Here is a brief introduction to the ancient kiln sites in southern Fujian exported to Southeast Asia during the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties.
A, Quanzhou Wanyao Township East Gate Song Dynasty kiln site
According to Liu's genealogy, in Song Dynasty, Liu's ancestral home expanded Quanzhou City for five generations and exported ceramics from it. It reads, "Quanzhou City is old and narrow, and even expanded into a benevolent government style. The Huaihe River is connected with several doors ... Pottery, copper and iron are all over the country, and it is very convenient for the people to return with gold and silk." Renfeng in this paper refers to the East Gate, which coincides with the location of Wanyao site discovered now. So it shows that the products of this porcelain kiln are exported for a long time.
Wanyao Township is named after its products are mainly bowls. It is located about 8 kilometers northeast of Quanzhou. It is surrounded by mountains on three sides. This is a small basin. In the south, a stream flows through the township, then flows into Xun Mei Port, connects with Houzhu Port, and flows into Luoyang River. It is said that ancient tides can rise here, and Xun Mei Port is the starting point for transporting ceramics abroad.
Ancient kiln sites are distributed on two hillsides in the north and south of the township, which are called South Kiln and North Kiln respectively. The North Kiln is located in the back mountain of Houlu Village, with a lot of broken porcelain, and the accumulation layer is 2 ~ 3 meters thick. Nanyao is located on the hillside in front of Houlu Village, with a thickness of about1~ 2m, and less exposed tiles. As a result, local residents found that there were waste porcelain everywhere, so they used porcelain-burning saggers to pile up the wall foundation, which showed that the kiln had a huge production scale to meet the needs of export.
During the period of 1956, when the Palace Museum investigated this kiln, its products were white glaze, shadow blue glaze and blue glaze. According to the investigation of the Museum of Anthropology of Xiamen University 1963 and 1964, the glaze color of this kiln is mostly blue, some are yellow or brown, with different shades, and there are tiny ice cracks on the glaze surface. The decoration is simple, and the patterns mainly include: lotus petal pattern, branch pattern, carved line pattern and so on. There are bowls, large plates, bowls, cans, small cups, washing, stoves, box covers and so on. The porcelain tires in this kiln are relatively thick, especially the large bowls and plates. His style is majestic and powerful.
The ceramics unearthed in this kiln site can be confirmed to be exported to Southeast Asia, including a batch of water tanks collected by Quanzhou Overseas Traffic History Museum and Wu Wenliang, and a small green glaze jar obtained by the Anthropology Museum of Xiamen University. This piece is 8. 1 in height, 2.6 in diameter and 2.4 cm in bottom diameter. The mouth is small, the lips are everted, the neck is short, the body is low, the bottom is flat and slightly concave, and the fetal quality is delicate and gray. Apply green glaze, with light glaze color and no glaze at the bottom.
Second, the Song Kiln Site in Jinjiang Porcelain Stove Town
Porcelain furnaces are still producing rough products such as cans, pots and pots. These products are especially used to hold vegetable cans with pickles, and are sold in Singapore and the Philippines in Southeast Asia. According to the Records of the Jade Emperor, the first volume of Jinjiang County Records, "Porcelain came out of Jinjiang Porcelain Stove Township, borrowed soil to open kilns and burned pots, altars and urns, which was very generous and exported to Southeast Asian countries." It can be seen that before and after the Qing Dynasty, rough wares were mainly produced in this kiln, and were sold to Southeast Asian countries in addition to domestic needs. Sha Shande: The article Fujian-New Archaeological Wealth of China provides relevant archaeological evidence. He said: "In the ancient ceramic trade, all kinds of' dragon urns' were mainly used. The so-called' dragon urns' were wrapped in dragons. This kind of' dragon urn' is treasured by headhunters in Java, Boni and the Philippines, and passed down from generation to generation, and is regarded as a mysterious magic weapon. ..... Yu Zeng devoted himself to studying the origin of this "dragon urn" for many years. ..... On the way to Dehua, I entered Quanzhou, a local pottery shop, one afternoon. I believe it is the ancient city of Erythrina in Kelpolo. At dusk, in the dark corner of the shop, I saw a bowl urn painted with dragons and with the style of Song Dynasty. I can't control my excitement. Someone in the shop told me that the bottle was from nearby Taocun. The next morning, we can go to the village. I understand that the pottery-making activities in this place have a history of hundreds of years, and its porcelain piles and today's manufacturing are enough to prove that this place is not the' only' source of the' dragon urn'; It is also one of the sources. The ancient urn fragments collected from the porcelain pile in this village are consistent with those of the Philippines and the South China Sea islands, and also with the ancient porcelain exported during the Song and Ming Dynasties. Although it has been thousands of years now, the pottery industry in this village is still learning from the tradition of making' dragon tanks'. Its so-called "pottery village" near Quanzhou was handed down from generation to generation by making "dragon urn", which undoubtedly refers to porcelain stoves. Accordingly, the rough ceramic stoves such as hoes, jars and jars exported to Southeast Asia in the Yuan Dynasty listed in Shi Ma Zhi lue must account for the vast majority. From the Song Dynasty to the present, the crude products produced here have been exported to Southeast Asia with a long history.
