It is often said that the ancient city of Xi 'an has a profound historical and cultural heritage. However, the capital of Han and Tang Dynasties, one of the four ancient civilizations that once dominated the world, is now littered with all kinds of low-grade goods and famous Xi 'an snacks. What is left? Just the dirty and smelly rubbish on crowded roads and street corners? Compared with the magnificent Colosseum in Rome and the magnificent ruins in Trajan Square, it is hard to believe that these two cities were the centers of the two great civilizations in the early AD, but history is history after all. As time goes on, some historical sites will be left behind, just as many pearls and shells will be left on the beach after the low tide. A civilization that has lasted for thousands of years is bound to leave something behind. Anyone who has a strong treasure hunt complex will be puzzled by the contrast between the present situation and historical prestige of Chang 'an. Where is the ancient capital of civilization? Where is the legendary strong historical and cultural atmosphere?
When people look at the ancient Buddhism and those dilapidated temples, they find the long-buried shining colors. There are many temples around Chang 'an City, which are the center of spiritual and cultural life in the development stage of the city, which is very similar to the role of churches in the development history of western cities. Especially in many ancient towns in Italy, the construction of the city is basically centered on the church square. In the development from the countryside to the city, a church is usually built first, then everyone builds their own house around the church, and then the road leading to the church is built around the house. Many years later, a small city was formed, and the role of the church in the formation of the city was very obvious. Or there was a settlement first, and then the emergence of missionaries brought Christianity and the church. Religion and church bring cohesion to the city and spiritual food to people. Different from the West, Buddhism and temples are not indigenous religions in China, so they only appeared in the middle of urban development. In the early days when Buddhism was introduced to China, it was natural that many temples were built around the capital.
These temples around Chang 'an City, including Guanzhong area, are closely related to the development of Buddhist sects in China. At present, there are about 3 1 famous temples, of which 6 are ancestral temples of recognized Buddhist sects. Buddhism spread from India to China, took root in Chang 'an, and produced branches of six sects, just like a big tree. In Chang 'an, the city began to branch and multiply in different directions in China, and there were endless children and grandchildren.
Hinayana Buddhism, which was first introduced to China, is divided into Shicheng Buddhism and Jushe Buddhism, but it has been neglected since the late Tang Dynasty. The eight sects that flourished in China originated from Mahayana Buddhism founded by Dragon Tree four or five hundred years after the Buddha's nirvana. There are eight schools of Mahayana Buddhism in China, namely Sanlun Sect, Tiantai Sect, Weishi Sect (Faxiang Sect), Huayan Sect, Nanshan Sect, Pure Land Sect, Zen Sect and Tantric Sect.
Among them, Zen has been circulating in China for the longest time, and it stands for practicing meditation, hence its name. It is also called Buddhism because it takes investigation as its main purpose and thoroughly sees the origin of the heart. Legend has it that the founder of Dharma was Dharma, and the founder of Dharma traveled across the sea to preach in Shaolin Temple in Henan Province, and later passed on to Hui Ke, the monk and Daoxin. When the Five Ancestors forbeared, they were divided into Huineng School in the south and Shen Xiu School in the north, so-called "South can be North America". In addition, Tiantai Sect was named after Zhiyi, the founder who lived in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province. Its teachings are mainly based on Hokkekyo, so it is also called Fahuazong.
In addition to these two sects, the ancestral halls of the other six sects are all in Chang 'an, and the secrets are hidden in many dilapidated temples.
The establishment of Buddhist sects is by no means a temporary opportunity, which requires extremely rigorous religious thinking and profound insight into human nature, as well as unique opportunities and hardships that ordinary people can never bear. There are five main aspects in establishing a sect, which depend on Buddhist classics, Buddhist teachings, the inheritance of historical figures and their influence on the times. Another point is that there is a Dojo in the place where it was founded to promote its Buddhism. If there is a religious ancestral home in the history of a city, it is enough to make future generations feel honored. But in Chang 'an, six of the eight schools of Mahayana Buddhism in China were founded here, which makes Chang 'an a unique city. This alone is enough to prove the important position of Chang 'an in the history of Buddhism in China and civilization in China. The Buddhist origin between Chang 'an and China is unmatched by any other city. This may be an important part of the rich cultural heritage of the great city of Chang 'an.
