Changting was a famous ancient city in Tang and Song Dynasties. Many well-preserved cultural relics and historic sites have become a major feature of Tingzhou ancient city landscape. Built in the fourth year of the Tang Dynasty, the towering Sanyuan Pavilion and Guting City Wall in Tating Prefecture of Tang Dynasty were expanded to 465,438+065,438+09 meters in the Song and Ming Dynasties. The city wall, like a string of bright pearls, winds down from the top of Wolong Mountain and surrounds the bank of Tingjiang River, which is called "Guanyin hanging pearls". The well-preserved ancient city wall connects the ancient city wall gate and its ancient buildings-Chaotianmen, Wutongmen, Huijimen and Zhubaomen, with a total length of 1 500m. In recent years, Changting has restored the ancient city wall of Tingzhou by 2 100 meters, becoming a landmark building of Changting, a famous historical and cultural city in China. There are also many historic sites with unique styles, such as Tingzhou City God Temple, Tingzhou Yunxiang Pavilion, Tingzhou nanzenji, Tingzhou Liujia Temple and Tingzhou Lijia Temple, which have witnessed the profound cultural connotation of this famous historical and cultural city.
Zhang Jiuling, the prime minister of Tang Dynasty, Song Ci, the magistrate of Changting County in Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang, the originator of forensic medicine and the national hero of Song Dynasty, Lu You, the great poet of Song Dynasty, Song, the famous scholar of Qing Dynasty, and Shangguan Zhou, the famous painter of Qing Dynasty, all left footprints in Changting, adding cultural color to this thousand-year-old city. As the seat of Gu Tingfu, literati of past dynasties lingered and chanted. Zhang Jiuling in the Tang Dynasty, Lu You, Song Ci, Hsuanchan and Jesson Wang in the Song Dynasty, Ma Xun, Hao and Song in the Ming Dynasty, Shangguan Zhou, Huang Shen, Yang Jiang, Ji Xiaolan, Shihong Li, Kang Yong and Jiang Han in the Qing Dynasty all wrote immortal poems and works on the theme of Changting's mountains and rivers. Changting is the most representative Hakka city in history, and the Tingjiang River around the city is known as the Hakka mother river. Hakka people founded Tingzhou with the spirit of tenacity, pioneering and innovation, which brought prosperity and development to Tingzhou, and later developed to Meizhou, Guangdong, and extended to Southeast Asia and all over the world. Tingzhou became the base camp and capital of China Hakka. The ancient city of Tingzhou is deeply branded with the imprint of Hakka people, and it is full of Hakka people's hard work, unremitting struggle and pioneering and innovative atmosphere. The long history has left Changting with a world-famous Hakka culture: up to now, Changting has retained the unique and charming Hakka folk culture, Hakka costume culture, Hakka architecture culture, Hakka food culture, Hakka religious culture and strong Hakka customs. Hakka folk songs, Hakka delicacies, Hakka traditional lanterns and colorful folk arts such as boat lanterns, lanterns, dragon lanterns, Fan Shi, missionary society, Taiwan Pavilion and flower drums constitute the treasure house of Changting Hakka traditional art and culture. On June 5438+ 10, 2008, Changting was awarded "China Cultural Tourism County". Every year, a large number of Hakka folks at home and abroad return to Ting to find their roots and ancestors, and every autumn, a ceremony of world Hakka public sacrifice to Hakka mother river is held.
According to statistics, there are at least 60 common surnames with a population of over 3 million in Taiwan Province Province, and more than 2 million Hakkas in Hong Kong are from Tingzhou. Liu Guoxuan, an important general who helped Zheng Chenggong recover Taiwan Province in the late Ming Dynasty, was from Tingzhou, and so was Shangguan Zhou, a master painter in Qing Dynasty. Sun Yat-sen's ancestors once settled in Tingzhou, and the ancestral home of the famous patriot Jiang Yong is also in Tingzhou. Guo Moruo wrote in My Childhood, "Five hundred years ago, as of July 2009, there were 100 million Hakkas in the world, and most of their ancestors left footprints of survival and struggle in Tingzhou.
Changting's traditional culture, due to the spread of Central Plains culture, the infiltration of foreign cultures in past dynasties and the blending with local culture, has formed the distinctive characteristics of Changting's Hakka traditional culture. Changting folk stories have a wide range of themes, rich content, complete structure, vivid plot, humor, fluent language and distinctive personality. Myths and legends mainly include the rain on the river, the legend of cattle and the friends of water ghosts. Character stories mainly include Xie Jin's story, Ding Guangfu's tiger story, the legend of fooling Li, and the story of nine fights. Local stories mainly include water on the first floor, money and people's desire, Tingzhou Taiping Army and so on. Fable jokes mainly include "people die for money" and "three silly brothers". Revolutionary stories mainly include the story of Chairman Mao, the story of an old cook, the story that a businessman is not an enemy spy, and the story of a gun.