Porcelain furnace is named after its traditional professional porcelain making. It is located more than 20 kilometers southwest of Quanzhou. Meixi crosses its north, twists and turns, from west to east, joins Jinjiang, and then pours into Quanzhou Bay where ancient ceramics go to sea.
Porcelain kiln sites are distributed on both sides of Meixi, mainly including Spider Mountain, Huwei Temple, Xushan Mountain and Gongzi Mountain, especially Spider Mountain. The latter two sites have been destroyed, especially Gongzi Mountain. Broken porcelain pieces are piled up on the mountain where the site is located, and the thickness is about 1 ~ 3 meters.
According to two surveys conducted by the Anthropology Museum of Xiamen University, the glaze colors of this kiln are blue glaze, black glaze, sauce glaze, blue glaze, yellow-green glaze and brown glaze. And there are many unglazed porcelains. Glaze water is generally thin and uniform, but the glaze surface of black glaze ware is thick, which has glaze hanging phenomenon. The glaze sweat of blue glaze and sauce glaze ware is bright, and the blue glaze ware has fine ice cracks. Glazing utensils: bowls and dishes are glazed inside and outside, but some dishes are not glazed, and some are glazed only near the mouth edge. Pots and cans are unglazed, and some surfaces and bottoms are unglazed. The exposed tire area is large, and the exposed tire is gray, yellow or light yellow. Fetal bones are generally thicker, thicker and harder. Make it gray, brown, reddish brown, yellow or light yellow. Its decoration methods are: painting, carving, printing and stacking flowers. There are bound branches, peony, dragon, lotus petals, rings, water ripples and veins. Unearthed objects include: pots (green glazed long-necked pots, military commanders, small pots with handles, sauce-colored glazed long-necked pots, green glazed pots, black glazed pots, unglazed four-series long-necked pots, military commanders, long-necked pots and small pots), bowls (green glazed bowls, black glazed bowls and unglazed sunflower petal-shaped bowls) and bottles (unglazed waist vases and vases). There are many pots, bottles and bowls.
After preliminary identification, the varieties of this kiln exported to Southeast Asia are as follows:
(1) The military holds green glaze and no glaze. Blue glaze army 1 piece, height 12, caliber 6, bottom diameter 5.5 cm. The mouth is slightly extravagant, the lips are everted, the neck is short and thick, the abdomen is bulging, and the bottom is nearly flat and slightly concave. Short flow with shoulder. A dragon is printed on both sides between the shoulder and abdomen, with chords on the lower part of the abdomen and lotus petals near the bottom. There are two unglazed military holders with the same shape as before. The watch is gray and light yellow. This kind of vessel has been found in the Philippines, and it can be confirmed that it is exported porcelain made by porcelain furnace.
(2) There are 7 blue glazed plates, all of which are broken plates.
Type I: 2 pieces, 2.6 in height, about 1 1 cm in diameter, low in shape and 8.4 cm in width. The bottom is printed with tangled branches and chrysanthemums.
