The research scope of cognitive psychology includes psychological or cognitive processes such as perception, attention, representation, learning and memory, thinking and speech, as well as children's cognitive development and artificial intelligence. ( 1967)
Paradigm: It is a combination of certain research objects and specific research trends and methods.
Example: refers to a typical example of a concept, which is used to define the direct proof of this concept.
Abstract analysis: comparing conditions and results, that is, linking input and output for reasoning, in order to understand the internal psychological mechanism of a psychological phenomenon.
The essence of cognitive psychology is to study the structure and process of cognitive activities, and the core is to reveal the internal psychological mechanism of cognition, that is, how information is obtained, stored, processed and used.
Subtraction reaction time: usually two operations with different reaction times are arranged, one of which contains a process that the other operation does not have, and the difference between the two reaction times is the time of the process. Basic logic: arrange two kinds of reaction time operations, one of which contains factors that the other does not have, but it is the same in other respects. Judge the corresponding processing stage from the difference of reaction time between the two operations.
Additional reaction time: the total time required to complete an operation in a series of information processing stages. Basic logic: If the functions of two factors are mutually restricted, that is, the function of one factor can change the function of the other, then these two factors only act on the same information processing stage; If the two factors are independent, that is, they can be added, then these two factors act on specific processing stages, so that through univariate and multivariate experiments, we can determine each stage of information processing from the change of completion time.
Thinking aloud: In the study of slow information processing, such as solving problems, we can use the observation method of thinking aloud. Principle: The slow information processing process lasts for a long time, so we can think with external words and make the thinking process into external words, so that we can directly observe people's thinking process.
Problem behavior diagram: a method of analyzing oral records, which can visually see the order of various operations in the process of problem solving. It consists of two parts: knowledge state and operation. Cognitive psychology regards psychological process as a series of continuous stages of psychological processing, that is, the information processing mode is continuous or serial.
Location tagging theory: perception is regarded as a stimulus that leaves a mark on the brain of the nervous system, and perception is regarded as a psychological phenomenon with only directness.
Cognitive psychology regards perception as an active and selective construction process, which is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, that is, obtaining the meaning of sensory information.
Bottom-up processing refers to the processing initiated by external stimuli. Usually, it refers to the analysis of small perceptual units first, and then turn to larger perceptual units, and after a series of continuous stages of processing, the interpretation of sensory stimuli is achieved. Because the information flow is from a lower level of processing to a higher level of processing.
Top-down processing refers to the processing starting from the general knowledge of the perceived object. From this, we can form expectations or assumptions about perceptual objects, which limit all stages or levels of this process. Because perceptual processing is guided by general knowledge, higher-level processing restricts the participation of lower levels, which is called top-down processing.
The relationship between whole processing and local processing: Gestalt psychology believes that the sum of redundant parts of the whole determines the perception of other parts, and the whole is perceived before its parts, and the whole processing is prior to local processing.
Overall feature priority: perception is a perception process from the whole to the part, starting from the overall organization, and overall processing is a necessary perception stage before local analysis.
Mode refers to a stimulus structure formed by several elements or components according to a certain relationship, that is, a combination of stimuli. Pattern recognition is to use the existing knowledge and experience as well as the information currently obtained to determine what perceptual graphics are and distinguish them from other patterns.
It is often manifested by putting the perceived patterns into the corresponding categories in memory and naming them.
Object dominance effect: It is better to identify a line segment in an "object" graph than to identify the same line segment or a single line segment in a loosely structured graph.
Structural advantage effect: the favorable role played by the whole structure in pattern recognition.
The essence and characteristics of attention: selectivity, concentration, search, activation, fixation and vigilance.
Cognitive psychology mainly emphasizes the selective dimension of attention, and regards attention as an internal mechanism, so as to realize the control of stimulus selection, regulate behavior and effectively process information.
Perceptual choice model: the filter of its attention function is between perception and recognition, which means that not all information can be recognized by advanced analysis. This model is also called early selection model.