Changting folk songs are various, rich in content and catchy, with distinctive colors and styles of Changting Hakka dialect. There are mainly long narrative songs such as Zhao Yulin, Liang Sizhen and Meng Jiangnv. Short and medium-length songs include Handheld Lantern to Send Lang Home, Long Labor in December, Bitter Love Song, Bitter Song of Mother, Bitter Labor, Talking about Love, etc., as well as a large number of revolutionary ballads.
Changting folk proverbs can be roughly divided into foreign proverbs and local proverbs. Most foreign proverbs are universal everywhere. Local proverbs are handed down from generation to generation by the working people in Changting, and have typical local cultural characteristics in Changting. Changting folk art is rich and colorful. There are mainly dragon lanterns, boat lanterns, stilts, holding pavilions, playing flower drums, lanterns, corner lanterns, ten fans, long gongs and drums, gongs and drums, spreading southern dialect to the north, Hakka folk songs, Han operas, Chu operas, tea-picking operas, puppet shows, folk paper-cutting, root carving, bamboo weaving, iron painting and so on. These folk arts have inherited the heritage of the Han nationality in the Central Plains, blended with local colors and formed a unique style, which is deeply loved by Hakkas.
Hakka folk songs are the most popular folk music in Changting and the crystallization of Hakka culture and art in Tingzhou. It not only combines the characteristics of folk songs in eastern Guangdong and southern Jiangxi, but also has a unique style in western Fujian. Lyrics are simple and plain, and comparison is often used. Hakka folk songs, duet in Hakka dialect, are asked and answered in rural areas of Shan Ye, and echo each other, either lyrical and melodious, with endless aftertaste, or narrative is magnificent and exciting. Love is the eternal theme of Hakka folk songs, but love songs are not the whole of Hakka folk songs. Labor, history, legends, children's songs, nursery rhymes and so on are all objects of folk songs. Gong Qiang Chui is a famous folk instrumental music in Changting. It is named after two of the instruments "Gong Chui" and "Mei Chui". This instrument looks like suona, but it is about three times longer than suona. Gong Blow has a deep timbre and a wide range. Blowing is soft, mellow and clear. The relationship between "Gong Chui" and "Mei Chui" is a pure five-degree polyphonic relationship. In the performance, "Gong Chui" and "Zhong Chui" are the main musical instruments, accompanied by erhu, dulcimer, Sanxian, Hu Zhong, big drum, lobby gong, small gong and cymbal.
The tune of Cooking in Gong Qiang is exciting and regrettable. Sometimes the melody stretches, like an old couple recalling the good old days; Sometimes they play alternately, asking and answering each other, as if the old couple were pouring out their hearts; Sometimes it is slow and sometimes it blows slowly, like an old couple stroking their white hair and lamenting the ruthlessness of the years; Suddenly, musical instruments sounded, which shocked people's souls. Obviously, it was a sad and angry cry after the sudden death of relatives who had been together for decades. Turn into sobs ...
Gong Qiang Blow is a work handed down from generation to generation by folk artists, and there is no way to verify the author and creation date. The melody connotation and performance level of Gong Qiang Blow have reached a high artistic level. 1985, Changting folk artists went to perform in the province and were rated as excellent programs. The religious beliefs of Hakka people in Changting mainly include Buddhism, Taoism, Catholicism and Christianity, and most of them believe in Buddhism.
Buddhism has been introduced into Changting for more than 1000 years. The first Buddhist temple, Kaiyuan Temple, was founded in 736 (the 24th year of the Tang Dynasty), and the heyday of Changting Buddhism was from 907 to 960 (Five Dynasties). In the Northern Song Dynasty, two eminent monks, Khufu and Ding Guang, gave lectures in Changting. After the death of Ding Guang and Khufu, monks were honored as gods and called "three ancestors" with Guanyin. Believers spread all over the counties of Tingzhou, and later spread to Taiwan Province Province. Now there are Dingguang Tufo Temple in Changhua and Yinshan Temple in Danshui, all of which were built by Tingzhou immigrants. For nearly a hundred years, Changting has celebrated every year on the 13th and 14th of the first lunar month, which is quite grand. 1937, Tingben Zhan founded the Junfeng Temple in Babaoshan, shaved more than 40 monks and nuns, and collected more than 500 disciples at home. Most monks and nuns in western Fujian are disciples of Ben Zhan. As of July 2009, there were more than 100 temples in this county.