Type ⅱ: 5 pieces, generally 3 in height, 9 in caliber and 3.2 cm in foot diameter. The body is low, the mouth edge is slightly folded outward and the bottom is flat and slightly concave.
(3) The flask 1 is relatively complete, with a height of 2.7, a caliber of 5.5 cm and a bottom diameter of 8.3 cm. The mouth is curled, the lips are everted, the neck is slender, the abdomen is enlarged, and the bottom is flat and slightly concave. No glaze, no pattern on the surface, simple and generous.
(4) 27 long-necked pots. There are three kinds of glazes: sauce glaze, blue glaze and dry glaze.
Sauce glaze pot:
Type I is about 16.5 in height, 5-6 in caliber and 2. 1 cm in base diameter. The neck of the piano is very long and has two strings. There is a stream on the shoulder, which is straight and long, almost flush with the mouth. The body gradually widens from below the neck to the widest part of the abdomen, forming a circle of convex ribs, gradually narrowing below, and the bottom is flat and slightly concave.
Type ⅱ has a height of 17.8, a diameter of 6 and a base diameter of 6.2 cm. The shape is similar to type I, but the container is shorter and smaller. The flowing part is shorter than that of type ⅰ.
Six green glaze pots. Height 18, caliber 5.8, base diameter 7 cm. A part of the mouth has an inner lip and an outer lip, the inner lip is slightly open and the outer lip is slightly folded. There are 1 ~ 2 strings in the abdomen. The abdomen is prominent, with upper and lower ridges. There is a long stream in the upper part of the abdomen, and the bottom is flat.
Unglazed pot 14 pieces. The shape is almost the same as that of sauce-colored glaze and green glaze pot.
Printed branches wrapped in vases:
Type I 1 piece. The overall height is 23.8, the caliber is 5.7, and the bottom diameter is 7 cm. The mouth is slightly extravagant, the width is slightly folded out, and the lip thickness is1.2cm.. The neck is long and thick, and the ears are attached to both sides, which is in the shape of an animal head. There are also five chords in the abdomen, three chords in the shoulder and decorative patterns between the shoulder and the neck. It gradually widens from below the shoulder, the bottom is plump, the abdomen is printed with peony patterns, and the lotus petal patterns are printed between the bottom and the abdomen, with chord patterns. The foot is short and round, with a height of 1. 1 cm, which is wheel-shaped, and there are still wheel patterns inside and outside the device.
Type II: 8 pieces, height 18.5, diameter 4.5 and base diameter 6.7 cm. The mouth is slightly extravagant, the neck is very long, and it gradually widens below the shoulders. Fat ass. The abdomen is printed with complex tangled branches. There are two layers of lotus petals printed between the bottom and abdomen. This is a chord pattern. Loop foot height1.3 ~1.4cm. The bottom is slightly concave and wheel-made.
Dehua Song Yuan Ming Kiln Site:
Dehua kiln porcelain, especially white glazed porcelain, is world-famous. The book "Fine Arts in China" says: "Its kilns, especially white porcelain, used to be called' Blane de China' by legal persons, which is the best of China porcelain. It is very different from other oriental porcelains. It is as creamy as milk and ivory. The glaze is bright and heavy, closely attached to the porcelain body, and the light color is like silk. If the surface of soft porcelain is shiny. " The export of its products was first seen in Kyle Poirot's travels. The book said: "I also know that there is another city near the city of Erythrina, named Tinujuy. Making bowls and porcelain is both plentiful and beautiful. Except this port, other ports don't do this thing, and the purchase price is very cheap. " This shows that the porcelain of this kiln in Yuan Dynasty has been sold abroad in large quantities from Quanzhou Port. In the Qing Dynasty, the poem "Kiln Worker" written by Dehua Zheng in Jiaqing County said: "When the sea enters, the downstream price is twice as high; Not afraid of poor livelihood, I hope to tide over the difficulties ",which means that the production of this kiln has been quite dependent on export in the early Qing Dynasty. Although the export of Dehua porcelain in Ming Dynasty is not recorded, it is undoubtedly quite prosperous. He Chaozong's porcelain sculptures, in particular, "were hot items in the' Oriental Ocean' market at that time, and all parties competed at high prices, some of which were taken abroad by overseas Chinese. Buddhist countries in Japan and Southeast Asia especially like it. " Archaeological discoveries abroad also strongly prove the huge output of kiln furniture products. For example, Dehua white glazed porcelain was unearthed in the southwest of Sulawesi, Indonesia. According to the archaeological data of Southeast Asia mentioned above, it can be classified as the kiln transformation products of Dehua in South China, including books of Jakarta Museum in Indonesia, such as large plates with Arabic characters and white blue and white bowls. According to the catalogue of some works, kiln furniture products are even exported to Africa and Europe. It can be seen that Dehua kiln is an extremely important ancient export kiln site in Fujian.
