Hai Rui (15 15- 1587), a Hui nationality, was a famous politician and official in the Ming Dynasty. The word "Hairui" means "like a fairy" and "Guo Kai", and its own name is "Feng Gang". When teaching, it was called "Hai Qing Tian", which was as famous as Bao Zheng in the Song Dynasty.
Ancestors moved from Jinjiang, Fujian to Haicuo, Qiongshan, Hainan (published in Guangxi magazine). He studied poetry classics since he was a child, and he was well-read and versatile. In the 28th year of Jiajing (1550), it was selected. He was first appointed to teach Chongqing in Nanping, Fujian, and later promoted to Chun 'an, Zhejiang and Xingguo, Jiangxi.
Harry is a famous upright official in the history of China. The practice of clearing and leveling taxes, repeated injustice and cracking down on corrupt officials won the hearts of the people for forty-one years (1562), and Hairui was appointed as the magistrate of Zhuji; In the forty-five years of Jiajing, he served as Director of Yunnan Department of Household Department. He wrote a letter criticizing Sejong for being superstitious about witchcraft, living in luxury and neglecting state affairs. In the forty-five years of Jiajing (1566), Harry, the head of the household department, bought a coffin, divorced his wife, dismissed the boy servant, and wrote a suicide note to persuade Sejong not to believe the deception of Tao and a group of alchemists, and should infer the failure of state affairs, thus angering Sejong and ordering him to go to prison and die. Persecuted and imprisoned. Recorded Xu Jie's efforts to save Harry, Huang Guangsheng compared Harry's letter to his son scolding his father to reduce his guilt, and took the opportunity to keep Harry in prison to protect Harry. (For details, see China Historical Dictionary, page 368 1) It was not until Sejong died in February/kloc-0 that Harry was asked to be released from prison. Sejong was released after his death. In four years, Harry Qin Long visited Huang Guangsheng, the Shangshu House in Panhu, Jinjiang, Fujian, to show his goodwill. Page 368 1 of China History Dictionary records "Pan Hu Hairui Ma Xie Temple". In the third year of Qin Long's reign (1569), he was promoted to the right capital. As always, he punished corrupt officials, cracked down on powerful people, dredged rivers, built water conservancy projects, and carried out whipping to force corrupt officials to return to the fields, thus gaining the reputation of "clear sky Wan Li" and being deeply loved by the people. After being pushed out, he was dismissed and laid off for 16 years. In the 13th year of Wanli (1585), he was re-employed. He has successively served as the right assistant of Nanjing official department and the suggestion of Nanjing Youdu, and advocated severely punishing corrupt officials and prohibiting bribery. Harry and Wen Panhu were so sad that they came to Jinjiang to attend the funeral. Later he died in Nanjing.
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1587 Gregorian calendar165438+1October 13, Shi Yuhairui, the right capital of Nanjing Duchayuan, died in office. He is a legend, and there has been a sharp controversy about how to evaluate his life. This kind of controversy will last for many years and will become the focus of the problem.
Unlike many colleagues, Harry can't believe that the fundamental plan of governing the country is to hang an abstract and perfect moral standard on the upper level and instruct the people below to follow it as much as possible. If it doesn't work, it will be discounted. And his respect for the law, only in accordance with the provisions of the maximum implementation. If the government pays officials too little to eat, they should accept it without complaint. This belief is proved by his own actions: he is a second-rate official, leaving only twenty taels of silver when he died, which is not enough for burial.
However, where the legal dogma is not as literal as it is, Harry advocates that we should faithfully understand the spirit of the law and should not ignore it because of the lack of ambiguity in the terms. For example, during his tenure as governor of Nanzhili, he ordered the land and property pawned by loan sharks to be returned to their original owners, thus forming a dispute that attracted national attention.
Harry's political life for more than 20 years is full of all kinds of disputes. His creed and personality made him respected and abandoned. In other words, although he is admired, no one takes him as an example. His life embodies the spirit of an educated scholar serving the public and sacrificing himself, but the actual effect of this spirit is extremely meager. He can make most of the audience emotional, just like the hero on the stage; However, when people comment on his political measures, they will not only disagree, but also have great differences. Among all kinds of disputes, the most common conclusion is that what he has done cannot be used as a criterion for all civil servants.