The introduction of Taoism began in the Tang Dynasty and was quite popular in the Tang and Song Dynasties. In the early Qing Dynasty, there was no official monk in the late Qing Dynasty. As of July 2009, there were only a few folk Taoist activities.
Catholicism was introduced into Changting twice. The first time was during the Chongzhen period in the late Ming Dynasty, and it stopped after 10. The second time was introduced in Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, and it continued all the time. As of July 2009, there were 1 churches.
Christianity was introduced in Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, and it has been more than 90 years since 2009. 1941-1945 the church flourished. As of July 2009, there were 1 churches.
In addition, there are many folk beliefs in Changting, which can be roughly divided into four categories: first, natural gods, second, heroic gods, third, religious gods and fourth, family gods. Tingzhou Tianhou Temple outside the east gate of Tingcheng was unknown when it was first built. It was rebuilt in 1825 (the fifth year of Qing Daoguang), and the palace is magnificent and influential overseas. Changting is rich in natural resources. Hehe chicken, one of the five famous chickens in the world, is fat, tender and delicious, and good at fighting. Tang Dynasty was sent to Chang 'an and listed as one of the cockfighting. The dried bean curd, the first of the "Eight Dried in Tingzhou", is finely processed and passed down from generation to generation; Kumquat is sweet and delicious, and is listed as a high-quality fruit; Jade buckle paper is well-known at home and abroad and exported overseas; With a history of more than 500 years, "Jingfeng Huatan Pill" is known as "the holy product of saving the world" and is exported to Southeast Asia. Matchmaker wine, fringed paper, russula, shiitake mushrooms, dried bamboo shoots, chestnuts, salted plums, dried persimmons, mosquito-repellent incense and other specialties are well-deserved.
Hakka cuisine has the saying that "no chicken is not clear, no meat is not fresh, no duck is not fragrant, and no elbow is not thick". Therefore, the long-standing characteristics of Hakka cuisine can be preserved and continued. In addition, it is also related to the closed traffic environment of Dongjiang. Western Fujian is a mountainous area with inconvenient transportation and little external influence, so that Hakka cuisine has formed itself and evolved itself for a long time.
There are many kinds of Hakka dishes in Changting, with exquisite craftsmanship and unique local characteristics: salty, spicy and original; The theme is novel and the conception is rigorous; Exquisite modeling and harmonious tone; Fine carving and clear pattern. For a long time, Changting people have combined traditional methods with modern science, inherited and developed them, and brought out the best in each other, cooking "local dishes" and "Hakka dishes" with unique flavors, and formed their own series.
Sanjiao Tofu jiaozi
Jiaozi with triangle bean curd is a delicious dish at Changting banquet since Ming and Qing Dynasties. This dish is exquisite. It is made with tofu as the skin and lean meat, mushrooms, winter bamboo shoots and onions as the stuffing. The triangle bean curd jiaozi made by Tingzhou chef is fragrant, tender and sweet, and unique among bean curd dishes.
Leicha
Leicha is a special flavor food of Hakkas, which is also widely circulated in Tingzhou and passed down from generation to generation, and is still preserved in many villages. Tea smashing is made by adding appropriate amount of rice to sesame, soybean, peanut, tea and orange peel and boiling. Because the Hakka people in Changting like to add rice to the tea, it is also called Miller tea. Leicha is unique in flavor, fragrant, slightly bitter, grayish green, thin and muddy, but it tastes very delicious. Because there are some Chinese herbal medicines in Leicha, which can detoxify and ventilate, Hakka people, regardless of adults and children, regard drinking Leicha as a custom.
Cut the river for nothing.
There are many ways to roast chicken in Changting, among which Hehe is the most famous. It is highly praised for its fragrance, crispness, tenderness, smoothness and easy detachment. It has been a famous dish in Tingzhou since ancient times and has been listed as the first dish of Hakka in western Fujian. Its chicken head, chicken feet and chicken wings are all good materials to drink. There is a saying that "a chicken head has seven glasses of wine, and a pair of chicken feet drinks a pot". In the 1986 Fujian Cuisine Appraisal, "Baiduo Hejiang" won the title of famous local cuisine.