Ancient kiln sites are widely distributed in the east, south and north of Dehua County, and are concentrated near the county seat. Its sites mainly include: Qudou Palace, Zulong Palace, Cendou, Houyao, Housuo Kiln, Ximentou, Bantou, Dabanwan Yangkeng, Wanpingcang, Xiaofangshan, Baoliangge, Dongling Kiln, Shangliao Kiln, Linwei Kiln, Neiban Kiln, Jiachunling, Wanyao, Hufenglin Kiln, New Kiln, Old Kiln and New Kiln. So far, ancient export porcelain products have been found in as many as 28 kiln sites. It can be seen that the porcelain made by Dehua has been exported to foreign countries since the Song Dynasty. For example, the military commander unearthed at the site of Gaidewan warehouse is one of the more representative products of this kiln. The vessel has a bell-shaped mouth, a thin and long neck, a bulging belly, a slightly concave bottom and no handle. The abdomen is printed with lotus petals (composed of lotus petals covered on the back) or grass-rolling patterns and branches-winding patterns. Glaze is generally bluish gray or bluish white. Although this kind of military support is different from the military support produced by Jinjiang magnetic stove (printed with double dragon pattern and blue glaze), it belongs to the main product of exported porcelain in Song and Yuan Dynasties.
Another example is the kiln site such as Qudou Palace. Since 1963, especially in recent years, many Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing porcelains have been discovered, and most of them are Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing porcelains. The glaze colors of the kiln site are white glaze and slightly blue, white glaze and blue and white, with white glaze as the main color. Blue and white glaze, similar to shadow blue, crystal clear and moist, bright glaze color. White glazed porcelain is white and slightly blue or yellow, and some are milky white or ivory white. The fetal bones are hard, delicate and slender. Between the abdomen and the round bottom, under the irradiation of sunlight and light, not only the finger shadow is reflected, but also the flesh red is displayed. Decorative techniques include printing, piling flowers, pulling flowers, etc. Patterns include lotus flowers, peony flowers, plum blossoms, bamboo flowers, binding flowers, etc. Although not too complicated, it is also exquisite and chic. Quite elegant. There are cups, Gao Zubei, pillows, lamps, plates, dishes, pots, bottles, spoons, lamp holders and sculptures.
Many export porcelain specimens were obtained from this kiln site. The main products are bottles, plates, pots, boxes, washing, bowls, cups, bowls and cans.
Bottles, or small vases and vases, are unearthed, mainly at kiln sites such as Wancang, Neiban, Jia Chunling and Qudou Palace. The general shape is open, round belly, concave foot, and the surface is decorated with linear patterns. Lotus petal pattern or grass roll pattern, etc. The shape of the device is segmented and the pattern is printed. These objects are small and exquisite in shape and quite distinctive. The inside and outside of the vessel are glazed with blue and white glaze, which is crystal clear and has a strong sense of transparency. This is a newly discovered product. It has been found in the Philippines and other places, and there is no doubt that it is an export porcelain product fired by Dehua kiln.
In addition, there is a small-mouth bottle with a small mouth, rich shoulders, an inclined abdomen, a flat and slightly concave bottom and no decorative surface. It has also been unearthed in the Philippine Islands, and belongs to one of the export porcelain products of Dehua Kiln.