Through the heavy fog, we seem to see the glory of the Millennium and the glory of a golden age.
A Secret Ancestral Temple-Xi 'an Daxing Temple
Daxingshan Temple, located near Xiaozhai in the south of Xi 'an, is a bustling place. It was founded in the second year of Taishi (226) of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, formerly known as "Zunshan Temple". Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty ordered the construction of Daxing Temple as a national temple when he was building the metropolis Daxing City (now Xi 'an). Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty was originally the Duke of Daxing County in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, so he was named after the words "Daxing" and "Jingshanfang".
Daxingshan Temple is the ancestral home of China Tantric Sect. In the early period of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty (7 16-720), Indian tantric Buddhism disseminators "started with three yuan" and the sum of Bodhi and King Kong translated more than 500 tantric classics in the temple. Daxing Temple became one of the three translation sites of Buddhist scriptures in Chang 'an at that time, and also became the holy land of China Tantric Buddhism. Its main classics are Mahayana Sutra and Diamond Sutra. Tantric Buddhism spread from India to China, and from China to neighboring Japan and Korea. It is said that tantric Buddhism first spread to Tibet because Princess Wencheng brought a large number of scriptures and monks and built temples when she entered Tibet. Later, the famous lotus peanut master was introduced into Tibet from India and developed. Today's tantric religion is dominated by Tibet.
Tantric Buddhism is one of the schools of Mahayana Buddhism founded by Dragon Tree. It is said that after Sakyamuni's nirvana, the Buddha became King Kong's privately spread Buddhism to believers, which was different from the Buddhism that the Buddha gave a public speech in that year, that is, it was called the schools of constitutionalism. To put it simply, different sects have different understandings of Buddhism and different paths of practice, but the ultimate goal should be to verify the Buddha's fruit. However, there are great differences on how to become a Buddha. Tantric believes that it is possible to become a Buddha by practicing. Hinayana Buddhism was originally composed of Brahmins, the highest class in Indian society. It is said that it takes dozens or even hundreds of generations of cultivation and reincarnation to achieve a positive result, that is, becoming a Buddha. The advocates of Mahayana Buddhism are mainly composed of ordinary people. It is easier to think that several generations of practice can become Buddha than hundreds of generations of practice. Tantric Buddhism further developed the understanding of becoming a Buddha. It is said that some convenient methods will flourish in the last days, and the popularity of convenient methods such as Tantric Sect and Pure Land Sect seems to confirm this statement.
The charm of tantra lies in its mystery and unique turnover law. The mystery lies in the fact that teachings and practice methods are handed down from generation to generation in private. There are four unique and outstanding methods of secret meditation: first, new disciples should be enlightened first and be familiar with all the methods of practicing their gods and chanting mantras (mantras); Secondly, according to the disciple's physical and mental foundation, you can practice different levels of secret multiplication without difficulty; Finally, the root tip believers are destined to practice Mahayana. Therefore, the secret training method often used in the secret code is "convenient and difficult." Tantric believes that magical power can be gained through Buddhist penance. Some historical books record the incredible and magical legends of eminent monks. The turnover rule is even more impressive, which is one of the most essential principles of Tibetan Buddhism. Its explanation is that since the world is illusory, there is no law. When a practitioner deliberately violates the taboos of society, he can see the illusion of the world and realize it more clearly. Therefore, for a tantric practitioner, it is his natural task to destroy all the norms and taboos in the world. The specific application of the law of turnover is that you can't help drinking, but it is necessary for practice. There is a special term to refer to the motivation and basic operation mode of secret practice of Tibetan Buddhism, which is called "ceremony".