Kirin was born
Kirin, also known as "Kirin drilling elephant belly", is a superior treasure in the official seat of Changting in Qing Dynasty. According to legend, a long time ago, there was a rich family named Zheng in Changting Street. In order to have more children, their women often stuffed puppies, Wuji Yuan, white pigeons, sparrows and wild ginseng. Steamed in their pig bellies. Since then, it has spread among the rich as a diet therapy. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, when Xiao Zhimei, the general of Tingjun Town, held a birthday banquet, he once listed "Kirin was born" as the first course. 1985, Kirin was born and won the title of "quality food" in Fujian Province. Fujian Daily reported on May 2, 1986.
(Features) The dog with its head exposed was born by Kirin, and the whole bag lay like a baby elephant. Delicious and tender, don't have a flavor; Strengthening yang and tonifying kidney, expelling wind and removing dampness, and strengthening spleen and stomach.
Wrinkled yarn meat
Crispy yarn meat, commonly known as "burning big pieces", is a traditional dish of Changting, which has a long history and was included in the official menu as early as the Qing Dynasty. Wrinkled yarn skin is like wrinkled yarn, bright red and bright crystal, with good color and fragrance.
Litchi meat
Litchi meat is a dish. It is said that it comes from "sweet and sour fried pine pills" and "red bayberry meat". As early as the Qing Dynasty, there was already a dish of "Fried Pine Pills with Sweet and Sour" at banquets. By the early years of the Republic of China, almost every banquet would have it. Later, after the chef constantly improved his cooking skills such as knife work, this dish, like Lingnan litchi, was beautiful in appearance, crisp, sweet and sour, and unique in flavor. Eating it inevitably reminds people of the famous ancient poem "The world of mortals rides a princess and laughs, but no one knows it is litchi".
Phoenix drunk
According to China Recipe, "Hejiang originated in Hetian Town, Changting County, Fujian Province". According to folklore, Hehe was sent to Chang 'an during the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. He always won and was listed as a cockfighting hero.
Changting rice wine Niang, brewed by folk seiko, is made of pure natural raw materials, contains more than 20 kinds of amino acids and is rich in nutrition. Nine niang and Chicken are two wonderful flowers in Changting Food Culture Park. Cooking with chicken and wine is very popular among guests. [Features] A chicken is like a drunk lying in a jar, with golden skin and shiny wine, which makes people salivate.
Burn liver flower
Roasted liver dish is a traditional dish in Changting. Because of its crisp taste, it is a wonderful wine, so it has been circulating for a long time. (characteristics) golden color, crisp outside and soft inside, not greasy to eat.
Braised grass carp
Most ponds and reservoirs in Changting urban and rural areas are stocked with bighead carp (grass carp), bighead carp (silver carp), silver carp and carp. And fresh fish are on the market every day. And people love to eat grass carp, because its soup is fresh and tender, suitable for all ages.
"Changting County Records and Products Records" records that Siniperca chuatsi, that is, grass carp, is as big as trout, long and round, with thick and loose meat. Its variety comes from Jiujiang and feeds on grass, so it is commonly known as grass carp.
Braised grass carp has been the main course of he qing and Chinese wedding since the late Qing Dynasty.
Warm water fish
Hotan's hot water fish is famous for its fat, freshness and tenderness. According to legend, warm-water fish originated in the Ming Dynasty, and villagers found a kind of fish in the lower reaches of hot springs, which was round, flat and scaleless, plump and colorful. After fishing ashore, I jumped on the ground for a while, with traces of blood all over my body, and it was cooked in a pot, which was very fresh and tender. Therefore, people dig pools downstream of hot springs and try to put fry into culture. Careful observation shows that most of the seedlings adapt to the normal development of the environment and grow into fat fish after half a year. Later, it was cultivated for more than 500 years, such as carp, carp and silver carp. Changting dried bean curd
Changting dried bean curd is the first of "eight dry goods, dry goods, dry goods and dried bean curd" in western Fujian. It began in the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty and was made by traditional technology and scientific methods. Pickled with more than ten kinds of Chinese herbal medicines, such as cinnamon, diced cinnamon, Daphne, etc. It is a kind of green food with rich nutrition and high protein content. It has three varieties: spiced dried tofu, soybean tofu and yellow tofu.
Cooked glutinous rice is mashed into paste.
According to legend, there was a dragon temple on Baozhufeng Mountain in Manlanling, Changting, Song Dynasty. When the weather is dry and rainy, people in cities and rural areas often offer sacrifices to it. Later, the abbot of the temple also made a sale of Ciba. Because Ciba is flexible, sweet, cheap and satiety-tolerant, many tourists come here to taste it, which also makes Ciba in Manlanling a household name.