Harry paid full attention to the role of law and failed to enforce it, but as a civil servant who grew up under the influence of the Bible, he always attached importance to the guiding role of ethics. In his works, he said that human daily behavior and even every move can be intuitively classified into two moral categories: good and evil. He said that he served as a magistrate and concurrently served as a judicial officer. In all cases, there were 67 cases of 10, and right or wrong could be judged immediately. Only in a few cases, right and wrong have yet to be considered, and the criteria for consideration are:
"Anyone who suspects litigation is not so much a brother, but a brother; Uncle Ning, don't give in.
Bend his nephew. It is better to let the rich yield than to let the poor yield; It is better to be opinionated than to be stupid and straightforward.
Competition for things; Instead of qu xiaomin, it is better to bend the hometown officials to save the disadvantages. Things are controversial.
Appearance, rather than Qu Xiangguan, Qu Xiaomin is better than saving the body. "Law enforcement in this spirit is indeed consistent with the instructions of the Four Books. However, it has been two thousand years since he became a civil servant and tried cases in court, and nearly two hundred years since he wrote four books. What people of Hai Rui's contemporaries can't see clearly is that this paragraph of judicial advice just exposes the long-standing institutional dilemma of our empire: it is impossible for them to govern farmers with literati who are familiar with poetry books, so as to improve the judicial system, let alone protect human rights. The interpretation and implementation of laws cannot be separated from traditional ethics, and organizations are incapable of dealing with complex factors and pluralistic relationships.
Harry's life experience is the product of this system. Therefore, the length of personal morality still cannot make up for the lack of organization and technology.
Harry started as a juren and was appointed as a professor of Confucianism in a county of Fujian for a term of four years. By the time 1558 was promoted to Chun 'an County, Zhejiang Province, he was 45 years old.
This Chun 'an county is a tunnel between three provinces. With the development of transportation, the burden of the people in this county has also increased. The reason is that according to the financial system established when North Korea was founded, there is no travel expenses in the government budget. Nominally, the Ministry of War is in charge of 1040 post stations nationwide. In fact, all the expenses, that is, the food, horses and car porters needed by the transfer officials themselves and their entourage, are borne by this place. The Ministry of War only issued a piece of paper to travelers: the place where the post station is located must be supplied according to regulations. Hai Rui, a seven-product official, became famous because he was able to sternly and skillfully refuse officials to abuse this power and increase the local burden.
According to this story, Hu Zongxian, who became the governor as a civil servant that day, was also responsible for guarding against the enemy, so he lived with dignity, and all the officials and people in China were in awe. On one occasion, his son passed by Chun 'an, took a large number of people and luggage, used power for personal gain, found fault with the hospitality of the post office in every way, and insulted Cheng Yi. County magistrate Harry immediately ordered the yamen to arrest his son, escorted him to the Governor's Office and confiscated a large amount of cash he was carrying. In the official document submitted to the governor, he claimed that this Hu Gongzi must be false, because the governor had lofty expectations, and there could be no such black sheep, nor so much gold and silver.
If this story is mixed with exaggeration and exaggeration, there is no doubt about Harry's experience in dealing with his infancy, because there are seals in his collection to prove it.
1560, the left deputy governor was ordered to rectify the salt law, and the monopoly right of salt collection in the northern and southern provinces was under his control, in order to increase government revenue and strengthen the financial resources for fighting the Japanese. For this imperial minister, local officials are naturally respectful and dare not neglect. The imperial ministers themselves can't avoid the fashion of flaunting frugality and fishing for fame and reputation, and issued a notice in advance, saying that our college is "unpretentious and doesn't like welcoming guests." All diets should be simple, not too extravagant, Murphy. "Such red tape has long been commonplace, but as a dead letter, even an imperial adult himself would not have thought that someone would take it seriously.
Harry, the county magistrate of Chun 'an County, is unambiguous about this general order. When the emissary of Du Yan Hospital had not arrived in Chun 'an, he received an invitation. At the beginning of the post, I politely wrote "Hai Jing, the magistrate of Chun 'an County, Yanzhou Prefecture", and then extracted the original text of the circular from behind. Then it was said that the audience was ordered to go south. The spies in front of Zhejiang said that banquets were held everywhere, with three or four hundred taels of silver for each seat, and golden flowers and gold satin were constantly dedicated. Other accounts are also very gorgeous, although the drowning equipment is also silver. Finally, he asked the imperial ministers to abandon the luxurious ostentation and extravagance, and said that if they could not refuse the flattery of local officials, they would definitely not be able to do business in the future and complete the tasks entrusted by the emperor. It is said that after receiving the invitation, Mr. Chen did not dare to enter Chun 'an, but bypassed him.