In 804 A.D., a Japanese monk went to the Tang Dynasty to seek dharma, worshipped Huiguo as a teacher in Xi 'an Qingliu Temple, and founded Shinrikyo (Tantric Sect) in Japan after returning home. This master Huiguo seems to have lived in Wolong Temple in Chang 'an. Because he can't afford to lie down all day, he is called Wolong Zen Master.
Now Qinglong Temple has been renovated with Japanese donations, and Daxing Temple is also being renovated. Some monks and monks go in and out to welcome pilgrims. But if we carefully appreciate the eyes of the monks in Daxing Temple, there seems to be something that makes women feel puzzled. If you are interested in understanding the mystery of Tantric Buddhism, you might as well go to Daxing Shan Temple for a quick look.
On Ancestral Temple —— Caotang Temple in Huxian County
Caotang Temple is located at the northern foot of Guifeng Mountain in Huxian County, Xi 'an suburb, about 35 kilometers away from Xi 'an. It was founded in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty 1500 years ago. Zishui in the east, Guifeng, Guanyin, Zige Peak and Dadingfeng in the south, with beautiful scenery. In Caotang Temple, pines and cypresses are towering, bamboos are gently brushed, pavilions and pavilions are built, and the artistic conception is quiet.
The existing Caotang Temple is a part of the Xiaoyao Garden of Qin State after the Sixteen Countries Period in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Yao He, the last king of Qin, advocated Buddhism. In the third year of Shi Hong's reign (40 1), he welcomed Kumarajiva, a monk from Qiuci, to Chang 'an, lived in Mingxi Pavilion in Xiaoyao Garden to translate Buddhist scriptures, and then built a Caotang Temple in the circle for Roche to live in. Because the translation field of Ku's Muro Poetry is full of grass recommendations, it is named "Caotang Temple".
To understand why Kumarajiva is a key figure, we need to understand the historical inheritance of Mahayana Buddhism, which has gone through three stages:
1. A.D.1-In the early 5th century, empty sects prevailed, such as Prajna Sutra, and so on. Long Shu, an Indian Mahayana theorist, and his disciples constructed their own theoretical system through the interpretation of the thought of Prajna Sutra, founded the Chinese School, and wrote books such as Great Wisdom, Zhonglun, Twelve Disciples and Bailun.
Second, the 5th-6th century was the middle stage, when sects prevailed, such as Nirvana Sutra, and epistemology rose during this period.
After the third and seventh centuries, esotericism prevailed. Between Kumarajiva and Chang 'an, Mahayana Buddhism spread in parallel in the mainland, and Mahayana's Prajna Sutra and Zhenghe Sutra became popular in the society. Prajna Paramita is in a dominant position in Buddhist theory, which is interpreted by emptiness and metaphysics, forming a metaphysical Buddhism with six schools and seven schools.
In the third year of Hong Shi (40 1), he welcomed Kumarajiva to Chang 'an, entered Xiaoyao Garden and Dasi Caotang, and translated 74 Buddhist scriptures with 384 volumes, mainly the classics in the first stage of Mahayana Buddhism. 1. Prajna Sutra: Grand Prajna Sutra, Short Prajna Sutra, King Kong Prajna Sutra; 2. scenery; 3. Lotus Sutra; 4. Books in the middle school: On Great Wisdom, On the Middle School, On Twelve Schools, and On a Hundred Schools. Mahayana Buddhism, especially Prajna, spread to the north and south of China through Kumarajiva and his disciples. Kumarajiva was the original disseminator of middle-earth mesoscale. Before Roche entered the customs, Shiva Ryushu's idea of middle view was unprecedented in China's philosophy. Its input made the popular Prajna schools see the true face of Mahayana Kongzong at that time, thus pushing the Prajna theory to a climax.