Dishes or saucers, shallow dishes. This kind of artifacts are very common, and have been unearthed in Qudou Palace, Jia Chunling and other kiln sites, especially in Qudou Palace. Python mouth, shallow abdomen, short round feet, slightly concave bottom plane, slightly prominent outsole center, slightly papillary. The glaze is white and slightly bluish yellow, which may be related to low temperature. Some are unglazed, crisp in texture and yellowish in surface. The outer abdominal wall of the vessel is printed with grass leaf pattern, lotus petal pattern or Feng Niaowen.
A pot or kettle, a drip pot. Judging from the site of Qudou Palace kiln, the number is still very large, most of them are broken, but many of them can be restored. Small mouth with cover, belly bulge, flat bottom slightly concave, with flow and handle. The abdominal wall is embossed with grass scroll pattern and lotus petal pattern respectively. It is shaped into the shape of a bottle or a plate. The glaze is yellowish brown and crisp, which may also be the reason for the low temperature. Its purpose should be to hold water. It is one of the newly discovered export porcelain varieties in Dehua kiln. This artificial product is also found in the Philippines.
This kind of box is called powder box or inkpad box. This product has been found in many kiln sites, such as Qudou Palace, Gede and Jia Chunling. Especially the first two kiln sites. The box is divided into two parts: the cover and the bottom. They are all hermaphroditic, with a deep flat bottom and various patterns printed on the cover. Patterns are diverse and simple, but most of them are complex bound flowers, flowers, flower branches or Feng Niaowen. The periphery is generally printed with straight lines. In addition to the center of the cover printed with a flower pivot, auspicious words are usually printed. For example, Fushou, Fuhai Shoushan, Fushou Xinzhou and so on. The box printed with the words "Longevity New Ship" is closely related to overseas sales, with profound implications and thought-provoking. Many of these boxes were unearthed abroad. They are exported porcelain fired in Dehua kiln in the early days, and are found in the Philippines, Indonesia and Japan in Southeast Asia.
Wash or string wash, uncle bowl. This kind of vessel was found in the kiln site of Qudou Palace, and it is one of the main products here. The shape is open, folded, solid and flat. The outer abdominal wall is printed with a series of lines, so it is called a series of lines washing. Similar to this kind of utensil, it was fired in Shufu kiln in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province in the Yuan Dynasty, with the words "Shufu" printed on it, so it was called "Shufu Bowl". The string washing produced by Dehua Qudou Palace can also be called "Shufu" bowl or "Shufu" bowl.
Bowl or phoenix bowl, phoenix bird bowl. From Qudou Palace kiln site and Jiachunling kiln site. The shape is open, slightly restrained, the abdomen is arched, the round foot is short, and the bottom is slightly concave. Feng Niaowen (known as the fairy bird in foreign countries) is printed on the outer abdominal wall, so it is called Feng Fei Bowl. This artificial product is also found in the Philippines.
The cup is Gao Zubei's. Unearthed as the site of Qudou Palace kiln, the number is quite large, the shape is quite strange, and the firing is quite beautiful. Open, big belly, high feet. The feet are flared. Watches are usually plain, but there are also lines and patterns printed on them, but not many. This product is also found in the Philippines, and it should be an ancient export porcelain.
In addition, there are some export porcelain products belonging to Dehua kiln in Song and Yuan Dynasties, such as pots and cans, which are not detailed here because of space limitations.
White glazed plum blossom cup
Type I, 2 pieces, complete. 1 height 9.2, caliber 13.2, length 6 feet, width 4.5 cm. The edge of the mouth is luxurious, and the round bottom is shaped like a cup. The lip thickness is 0.3 cm. Plum blossom branches are piled on the outer side of the cup body, and plum blossom stems in the shape of pens are attached to the bottom as the supporting legs of the cup body; A tripod; There are some gaps between the tripod and the bottom wall. The whole body is quite thick, and the abdominal wall is very thin, and you can see the shadow of your fingers. The color is white teeth. 1 height 4.3, caliber 6.4, length 3.2 feet, width 2. 1 cm. Same shape as above, smaller than the last one.
Type ⅱ can be divided into large and small types. The big one is 5.3 height, 8.3 caliber, 0.4 cm lip thickness, a little more mouth and a bottom. Four plum blossoms were piled up on the outer abdominal wall, and a tripod was attached. Unlike type I, the tripod is shorter and clings to the bottom of the cup. Small 1 piece, height 4.3, caliber 6.7, foot frame length 3.6, width 2.9 cm, mouth edge small, two plum blossoms piled on the outer abdominal wall.