Response selection model: the mechanism of attention is between recognition and reaction, which means that the information of several input channels can be recognized, but only some of them can cause reaction. This model is also called late selection model.
The basic viewpoint of central energy theory: 1 attention is the distribution and use of psychological energy or resources, and the total energy is limited. Two kinds of processing: limited resource processing and limited material processing. Pay attention to the allocation problem: if the total requirements of the two treatments for resources do not exceed the total resources, they can be carried out at the same time. 4 factors affecting distribution. The energy available for distribution is subject to the awakening factor; B personal long-term tendency C task requirements and goals at that time.
Resource-constrained process: refers to the process that its operation is limited by the allocated resources. Once more resources are obtained, various processes will proceed smoothly.
Material restriction process: refers to the restriction of poor task quality or inappropriate memory information on its work.
Controlled processing: it is a kind of processing that needs attention, with limited capacity, and can be used flexibly in a changing environment. This kind of processing is consciously controlled by people, also known as attention processing.
Automatic processing: it is uncontrolled processing, which needs no attention and has no certain capacity limit, but once it is formed, it is difficult to change.
Two memory theories hold that memory is not a single thing, and there are two different kinds of memory: short-term memory and long-term memory. Long-term memory is a kind of information base, which can store a large amount of information for a long time, so it is called permanent memory. The core is to admit that there is short-term memory besides long-term memory.
Primary memory: it is a kind of direct memory, involving direct conscious experience, providing images of perceived things and being temporary. Secondary memory is indirect memory, which is the storage of past experience outside the current consciousness and has a long-term nature.
Partial reporting method: subjects are only required to report part of their memory, not all.
The basic view of the processing level theory is that the stimulus acting on people has to go through a series of different levels of analysis, starting from the superficial sensory analysis to the deeper and more complicated abstract and semantic analysis.
According to the theory of machining level, memory trace is a by-product of hierarchical machining, and the persistence of trace is a direct function of machining depth. The information that has been deeply analyzed and participated in fine association and characterization will have strong memory traces and last for a long time; Those who only receive superficial information refer to weak memory traces with short duration.
On retelling: The processing level theory holds that the memory effect depends on the processing depth, and sharply criticizes the retelling function emphasized by the multiple storage theory. Retelling or simple retelling is a mechanical and silent memory item. It is considered by two memory theories and multiple storage theory to be an important mechanism for information to be kept in short-term memory and transferred to long-term memory. According to the processing level theory, this kind of retelling can not bring better memory effect, nor can it transfer information to long-term memory. On processing series: the theory of processing level takes the concept of processing depth as the core, emphasizing the decisive role of processing at different depths or levels on memory, which is contrary to the two theories of memory and multi-storage.
Memory can be divided into context and semantics, implicit and explicit, declarative and procedural.
Declarative memory: refers to one's memory of facts and events. It is suitable for any meaningful connection formed after storage processing.
Procedural memory: refers to a person's memory of skills or experiences that he has gradually acquired through practice.
Implicit learning: refers to the process in which an individual unconsciously obtains stimulating information or complex knowledge and experience in an objective environment.
Chunks: refers to the information processing process of combining many smaller units into a familiar larger unit, and also refers to the units formed in this way.
Coding: (for memory) is the process of transforming information to make it suitable for the formation of memory system. The information code of short-term memory includes: 1 sensory code of short-term memory A auditory unit and AVL unit B visual code 2 semantic code of short-term memory: it is an abstract code related to meaning and has no characteristics of any sensory channel. Code: the specific information form generated by coding.
A series of searches from beginning to end is to check all the items in the memory set in turn, that is, to compare the items in the memory with each item in the memory set, and then judge whether the test item should match an item in the memory set to see if it is in the memory set.
Self-stop series search refers to stopping the comparison after the required items are detected in the memory set, that is, stopping the search after the memory items match the same items in the memory set.
Parallel scanning (parallel processing, searching for elements): If the test items are compared with all items in the memory set at the same time, the measured response time will not change with the number of memories or the size of the memory set.
