunciation errors, difficult sounds are beyond the common range, and tone values are often inaccurate. Dialect intonation is obvious. There are mistakes in vocabulary and grammar. The total loss rate is less than 30%.
Class b (60~69), when reading aloud and talking freely, has more pronunciation errors and prominent dialect features. Dialect intonation is obvious. There are many mistakes in vocabulary and grammar. Outsiders can't understand his conversation. The total loss rate is less than 40%.
Putonghua Examination-Examination Process
After the registration is passed, the candidates will enter the designated examination room on the specified date with the admission ticket and ID card, and take the examination according to the contents of the designated examination paper. Each test center has 2-3 testers, who are responsible for judging the Putonghua level of candidates. The total time is about 15 minutes.
Draw lots to see the works and talk about the topic first, and prepare for about ten minutes. After entering the examination room, first report your company and name, and then test according to four items (five items): 100 monosyllabic words, 50 disyllabic words, (judgment test), reading works and oral English. The whole exam is recorded, and you can leave the test center after the exam. You can check your grades in a week or so and get the corresponding Putonghua proficiency certificate.
First, in the general oral test at the same time, the examiner should record the candidates according to the following requirements:
1. After the exam (recording) begins, candidates should first say the following four sentences:
My name is (), my test number is (), and my test number is ().
2. All test contents should be read in horizontal order from left to right; Don't say anything outside the test questions.
3. Don't interrupt or press the "pause" button during recording.
4. Records shall be made according to the specified time. After recording, raise your hand to signal the examiner. The examiner will check whether the test number entered by the candidate is consistent with the admission ticket, and then leave the examination room.
Second, the specific precautions when testing each question:
1, read monosyllabic words
Read each word once. If you really need to change it, you can watch it a second time, but you are not allowed to watch it a third time or a fourth time. If there is a second pronunciation, the second pronunciation shall prevail.
② Polysyllabic words only require one pronunciation, and all pronunciations of the word must not be read.
(3) Don't read aloud or read aloud.
(4) Don't omit the pronunciation of a word, otherwise it will be regarded as an error, and all the scores of the word will be deducted.
⑤ The time limit for this question is 3.5 minutes, and the overtime fee will be deducted. Within one minute of overtime, 0.5 points will be deducted; Overtime for more than one minute (including one minute) will be deducted.
Step 2 read disyllabic words
Read every word. If you really need to change it, you can watch it a second time, but you are not allowed to watch it a third time or a fourth time. If there is a second pronunciation, the second pronunciation shall prevail.
(2) Don't omit the pronunciation of a word, otherwise it will be regarded as an error, and all the scores of the word will be deducted.
(3) Pay attention to the pronunciation of light tone, er Hua and tone sandhi.
(4) Pay attention to the format of light and heavy sounds when reading words.
⑤ This question is limited to 2.5 minutes, and overtime will be deducted. Within one minute of overtime, 0.5 points will be deducted; Overtime for more than one minute (including one minute) will be deducted.
3. Read this article aloud
① Pay attention to accurate reading and try to avoid typos, missing words, adding words and changing words.
② Pay attention to the change of pronunciation.
③ Pay attention to the fluency of reading, and try to avoid back reading and incoherent speech.
(4) Stop at the place marked with "//"in the text, with 400 syllables, and score within 400 syllables. For the content of more than 400 syllables, even if the candidates have reading problems, they will no longer be deducted. But pay attention to the last sentence to read it completely and stop at the first punctuation.
⑤ The time limit of this test is 4 minutes. If the time limit is exceeded, no matter how long it takes, one point will be deducted.
4, proposition speech for 3 minutes
(1) Choose one of the two given topics to speak, and you are not allowed to choose other topics by yourself, nor are you allowed to change the topic halfway.
② Speech is one-way, not two-way. Pay attention to fluency and consistency.
You must speak for three minutes.
Putonghua test content
The examination paper consists of four parts:
1. Read 100 monosyllabic words (excluding soft tones and inflected syllables).
Objective: To investigate the pronunciation of initials, finals and tones of candidates.
Requirements: In 100 syllables, each initial appears at least three times, and the missing or confusing words in dialect increase by 1-2 times; The number of occurrences of' in each vowel is generally not less than 2 times, and vowels that are missing or confusing in dialects should be increased by 1-2 times. If the initials or finals of words are the same, arrange them separately. Don't let adjacent syllables have disyllables or rhymes.
Scoring: this score accounts for 10% of the total score, that is, 10. Deduct 0. 1 minute for mispronouncing the initials, finals or tones of a word. If the pronunciation is defective, 0.05 points will be deducted for each word. A word is allowed to be read twice, that is, when the examinee finds that there is a slip of the tongue in the first pronunciation, he can correct it and judge it according to the second pronunciation.
Time limit: 3 minutes. Deduct points for overtime (0.5 points for 3-4 minutes, 0.8 points for more than 4 minutes).
