The school system directly organized and managed by the feudal court in China aims at cultivating all kinds of ruling talents. Generally speaking, the central official school in feudal countries was formally established in the Han Dynasty. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the political situation was chaotic, official schools prevailed and were abolished. In the Tang Dynasty, the central official school flourished with a complete system, and gradually declined after the Southern Song Dynasty. In the late feudal society, the central official school gradually declined and actually became a vassal of the imperial examination system in name only. In the late Qing Dynasty, it was completely replaced by schools and schools. The emergence and development of central official school adapted to and served the politics and economy of feudal society in China. According to the different educational levels, educational objects and teaching contents, the central official schools in China feudal society can be divided into three categories: the highest institutions of higher learning, junior colleges and aristocratic schools. Imperial academy and imperial academy, the highest institutions of learning in ancient China, were the highest institutions of learning in the feudal state of China, and were the main places for the feudal dynasty to train talents. Imperial academy and imperial academy have accumulated a lot of valuable experience in running schools, prospering academics and developing ancient culture and science in China, which occupies an important position in the history of education in China and the world. Imperial academy and imperial academy all paid attention to examinations. But the examination forms and methods are different. In order to cultivate "wise men" and "handsome men", imperial academy in the Han Dynasty "tried his best to ask questions". At the beginning of Han Dynasty, the system of "one-year-old examination" and "one-year-old class" was implemented. The examination methods include oral test, strategy test, ("with special emphasis on chapter syntax") and "setting a topic to shoot strategy" ("shooting strategy" means that the size of the book is the topic of both parties, and no list is displayed. People who want to shoot it will be interpreted as taking it to know the pros and cons. " This method is similar to the modern lottery proposition self-answer examination method. Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty abolished the subject and changed it to upper, middle and lower classes, each of which stipulated the number of places to be admitted and the names of officials. Emperor Huan lived for two years and fixed his life for two years, once every two years, with unlimited places, and awarded different official positions according to the amount. This practice of paying attention to the examination of classes and trying to choose scholars has broken the system of respecting the world and cronyism (4), which is of positive significance for selecting feudal virtuous and poor people. Two thousand years ago, the experience of the sages in the early Han Dynasty who initiated the imperial examination was also rare in the history of world education at that time. After that, the ten-day exam, the New Year exam and the graduation exam of the central official school in the Tang Dynasty; Imperial academy in Song Dynasty and imperial academy in Ming and Qing Dynasties can be regarded as the inheritance and development of imperial academy's examination method in Han Dynasty. Imperial academy and imperial academy emphasized self-study and free academic research. Especially in the Han Dynasty, there were more and more students. In the Han Dynasty, the number of Thai students increased from 50 to 1 10,000, but there were few doctors. In addition to large classes, teaching emphasizes self-study and guides students to study and discuss academics freely after class. How to hide, how to practice, how to rest and how to swim "is a vivid portrayal of imperial academy's free study and academic exploration at that time. Later generations of imperial academy and imperial academy both inherited and carried forward the fine tradition of imperial academy in Han Dynasty to varying degrees, and trained many great scholars. China ancient college, such as Hongdu School founded in the late Eastern Han Dynasty; History, literature, Confucianism and metaphysics of the Southern Dynasties; Calligraphy, mathematics, law, medicine, painting and martial arts, which were founded in the Tang, Song and Ming Dynasties respectively, belong to specialized schools for training some specialized talents. Their teachers, teaching materials, teaching methods, student apprentices, and management systems all have relatively complete regulations (see China Ancient Academy). In addition, there were two schools specializing in theology and metaphysics in the Tang Dynasty, namely, the forbidden school and the metaphysical school, which belonged to specialized colleges. It is forbidden to use spells to learn "exorcism", to use spells to exorcise evil spirits, and to be superstitious about fairy alchemists. In the past, this absurd heresy was preached by folk people, and the Tang government formally established discipline teaching and set up doctors to teach students and apprentices. The rulers of the Tang Dynasty attached great importance to metaphysics. Because in the Tang Dynasty, the royal family surnamed Li, attached to Laozi Li Er, recognized Li Er as the ancestor, so he especially praised Laozi's metaphysics. In the third year of Gao's reign, he designated Laozi's Tao Te Ching as a classic, so that everyone in the world would go through it. In the 29th year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan, it was announced that there were 100 students in Beijing, including one doctor and one teaching assistant, specializing in Laozi, Zhuangzi, Wen Zi and Liezi. In the second year of Tianbao, he changed the worship of metaphysics to the worship of the holy church, and the doctor was promoted to a bachelor's degree, and the teaching assistant was promoted to a straight bachelor's degree.