(Features) Round and white, flexible and sweet.
Miguo
Like Ciba, Miguo is a traditional Hakka food in Tingzhou. Rice fruit is made of rice, which is easy to obtain, simple in technology and cheap, so it is quite popular to eat rice fruit in urban and rural areas of Tingzhou.
The making of rice fruit is very simple. Soak glutinous rice in water, grind it into slurry, put it in a cloth bag to remove water, then take it out and steam it, then pour the steamed rice flour into a mortar to make it sticky and knead it into a round strip. Because its color is white, it is also called "white rice fruit". It is still popular in rural areas to burn shrubs into ashes, then pour firewood ashes with boiling water to drain the ashes, and soak japonica rice as rice fruit in the ashes to make rice fruit, which is called "yellow rice fruit" because of its golden color. Because the yellow rice fruit is mixed with grey water, it exudes a unique alkali fragrance and has a unique flavor. You can eat it with sugar, or cut it into squares or thin strips, and stir-fry it with fine salt together with leeks, shredded pork and shredded bamboo shoots. The aroma is attractive and delicious.
Immortal jelly
Immortal jelly, also called "Immortal Board" in Hakka area of Meizhou, Guangdong, is a very popular seasonal snack in Hakka areas of Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong.
The main pigment for making Xiancao jelly is Xiancao, which is a herbaceous lobular green plant rich in Tingzhou mountain area. Xiancao jelly made from dried Xiancao is dark brown, while jelly made from fresh Xiancao is green.
Taro jiaozi
Taro dumplings are a famous flavor snack in Changting, and they are also very popular in many Hakka communities. Most Hakkas live in mountainous areas, and there is a saying that "without mountains, you can't live with guests". Sweet potato and taro are the main coarse cereals in mountainous areas. Hakka people in Changting constantly change their tastes when eating miscellaneous grains and make many unique snacks. "Taro jiaozi" is one of them.
Lamps cake
The fried cake is made by grinding rice and soybeans into thick paste and frying them. It is oblate and hollow, and looks like two old-fashioned lamps, so it is called "lamp cake".
Cage bed
Also known as "dustpan", it is a traditional food in urban and rural areas of Changting. After the cage bed is steamed, it is cut into strips and dried. Cooking with spices is called "rice line". After steaming, the whole piece is wrapped with fried pork shreds, leeks and bean sprouts and rolled into a tube. The one soaked with peanut oil and soy sauce is called "cage bed roll".
Rawls
Burrito (Spring Cake): It has a long history in Changting, and it is a famous point for Hakkas to maintain the customs of the Central Plains. Every household makes Yuanxiao on the Lantern Festival.
Shumai
Steamed dumplings have been a famous snack in Changting since the Ming Dynasty. Steamed dumplings are shaped like pomegranate, with thin skin, fresh stuffing and delicious fragrance, hence the names "Sante Pomegranate Fruit" and "Sanlixiang". Later generations called the steamed dumpling skin "steamed dumpling" because it is made of flour and needs to be "burned" (eaten while it is hot). There are two kinds of steamed dumplings.
Chestnut Cake
There is a record of "chestnut" in the tribute of Tingzhou government in Yongle ceremony of Ming Dynasty. There are many kinds of chestnut trees on the beaches along the Tingjiang River. Chestnut and hairy chestnut are the specialties of Changting. In the Qing Dynasty, it sold well in coastal commercial ports, and its products were exported overseas in the early years of the Republic of China, which was very popular. Chestnut cake is an autumn food, because it is made of ripe fruits (air-dried chestnuts in other places can't be used), so it tastes particularly good.
Doutangli
Doutang is Changting's traditional hot soup snacks, including pork soup, fish soup and chicken soup. "Tang Dou Li" in Changting dialect means "ending the broth".
Jiaozi or wonton?
Flat food (wonton), recorded in history, has become a common food in China 2000 years ago. Changting is commonly known as "flat food". Changting's "flat food" is made of very thin dough bag stuffing. The stuffing is as big as the little finger, with thin skin around the edge and various stuffing centers. Pigs, cows, chickens, fish and shrimps can be used as fillings, but most of them are lean meat.
Fried snow potato
Fried snow potatoes (fried potato buns): also known as "fried potato buns", banquets were already held in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. 194 1 year, when rewi alley, an international friend, came to Changting, there were more than 100 industrial cooperatives and held a grand welcome reception at Zhongnan Travel Agency in Baliyan Park. During the dinner, the potato bag was praised by the alley. Also praised by American President Chen Guying.