According to historical records, Roche preached the teachings of Prajna and Openness, which were taught by scholars from all directions and spread to the western regions, and were praised by the East. He came to Chang 'an in the last three years of the Qin Dynasty (40 1). Yao Xing was revered as a Buddhist teacher, and more than 800 people came to learn from the Buddhist scriptures. Sheng advocated the Dragon Tree Theory and the Prajna Theory. His master claims to be 3,000, and there are no fewer than dozens of famous scholars. Only Seng Zhao was pure and kept one, and he got the true story of Roche. After Roche and Seng Zhao, Chang 'an was in chaos and the monks were scattered. The three theories of heredity are unknown. Although there are many scholars who spread Roche to the south, it has little influence on future generations. The reason why this knowledge has been handed down is that it became rich by relying on the Huayan Jing and the Three Theories, and practiced Zen. Monk lang has a career, and disciple monk explains it. There are hundreds of disciples in the monk's explanation. The first disciple was Farang, knowing change, being brave and wise, and the most author was Farang. Under the monk's explanation, he got Hua Yan Jing, Da Pin (namely Maha Prajna Jing), Great Wisdom Theory, Zhong Lun, Bai Lun and Twelve Lun. Explained by the monk, he moved to the temple in the second year of Chen Yongding (558) and was honored as a master. There are many discussions about Chen and Sui in academic circles. One of the most famous is Ji Zang. Rich in works, Chen Yi is subtle. He judged various theories since the Jin Dynasty, and also adopted the strengths of various schools in the North and South. Most of the popular classics at that time were annotations.
On the basis of three theories: Zhong Lun, Hundred Schools and Twelve Schools, Ji Zang founded three theories, and respected the dove as the ancestor after Roche. Caotang Temple, as the Dojo of Ku Morosh's translation of Confucian classics, has become the ancestral home of the three schools.
The three schools of thought won a great victory in the early Tang Dynasty and spread to Japan and other countries. At that time, in addition to Ji Zang, many scholars spread these three theories. Therefore, the "three theories" were very popular in the early Tang Dynasty. Later, Fa, Hua Yan and Zen were established and popularized one after another, and this school gradually declined. However, during the Dali period (766 ~ 779), there was a master Xu Anbi in Jinling and a master Hui Liang in Jinhua, Zhejiang, who devoted themselves to the Three Theories. Although in the mid-Tang Dynasty, there were still people who spread the Three Theories. When Huichang banned Buddhism, this chapter was completely destroyed and almost extinct. In the late Qing Dynasty, the shipping was smooth, and Jushi Yang began to retrieve this lost chapter from Japan, so that the world could explore it and get a glimpse of its whole picture, that is, to give full play to the twelve doctrines and balance of the doctrine of the mean in the Prajna Sutra. After Roche translated the three doctrines, the master and apprentice successively studied and passed them on. When the Qi Dynasty arrived, it was once left out in the cold. In the Liang Dynasty, from Lang, Quan to Falang, three schools of thought flourished. Ji Zang (549-623), a disciple of Farang in Sui Dynasty, formally founded three schools. The world calls the new three schools, while the former three schools in Ji Zang are called the ancient three schools. Its basic theories are "Eight Doctrine of the Mean" and "True and False, Common and Two Truth". The three theories spread to the Tang Dynasty and gradually declined. As a sect, it is no longer independent, but its philosophical spirit is deeply rooted in the whole Buddhism in China.
The doctrine of reality in the middle way says that all dharma circles are silent and lifeless, and there is no sentient beings and no Buddhism and Taoism. But as far as the world is concerned, it is said that there are mysteries and enlightenment, buddhas and sentient beings. And said that all living beings can become buddhas. This Sect says that all beings are originally Buddhas, but they are blinded by ignorance and delusion. In vain, they say that there is no self and the outside world is real. As a result, they became sentient beings, living and dying. If you can fully understand the Dharma, after all, it is empty, rest from your troubles and ignorance, get rid of the delusion of inversion, and the Buddha nature and universal virtue of the existing Dharma body are solemnly and naturally revealed, it is called becoming a Buddha. However, because the roots of all beings are blunt and the obstacles are thick and thin, there is a delay in becoming a Buddha. Pour all sentient beings, achieve eight unhealthy views with one thought, and deeply understand that all laws are lifeless, and you can get Buddha wisdom. Blunt-rooted sentient beings have gone through three major robberies and countless robberies, accumulating thousands of lines, and finally reaching 52 wonderful senses of Buddha fruit. Enlightenment is the key to becoming a Buddha or not.