Ancient aristocratic schools in China, such as Hou Yaozong School of Four Surnames in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Hong Wen Pavilion in the Tang Dynasty, Chongwen Pavilion in the Song Dynasty, Royal Palace Studies and Ming Dynasty Studies in Inner Primary Schools, and Flag Studies and School Studies in the Qing Dynasty, all belong to this type. Zongxue in Song Dynasty was an aristocratic school specially set up for the descendants of the royal family. This study was attached to the palace by the kings in the early Song Dynasty and was privately owned. The royal family hired Confucian teachers to teach 8 ~? A four-year-old royal child. Recite a new word to your child every day. In the third year of worshipping Ning, two missionary schools were set up in Nanjing and Xijing, respectively, to teach the children of the royal family, named "religion", which was changed from private to public. In the third year of Daguan, some students graduated from religious studies. The emperor gave preferential treatment to these graduates and awarded them the first official without examination. In the 14th year of Shaoxing, a missionary school was founded in Lin 'an to teach Sun, the son of Nangong North House. Later, it was subordinate to Zongzheng Temple, and it was stipulated that there were 100 students, including 30 college students, 30 primary school students and 30 professional posts. Let doctors and scholars manage educational affairs. Gong Xue and Inner Primary School, which are similar to clans, are also schools for aristocratic children.
In addition, the ordinary ethnic primary schools established by the central government in Kyoto in the Song Dynasty are also within the jurisdiction of the central government.
The characteristics of China ancient central official school (1) are not only hierarchical, but also obvious hierarchical. Generally speaking, only the children of the landlord class can enter the central official school. The qualifications of imperial academy students are higher than those of Thai students. Only the children of "distinguished guests" are eligible to study in imperial academy, while the children of small and medium-sized landlords can only study in imperial academy. This grade difference in the enrollment objects within the ruling class is a reflection of the political and economic struggle between the landlord class and the ordinary class in education, which shows that the grade difference between the central government and schools in feudal society is very obvious. The establishment of aristocratic schools in past dynasties has fully proved this point. (2) The central official school aims to cultivate all kinds of feudal ruling talents for the use of the court. The purpose of running imperial academy by the feudal court was to cultivate the "wise men" and "handsome men" of the landlord class in feudal society, and then to educate the people to maintain feudal rule. The purpose of their establishment of imperial academy is to train the students of the country to be able to "keep the country safe" and "loyal officials and honest officials" of the feudal emperor. (3) The feudal court set up a special education administrative organ and education chief to manage the central official school. For example, in the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, imperial academy and Guo Zi were established as educational administrative organs and educational officials to manage schools in imperial academy and Guo Zi, some aristocratic schools and some junior colleges; Chinese medicine department was established in Tang and Song Dynasties to manage medicine. Taishi Museum, Hanlin Painting and Calligraphy Museum and Hanlin Painting Museum were established in Song Dynasty to manage arithmetic, calligraphy and painting respectively. ④ The teaching content of the Central Official School is mainly Confucian classics, and generally the Five Classics and Four Books are the main teaching materials. ⑤ The academic system of central official schools is relatively complete, with various forms and names, but Imperial College, imperial academy, other institutions of higher learning and various specialized schools are the main places for training talents in feudal countries. They have played a very important role in cultivating all kinds of outstanding talents, inheriting China's ancient cultural heritage and prospering scientific and academic undertakings. They also played an active role in promoting cultural exchanges between China and Asian and European countries and strengthening the friendship between ancient China and people of other countries.