Pronunciation defects are only recorded in reading monosyllabic words and disyllabic words. The pronunciation defect in 1 mainly refers to the inaccurate pronunciation position of initials, but it is not that one initial in Putonghua is pronounced as another, such as J, Q and X in front of the tongue are pronounced too close to Z, C and S; Or replace the correct pronunciation position of an initial in Putonghua with a closer position, such as reading the pre-consonants J, Q and X into tongue sounds; Or when reading the initials of the tip of the tongue, the position where the tip of the tongue touches or approaches the upper jaw moves backward or forward too much, but it is not completely misunderstood as the pronunciation of the tip of the tongue; The defects of vowel pronunciation are mainly manifested in the obvious lack of vowel roundness and poor sense of language; Or the opening of vowels is obviously not enough, and the auditory nature is obviously inconsistent; Or the tongue movement of vowels is obviously insufficient; Tone shape and tone are basically correct, but the tone value is obviously low or high, especially if the relative high and low points of the four tones are obviously inconsistent, it is judged as tone pronunciation defect; This defect is generally systematic, with 5 monosyllabic errors deducted from each tone. If both 1 and 2 have the same problem, the two items will be deducted respectively.
2. Read 50 disyllabic words
Objective: In addition to the pronunciation of initials, finals and tones, we should also study the pronunciation of tone sandhi, finals and light tone.
Requirements: 50 disyllables can be regarded as 100 monosyllables, and the number of initials and finals is roughly the same as that of monosyllables. In addition, there are no less than 2 times of linking words and no less than 4 times of linking other tones; Not less than 3 times softly; Hua Er has at least four rhymes, and the arrangement of words should avoid the centralized appearance of the same test item.
Scoring: this score accounts for 20% of the total score, that is, 20 points. 0.2 points will be deducted for mispronouncing the initials, finals or tones of a syllable. If the pronunciation is obviously defective, 0. 1 point will be deducted each time.
Time limit: 3 minutes. Overtime deduction (3-4 minutes deduction 1 minute, more than 4 minutes deduction 1.6 minute).
Pronunciation defect refers to the same as described in item 1, and the pronunciation of rhyme is obviously not satisfactory.
If one or both of 1 and 2 tests lose points 10% respectively, that is, 1 question loses points 1 point, or 2 questions lose points, it is judged that the Putonghua level of the candidate cannot enter the first level.
If candidates have obvious phonetic defects, even if the total score reaches A, they will be downgraded to B. ..
read aloud
Read aloud from the fifth part of the exam outline (No.65438 +0-50).
Objective: To investigate the level of reading written materials in Putonghua, focusing on pronunciation, tone sandhi (rising tone, "one" and "no") and intonation (tone).
Scoring: This score accounts for 30% of the total score. That's 30 points. Accumulate the first 400 words (excluding punctuation marks) of each material, deduct 0. 1 for each phonetic error, deduct 0. 1 for missing a word, and deduct points for dialect intonation in different degrees at one time (3 points for outstanding problems; Obviously, 2 points will be deducted; Slightly reflected, deducted 1.5 points. Deduct 1 minute for each pause or improper sentence break; If the speech speed is too fast or too slow, 2 points will be deducted at one time.
Time limit: 4 minutes. Deduct for more than 4 minutes and 30 seconds 1 minute.
Note: The number of words in each article in the reading material (1-50) is slightly different. In order to achieve a consistent grading standard, the errors in the first 400 words of the reading material (each article is marked after 400 words) are accumulated in the test. But the study of intonation and speech speed should run through the whole article. Judging from the requirements of the exam, we should take 50 works that provide exercises for candidates as a whole and master them comprehensively through pre-exam exercises.
talk with each other
Objective: To investigate the ability of the candidates to speak Mandarin and the degree of standardization they can achieve without written support. Give priority to one-way speech, supplemented by two-way dialogue between examiners and candidates when necessary. One-way dialogue: candidates should speak for 4 minutes according to the topic determined by drawing lots (not less than 3 minutes, and the examiner should ask the candidates to stop speaking after 4 minutes).
Scoring: this score accounts for 30% of the total score, which is 30 points. These include:
(1) phonetic features account for 20%, that is, 20 points. The grade is:
First-class 20-minute voice standard
18 second-grade phonetic errors are less than 10 times, and the dialect is not obvious;
16 third-grade phonetic errors are less than 10 times, but the dialect is obvious; Or the dialect is not obvious, but the pronunciation error is roughly between 10 and 15 times; 14 fourth grade phonetic errors are between 18 times and 15 times, and the dialect is obvious;
The fifth grade 10 score, the phonetic error exceeds 15 times, and the dialect is obvious;
There are many phonetic errors and strong accent in the sixth gear and eighth gear.
If the phonetic feature is determined to be second grade (or below), even if the total score is above 96, it cannot enter the first class. If the phonetic feature is determined to be in the fifth gear, even if the total score is above 87, it cannot enter the second category A; In either case, you will be demoted in class.
(2) The standardization of vocabulary grammar accounts for 5%. The score level is:
A 5 points vocabulary and grammar standardization;
4 points in the second grade, occasionally vocabulary or grammar does not meet the standard;
The vocabulary and grammar of grade three and grade three often do not conform to the norms;
(3) Natural fluency accounts for 5%, that is, 5 points. The score level is:
The first gear of 5 points is natural and smooth;
4 points in the second day of junior high school are basically fluent and poor in spoken English (similar to the performance of memorizing manuscripts);
Improper speech speed in the third gear and incoherent words; The lack of speaking time must be made up by the two-way dialogue between the examiner and the examiner. In the trial stage, the above scoring method is adopted, and the proportion of oral scores is appropriately increased with the change of the situation.