Caotang Temple is a beautiful place. Sunset, Nanshan leisurely, sunny days, smoke in the fields. My road twists and turns through a sheltered valley, branches and flowers to a Buddhist retreat. Legend has it that the smoke that can escape to Chang 'an is in a dry well deep in the bamboo forest in the backyard of Caotang Temple, one of the eight scenic spots in Chang 'an.
Temples are famous for Buddhism, Buddhism thrives through temples, cities are brilliant with temples, and temples rely on cities. Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty should be a city with a broad mind, all-embracing ideas and freedom of thought. Chang 'an in Sui and Tang Dynasties was a place with a strong Buddhist atmosphere. The theories of various schools of thought argue with each other, and at the same time promote the prosperity of various ideas in society. Buddhism is so profound that I'm afraid of digressing. Let's stop and have a rest.
I only know my ancestral home-Xi An Da Ji Gong.
Daci Temple, located in the southern suburb of Xi City, was founded in the 22nd year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (648). When Tang Gaozong's dutiful son was a prince, this temple was built to commemorate his dead mother, Empress Wende, and to repay the kindness of his loving mother, hence the name "Jionji". The world-famous Wild Goose Pagoda is in the temple.
Nowadays, visitors to Xi 'an know that there is a Big Wild Goose Pagoda, but few people notice that the Ji 'en Temple where the Big Wild Goose Pagoda is located was once the ancestral home of Wei Zhizong, a Buddhist Sect founded by the great monk Tang Xuanzang. In the 19th year of Zhenguan (645), Master Xuanzang, who studied in the Western Heaven for 65,438+07 years, returned to Chang 'an, where he was appointed as the seat of Daji, presided over the translation of Buddhist scriptures, preached Buddhist teachings such as only knowing Sect, and made Daji the ancestral home of only knowing Sect (also known as "Fa Xiang Zong"). In the following nineteen years, Xuanzang translated 25 classics, with a total volume of 1335. Master Xuanzang died and was buried in Xingjiao Temple in Chang 'an County, not far from the beautiful Fan Chuan.
Wei Zhizong was named Faxiangzong because he emphasized the prohibition of extracardiac independence and analyzed the relative truth (phase) and absolute truth (nature) of everything (law). Mainly based on the theory of Mahayana Buddhism in ancient India, based on the classics, that is, based on the yogi's theory of the land, based on the theory of opening the door with a hundred ways, the theory of five meanings, the theory of highlighting the holy religion, the theory of Mahayana, the theory of miscellaneous notes, the theory of distinguishing China's borders, the theory of knowing only twenty, and the theory of knowing only thirty praises. On Cheng Weizhi is his masterpiece.
The main theories are the theory of three natures, the theory of five perspectives and the theory of causality.
Wei Zhizong believes that all phenomena in the world are realized by the eighth consciousness of human beings, that is, "Alaye knowledge". The first seven kinds of knowledge are used to realize the external image and are considered to be true. It is also believed that Araille's knowledge has a potential function of realizing the world, which is the so-called seed. Its nature is dyed clean, that is, there are two kinds of leakage and no leakage. Missing seeds is the cause of all laws in the world, and not missing seeds is the cause of all laws in the world. This shows that the caste of people born in the future is different from that of bodhisattvas, and there are also "indefinite castes" and "no castes" who cannot enter the triple, so the five-caste theory holds. This is different from the traditional saying that all beings have Buddha nature, and it is one of the central ideas of the Sect.
