Imperial academy (feudal period of China)
In the fifth year of yuanshuo (BC 124), Emperor Wu accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and set up 50 doctoral students (business students) in the fifth year of yuanshuo (BC 124), which marked the establishment of the business school in Han Dynasty. Imperial College is the highest institution with the main content of imparting knowledge and research expertise, and it is a real university. Therefore, imperial academy is of great significance in the educational history of China and even the world. Since then, the scale of Imperial College London has been expanding, with the number of students increasing to 65,438+000 in Zhao Di, 200 in Xuan Di, 65,438+0000 in Yuan Di and 3,000 under the emperor. By the time Emperor Zhidi of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were as many as 30,000 students in Imperial College.
When imperial academy was first established in the Han Dynasty, there were only 50 doctoral students, and all the Five Classics were taught by doctors, so there was no need to have a fixed school building. Later, more and more students needed to build school buildings. The earliest large-scale construction of university buildings in China was in the fourth year of Emperor Pingdi (AD 4), and a school building with a capacity of 10,000 people was built for Thai students. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the capital moved to Luoyang. In the fifth year of Jianwu (AD 29), imperial academy was rebuilt outside the south gate of Luoyang. There are spacious lecture halls and doctoral dormitories in the school. Later, due to political turmoil, Imperial College once declined. Shun Di adopted the suggestions of Zuo Xiong and others, renovated imperial academy, and built 240 suites, with a total of 1850 rooms. School buildings have reached an unprecedented scale.
In the Han Dynasty, imperial academy's teacher was a doctor, who was affiliated with imperial academy. His main duty is to impart knowledge by teaching classics. In addition, doctors in imperial academy in Han Dynasty also provided consultation, participated in the discussion of state affairs, or sent people to inspect places, which was a continuation of the old doctor system. The chief doctor called a servant to shoot in the Western Han Dynasty and offered wine in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The chief doctor is a highly respected doctor who is often recommended. Imperial College in Han Dynasty had high requirements for doctors and strict selection. For example, when Han proclaimed himself emperor, he asked doctors to "learn from the past and the present, learn from the old and establish the new, and learn from the national system." So the doctors at that time were all famous Confucian scholars who were proficient in Confucianism and classics.
Students in imperial academy were called "Doctoral Disciples" or "Disciples" for short, and "Zhu Sheng" or "Hanlin Bachelor" in the Eastern Han Dynasty. One of the sources of Taichang students is directly selected by Taichang. As long as it is 18 years old, it has good looks and manners, and Taichang is in charge of the rest. Second, the choice and delivery of local authorities need specific standards, such as learning attitude and moral performance. These two kinds of students are mainly folk children, many of them are poor students, and some of them have to work to make a living. After the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the imperial court sent the children of bureaucrats and nobles to imperial academy many times, but their enthusiasm for admission was generally not high because they had the prospect of relying on their parents to be officials. The Eastern Han Dynasty also allowed those who failed to pass the Ming Classics to make up for imperial academy, and later generations followed suit.
There are two kinds of doctoral dissertations in Imperial College: academic dissertations and academic dissertations. Moreover, there is a teacher's law first, and then there is a family law; Learning from others is the source, and learning from others is the flow. Once the master was honored as a doctor and made a doctor by the court, what he taught became a model, and then he could develop into a small faction. This is called family law. Teachers must strictly abide by the laws of learning from others and must not change them. Don't pass on other classics at the same time, or you will be expelled from the classics and your doctorate will be revoked. For this reason, in the Han dynasty, "there are several classics and several theories", and each of them is independent and mutually exclusive, which is the saying of getting married. Although he studied Confucianism, he fell into triviality. At first, there were five schools of law teaching: Yi, Shu, Shi, Li and Chunqiu, and then it developed into 14 schools of the Five Classics (Yi was divided into four schools, Shu into three schools, History into three schools, Li into two schools and Chunqiu into two schools).
The Imperial College of Han Dynasty did not stipulate the academic system, and the teaching focused on self-study, encouraging students to teach themselves and argue with each other. Doctors sometimes teach in lecture halls, which are called "big lectures", that is, teaching in large classes. In Han Dynasty, there were only 15 doctors in imperial academy, but as many as 30,000 students. A dozen doctors can't teach so many students, so they can only adopt this new teaching measure. At that time, the writing tools were backward, mostly bamboo slips, wooden calves, silk books and so on. So dictation is the most important teaching method.
Imperial academy pays attention to exams. At first, he took them once a year, and those who passed were appointed to official positions. This is called "learning to choose". In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was changed to a two-year exam. The method of examination is called strategy test, which is similar to today's lottery test. The examiner draws up a number of questions according to the meaning of the exam and divides them into two sections, A and B, for selection. What the examiner chooses to answer is called countermeasures; Candidates take questions and then answer them. This is called shooting strategy. Those who pass the exam are awarded different official positions according to sections A and B. Those who fail continue to study and take the exam next time. When Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty arrived, subjects A and B were abolished and changed to upper, middle and lower classes, and the number of places and official names were stipulated. Later, it was changed to take the exam once every two years, and the admission quota was unlimited. According to the number of classics, different official positions were awarded until the Five Classics were passed. This examination method has the dual functions of selecting talents and urging students to study.
Special school
In the Han Dynasty, the schools set up by the imperial court included imperial schools, court schools specially set up for children of the royal family and dignitaries of consorts, and Hongdu schools set up by people who were good at literature and art.
In the sixth year of Emperor Han 'an (1 19), Empress Dowager Deng opened the Palace School, which enrolled more than 40 descendants of the royal family over 5 years old and more than 30 descendants of Deng's close relatives, and personally invigilated them. Before this, Emperor Han Ming also formed a school with the children of four consorts, such as Fan, Guo, Yin and Ma. This kind of school is the embodiment of aristocratic education, and most of them are "those who can seal letters, poems and calligraphy."
Hongdumen School was founded in the first year of Guanghe in the Eastern Han Dynasty (178). Because the school is located in Hongdumen, Luoyang, it is named Hongdumen School. Students are recommended by state, county, Sangong and local strongmen. This school is different from other official schools, which mainly focus on Confucianism. It emphasizes literary and artistic expertise such as ci fu, novels, calligraphy and painting. Hongdumen School is the first college of literature and art in China and even in the world, which is of great significance in the history of education. Some graduates are secretariat and satrap, some are ministers, waiters, and some are even awarded titles. However, quite a few people rely on the snobbery, flatter and confuse the Lord, and take this opportunity to form a force. Therefore, it is clearly discussed that "Hongdu Group is small" and "all scholars are ashamed to list it".