1. Economic aspects
(1) Promulgate "Issue a negative general order"
(1) cancel all debts; Release debt slaves; Redemption of debt slaves; Abolish the system of June 1st in Han Dynasty.
(2) stipulate the maximum amount of land occupation (to prevent the generation of new debt slaves); Make a will law.
(3) Concessions to nobles, in order to reduce the resistance of nobles and stabilize social order, allow nobles to keep their ancestral real estate.
(2) Encourage the development of agriculture, industry and commerce.
① Agriculture: improving canal irrigation system; Promote the cultivation of cash crops and encourage exports; Prohibit the export of grain to ensure the life of civilians;
(2) Handicraft industry: it is stipulated that citizens must let their sons learn a craft; Attract skilled foreigners to move to Athens and give them citizenship;
(3) Business and others: reforming currency and weights and measures; Establish private ownership and recognize the freedom of property inheritance; Advocate thrift; Punish laziness.
2. Political aspects
(1) Establish an attribute hierarchy.
(2) Restructuring the organs of state power
(1) Restore the citizens' assembly as the highest organ of state power. Functions: war, peace-building, election of public officials, all citizens can participate; Function: weaken the power of the aristocratic Presbyterian church and improve the enthusiasm of citizens to participate in politics.
(2) Establish a meeting of 400 people as a permanent body. Functions: It is the permanent body of the citizens' assembly, drafting the agenda, reviewing proposals and preparing resolutions, and the top three citizens can be elected; Role: actually grasp the supreme sovereignty.
(3) Establish a citizen jury court as the highest judicial organ. Functions: review, prosecution and trial, decided by drawing lots from four grades; Function: break the monopoly of nobles on judicial power and promote judicial democratization;
(4) Abolishing severe punishment and severe laws embodies the color of human nature.
Shang Yang's reform:
First, recognizing the private ownership of land and allowing free buying and selling safeguarded the feudal private ownership of land legally, which was beneficial to the development of landlord economy.
The second is to reward agricultural weaving, including rewarding agricultural weaving and rewarding meritorious military service. Paying farmers for weaving is to reward a man and a woman for their agricultural production based on the amount of grain and silk produced. Those who work hard to cultivate and spin and produce more grain and silk are exempt from their own corvee. This promoted the development of small-scale peasant economy and agricultural production, ensured the financial and military strength of feudal countries, rewarded military achievements, and stipulated how many military achievements the front line could fight. According to the size of military service, different titles and fields are awarded. Nobles who do not perform military service have no titles and cannot enjoy privileges. This dealt a severe blow to the privileges of the slave owners and nobles, encouraged the soldiers to fight bravely, and enhanced the fighting capacity of Qin Jun.
Third, the county system is generally implemented, and the monarch directly sends officials to govern, making the county a local institution directly under the monarch, thus strengthening centralization.
The reform of emperor xiaowen;
1. Rectify the official administration, formulate the salary system, and put an end to officials taking bribes and perverting the law.
(2) The promulgation of the Land Equalization Order is conducive to the recovery and development of agricultural production and ensures the collection of taxes and corvees.
Move the capital to Luoyang. Strengthened the rule of the Central Plains.
Learn the culture of the Han nationality, imitate the system and lifestyle of the Han nationality, advocate speaking Chinese, change the compound surname of Xianbei to the single surname of China, prohibit wearing Hu clothes, imitate the Southern Dynasties to formulate official system and female crown, and advocate intermarriage with the Han nationality.