This outspoken disobedience may deprive Harry of his chance of promotion. 1562 was transferred to Xingguo, Jiangxi, and his official position is still magistrate of a county. With his personality and style, the boss certainly bears a grudge. If he hadn't been honest, ten Harry would have been dismissed. His reputation for frugality is well known. It is said that once the Governor of Hu Zongxian told others in a tone of spreading special news that Harry had a birthday party for his mother and bought two Jin of pork. The truth of this matter cannot be proved, but there is no doubt that the vegetables on Harry's table came from his own supervision and led others to plant them behind his official residence.
Driven by moral concepts, it is not uncommon for junior officials to rebel against their superiors, but most of them did not attract special attention and were soon forgotten after the incident. However, Harry is an exception. Fate helped him and history stood by him. 1562, Yan Song, a university student who served as the records for nearly 20 years, was dismissed by Emperor Jiajing, and the private individuals he fostered inevitably fell one after another, including Hu Zongxian and Chen Maoqing. Since they are regarded as bad people, Harry dares to oppose them when they are in power, which is of course an exception. Because of this, his reputation has greatly increased. Although 49-year-old Harry is not a scholar, ranking only seven, but he has gained the possibility of becoming a hero in the eyes of the public. He just needs one more chance to consolidate this position.
1565, Harry once again showed his courage to call a spade a spade. At that time, he had been promoted to the minister of the Ministry of Housing, and his rank was Zhengliupin, close to a middle-level official. There was nothing exciting in Beijing at that time. On the contrary, both the North and the South have repeatedly warned that they are eager to increase the income of military materials. However, there is no new way for the government to raise funds. The feasible way is to borrow money and increase the additional tax. The former does not increase income, nor does it tighten expenditure, but only exchanges one paragraph for another; The latter makes the tax system more complicated and the actual implementation more difficult. The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development is the financial organ of the country, but the officials in charge do nothing. Major policies came from officials, ministers and assistant ministers in the Tang Dynasty, while technical details were manipulated by officials. A master like Harry doesn't have to go to the Ministry every day. He just accumulates his official qualifications day by day.
On that day, Emperor Jiajing had been emperor for 40 years. His main interest is to pray to the immortals and seek the secret recipe of Taoism in order to live forever. He lives in a villa in the Imperial City, but generally speaking, he can't be lazy, because he doesn't appear in public, but also acts arbitrarily on state affairs and sometimes interferes in details. The emperor loves vanity and can't accept criticism, chinese odyssey. He was only close to a few courtiers and heard all kinds of false situations. When he found that the event had gone bad, he beheaded a former confidant in order to shirk his responsibility and calm public opinion. This practice makes courtiers only seek self-protection, and they don't care about national interests. From 65438 to 0565, although Yan Song left office for three years, people still criticized Jiajing as "confused", "harsh" and "sentimental". However, he turned a deaf ear to these opinions, and was obviously blinded by the minister, thinking that his holiness was like Yao and Shun.
After careful consideration, in Gregorian calendar (1 1), Harry gave Jiajing a famous recital. It is pointed out that he is a vain, cruel, selfish, suspicious and stupid monarch, and the emperor himself is directly responsible for all officials' corruption, exorbitant taxes and levies, infinite waste by the court and bandits everywhere. Your majesty hangs out with alchemists every day, but after all, God can't speak and can't live forever. All these superstitions are just "catching shadows". But the most exciting sentence in the recitation is "the man who covers the world is not straight to your majesty for a long time", which means that the officials and people in the world have long thought that you are incorrect.
Although the wording of this recitation is extremely sharp and spicy, it maintains the duty of a person and a minister. What Harry asked the emperor was to change his behavior, and this change was very easy. He just needs to "repent" and turn chaos into governance, but it is just "quick recovery." The implication is that if the emperor can really cheer up, choose the right path and make up his mind, he still has a chance to become the king of Yao and Shun.
This performance is indeed unprecedented. Usually, my lieutenants only criticize one or more policies or measures. This criticism of the emperor's character and denial of everything he has done is tantamount to saying that his decades-long career as a son of heaven was completely vegetarian, and he did not even fulfill his responsibilities as a husband and father. Its suddenness is really rare in ancient and modern times.