Type ii, 2 pieces. 1 height 6.7 cm, 5.8 caliber. The mouth edge is luxurious, the lip thickness is 0.3, the bottom thickness is 0.4 cm, which is quite thick, and the outer abdominal wall is thin, and the finger shadow can be seen. Glazed teeth are white, the surface is not smooth, and there are small pores. There are still two plum blossoms piled on the outer abdominal wall. 1 height 6, caliber 4.8, length 3.9 feet, width 3 cm. The side wall is thin, with a lip thickness of 0.2 and a bottom thickness of 0.3 cm. The mouth is luxurious, the glaze is pure white, and the luster is moist. Two plum blossoms are piled on the outer abdominal wall, and the tripod is also close to the bottom of the cup.
Several porcelain lions were unearthed at the kiln site of Qudou Palace, and some of them were collected by the masses. We only have 1 piece. The lion held his head high and squatted on the square base of a tubular container. It is small, exquisite and lifelike, which is very similar to what is recorded in the book Fine Arts of China and passed down from generation to generation. It can be confirmed that it is an export porcelain made by Dehua Kiln.
The two kinds of white glazed porcelain mentioned above were both found in Posil's Art of China, which was collected from the catalogues of foreign museums. Southeast Asia was the center of China's ceramic trade in ancient times, and it is entirely possible to market these categories.
The Qudou Palace also houses 1 round Yin He with a diameter of 6.9 and a base diameter of 4.4 cm. The box is divided into a cover and a bottom. There is a peony flower printed on the top of the cover, and the edge is decorated in a straight line, and the bottom edge is also decorated in this way. According to Mr. Chen Wanli, a white porcelain box was found in the south of Sulawesi (formerly known as Celeber), which should be a kind of porcelain exported by Dehua.
In addition, ceramic products may be exported, and there were three kiln sites in Tongan Song Dynasty.
(1) kiln site of Tingxi Reservoir: In the county town 15, Shangpu Village, Huali, four connected hills west of the dam head of the reservoir are covered with broken porcelain pieces and saggers, which are rich in accumulation and have a large area. Among the unearthed objects, there are blue glaze, yellow glaze and gray glaze. And bowls, as well as pots, stoves, dishes and mortars. (2) Xukeng Kiln Site: In Xukeng Village, which is away from the county seat 17 Huali, the kiln mountain is about 20 meters high, and there is a ditch mark with a width of 5 meters from the top to the bottom of the mountain in the middle. The accumulation of tiles and saggers is distributed around the ditch. From the profile of the excavated river channel, the accumulation thickness in the east is 2m, the distribution area is 2 1 and the length is 37m. The excavation in the west is 3m thick, with a distribution area of 17 and a length of over 47m. Among the unearthed objects, there are turquoise, gray-yellow carved porcelain (rolling grass, stripes and dots), radial straight lines on the outside, light gray glazed porcelain, light gray glass glazed porcelain, and gray-white porcelain and white bright porcelain that burst in the glaze. Bowl is the main shape of utensils, as well as cups, plates and bean-shaped utensils. (3) Xinmin Township kiln site: located in Huali Dadun, Qiaotou, Zhaizi, Shanping, away from the county seat 10. The well-preserved site is Dadun Site, which is 39 meters long and 0/8 meters wide. The glaze colors of unearthed objects are grayish yellow, grayish blue, light gray, grayish blue and plain tires without glaze. There are plates, bowls, cups and so on.
There are many kiln sites here, and the products are rarely circulated in China, and they are all concentrated around the county seat with convenient transportation-ships can come and go here more than 50 years ago (it is said that they were transported to the port by ferry), and there is still an inscription of 1904 around the riverbed near Xi 'an Bridge: "Tongan Guandu Liudu Fireboat Boundary Site". Now Tongan Port is away from the county seat and Xiamen 10. It can be seen that Tongan Song kiln was also closely related to overseas trade at that time.