Serial scanning (serial processing and searching): If the test items are compared with the items in the memory set one by one, the reaction time of the tested items will increase with the increase of the memory items or memory sets.
Forgetting reasons: trace fading and interference conclusion: No matter how fast or slow the number is, the correct recall rate decreases with the increase of interval number or interference term, which supports the interference theory.
Types of long-term memory: 1 situational memory and semantic memory; Representation system and speech system. 3 according to the types of TULVING and PAVIO: t emphasis and information type p emphasis and information coding form.
Situational memory is to receive and store the information of personal scenes or events at a specific time and the time-space relationship of these events (or the memory of personal events in a certain time and space), which is autobiographical.
Semantic memory is a necessary memory for using language, a mental vocabulary, and an organizational knowledge of related words or other language symbols, their meanings, the objects they refer to and their relationships, as well as rules, formulas and algorithms for operating these symbols, concepts and relationships. Characterized by abstraction and generalization.
Representation system: Information about a specific object or event is stored by a representation code. Voice system: Voice codes are used to store voice information.
Typical effect: refers to the judgment speed of typical members of a category or concept faster than that of atypical members.
Starting effect: refers to the beneficial influence of the previous processing activity on the subsequent processing activity.
Image is also called image, including memory image and imagination image. Representation is a unique psychological process. 1972 Naiser thinks that representation is some cognitive processes used in application and perception, but at this time the input of unconscious stimulus is the expectation of perception activated by corresponding knowledge, which is a top-down processing similar to perception. Kosslyn (1980) regarded visual representation as a picture, or an information representation similar to a picture in the perceptual brain.
Concept is the reflection of the essence of things and the general expression of a kind of things.
Concept formation: refers to the process in which individuals master concepts.
Conceptual structure refers to what constitutes the representation of a concept. Relationship: Concept formation is to obtain a general representation of things, and conceptual structure is the internal organization of this representation.
The formation of the concept involves the structure of the concept. Any study on the formation of artificial concepts reflects some views on the concept structure, and the previous studies on the formation of concepts provide information and useful clues for the study of the concept structure.
The basic viewpoint of hypothesis testing theory: in the process of concept formation, people need to make use of their existing information and actively put forward possible hypotheses.
Hypothesis is the unit of cognition and the internal representation of the behavior to solve the problem of concept formation. These assumptions form the basis of assumptions. In the process of concept formation, hematology extracts one or several hypotheses from the hypothesis library and responds accordingly to test the hypotheses. The process of testing hypotheses is also the process of forming concepts.
The basic viewpoint of the concept structure feature table theory: this theory advocates explaining concepts from the important characteristics of a class of individuals. Semantic features are divided into two categories: one is an important feature of defining concepts, which is called definition features; The other is the secondary feature, which has a certain descriptive function, that is, the so-called specific feature. The so-called family similarity means that all members of a family have some similarities in appearance, but the similar situation is different.
Problem solving: It is an important thinking activity, even the most common form of thinking activity. It refers to the process of applying certain cognitive operations or skill activities to solve problems according to certain goals caused by certain situations.
Problem space: it is a basic category of problem solving, and it refers to all the cognitive States that the problem solver has reached to a problem.
Representation form of problem solving: 1 problem behavior diagram 2 tree diagram
Simultaneous scanning: Subjects form multiple partial hypotheses according to the partial attributes of the first positive example.
Sequential scanning: when applied to some hypotheses, it is time-consuming to test only one hypothesis at a time, which is not in line with "cognitive economy"
Conservative focus: applied to the test of general hypothesis. That is, pay attention to all the attributes of the first positive example. Advantages: greatly reducing the memory burden; Only one attribute of the focus is changed, and very certain information can be obtained through feedback; It can reduce the complexity and abstraction of concept formation. This is a more systematic and effective strategy.
Game focus: a test of general assumptions. It changes several properties of the focus card at a time. Its weakness lies in risk-taking, and its advantage lies in the fact that the subjects can quickly and successfully grasp the concept by making only one choice.