Emperor Jiajing's anger can be imagined, and after reading it, he finished playing. Legend has it that he threw the throne to the ground and shouted, "Catch this man and don't let him get away!" " "In order to calm the emperor's anger, a eunuch beside him unhurriedly knelt down and said," Long live, don't be angry. This man has always had a stupid name. I heard that he knew he was going to die, so he bought a coffin and called his family to say goodbye before handing over his notebook. His servants all ran away in fear. This man will not run away. "Jiajing listened, sighed, picked up the notebook from the ground and watched it again.
Jiajing didn't give Harry any punishment, but left the letter in the middle. He can't forget this recitation. There are so many unavoidable facts, but no one has ever dared to mention even a little bit in front of him! The emperor's mood is very contradictory. He sometimes compared Harry to an ancient loyal minister, and sometimes denounced him as a "beast who cursed me." Sometimes he will punish the maid-in-waiting, and the maid-in-waiting will secretly say behind her back, "He was scolded by Harry, so take it out on us!" "
At this time, Jiajing has been in poor health, and once had the idea of abdicating as the emperor's father, but this practice of giving up the duties of the world is unprecedented in this dynasty. At the end of February of Gregorian calendar 1566, he was so angry that he finally ordered the Royal Guards to arrest Harry and imprison him in the East Factory. According to the law that Harry's son cursed his father, the punishment decided to hang him. However, Emperor Jiajing had approved many people's death sentences before, but at this time he did not give any reply to the suggestion of the Ministry of Punishment. Therefore, Harry lived in prison for 10 months.
One day, the prison suddenly hosted a banquet. Harry thought it was his last meal before he died. He looks as usual and eats as usual. The scorpion hand quietly told him that the emperor had ascended the throne and the new king was about to ascend the throne. Your old gentleman is a loyal minister and will be reused. Hearing this, Harry burst into tears immediately. The wailing was followed by vomiting.
1567 At the beginning of the year, Emperor Qin Long boarded the South Pole, and Harry was released from prison. The arrangement for him immediately became a difficult problem for Wenyuange college students and officials. His reputation was recognized by the whole empire. Of course, he is extremely honest and upright. However, from another perspective, he may be extremely careless and critical. Such a person will not believe that there should be a distinction between yin and yang in treating people, and he will definitely use his own eccentric standards to demand subordinates and superiors. How should he distribute it? It seems safer to let him be promoted without taking actual responsibility. Therefore, in a very short period of time, he successively served as Shangbao, Dali Temple Right, Left and Nanjing General Political Department Right, with the highest official position. Such an idle Cao naturally can't satisfy Harry, because he is a firm believer and practitioner of ethics and has a high sense of responsibility for the country and the people.
According to the usual practice, all officials who wear four or more red robes must conduct self-identification in Beijing during the period of 1569. Therefore, Harry said in the paper: Since your Majesty pardoned my capital crime and promoted me, among all the civil servants, no one will demand to repay your kindness more urgently than I do. Then, he humbly claimed that he was ignorant; Then, he said that his current position is just to look at the documents submitted to the emperor and send them intact after reading them. I have neither economic responsibility nor determination to control the overall situation, but I might as well simply dismiss me if I don't even call such a position.
In this way, Harry is not completely unaware of the subtle and profound way of Yin and Yang. He begged for dismissal, but Yin threatened the personnel management officials: If you really dare to dismiss, like a respected loyal minister who is famous for remonstrating, you will certainly not tolerate public opinion; If you dare not fire me, please assign me an office where I can actually take charge.
Wenyuange and the official department finally bowed to him. The next day, Harry was appointed governor of Nanzhili and stationed in Suzhou. Not to mention this is the richest area in the country. Even in ordinary areas, it is rare to appoint such a person who is not a scholar as governor. But this area has always been difficult to treat, and people of insight have long expected that it will inevitably lead to adverse consequences. As expected, eight months later, he was forced to retire for violating the rules.
As soon as Harry's new job was announced, many local officials in Nanzhili probably couldn't see this eccentric boss, so they left their jobs or asked him to be transferred. The gentry's house changed the red painted gate to black one after another, so as not to dazzle people's eyes and seek to hide their eyes and ears. A eunuch stationed in Suzhou reduced his bearers from eight to four. These trivial things can prove that the momentum of the new governor is fast enough to shock people.