Vishnu Sect is also very popular in Japan. In the fourth year of the Tang Dynasty (653), monk Daozhao learned Buddhism from Xuanzang, and after returning to China, it spread in Yuanxing Temple, which was known as the Four Biographies of the South. In the fourth year of Kaiyuan (7 16), Yun Xuan, a Japanese monk, studied Buddhism from well-known. After returning to China, he spread Buddhism around Xiaofu Temple, which was called "Biography of North Temple". Silla Wind, Zhili and Xiong Zhi were also introduced to Japan. Faxiang Sect is one of the most influential sects in Nara and Heian period, which has been passed down to this day.
The Wild Goose Pagoda in Daji Temple was famous in the Tang Dynasty. The establishment of the Wei Sect in China is the result of Tang Priest's learning from the West. Tang Xuanzang, a great name, will forever be engraved in the history of the Chinese nation.
Pure Land Zuting-Chang 'an Ji Xiang Temple
Ji Xiang Temple, located in Chang 'an County, the southern suburb of Xi, is also the ancestral home of China Pure Land Sect. The wide meridian avenue next to the temple is about to be completed. In the second year of Yonglong, Tang Gaozong (68 1), his mentor died. In order to commemorate the merit of this good teacher, disciples fearfully built Ji Xiang Temple and Tower to support this good teacher, making Ji Xiang Temple the first Dojo after the formal establishment of the Pure Scholar Sect of Buddhism in China. The Ji Xiang Temple in the Tang Dynasty is located about 35 Li south of the ancient capital Xi, and the Meridian Valley in Zhong Nanshan is just north of the Shenheyuan River, with the Luanhe River in the south and the scenic Fan Chuan in the north. At the intersection of Luanhe River and Yihe River, the west is lingering, and the whole temple is quiet.
The establishment of Pure Land Sect is closely related to its founder Hui Yuan. Hui Yuan is the ancestor of this Sect. He once established the Lotus Society in Lushan Mountain and advocated the pure land in the afterlife, so it is also called Lotus Sect. The actual founder was a good guide of the Tang Dynasty. The ancestors did not inherit the legal system before and after, but were promoted by future generations according to their contribution to promoting the pure land. According to Ode to Twelve Ancestors of Lian Zong written by modern printing, Hui Yuan, Shandao, Cheng Yuan, Fa Zhao, Shao Kang, Yan Shou, Chang Sheng, Hu Hong, Xu Zhi, Xing Ce, Shixian and Ji are twelve ancestors of Lian Zong. The first nine ancestors are roughly the same as the Nine Ancestors of Lian Zong. The light after India was also promoted to the thirteenth ancestor of his family.
Shandao (6 13-68 1) is the founder of Pure Land Sect in Tang Dynasty, and is known as "the second ancestor of Lotus". The Pure Land Sect takes Infinite Life Sutra, View Infinite Life Sutra, Amitabha Sutra and Past Life Theory as its main classics, and mainly promotes the western paradise. Good guidance is extremely strict on weekdays. In addition to studying teachings and persuading others, he always devoted himself to Buddhism with his hands crossed and his knees kneeling. Legend has it that when he was chanting Buddha, there was a red light in his mouth, ten times as before, and he was called "Ming monk". With the money he gave, he wrote tens of thousands of volumes of Amitabha. The pure land in the book is disguised as 300 faces hanging on the wall, and the story of the characters described in the classic of Pure Land Sect is depicted with pictures. There are also works of doing good in many ancient classics unearthed from Gaochang site in Tuyugou, Xinjiang in modern times.
The meaning of religion is very simple. The main purpose is to live in the pure land of bliss with the practitioners' Buddhist chanting as the internal cause and Amitabha's desire as the external cause. Good guidance divides the methods of practice into two categories: regular practice and miscellaneous practice. There are five kinds of proper conduct: chanting, observing, worshiping, naming, admiring and trusting, among which naming is especially regarded as proper business, and the other four are auxiliary businesses, so it can be seen that correcting the name is the most important. There are four ways to recite Buddha: 1, chanting the name of Buddha, which is called famous chanting Buddha; 2. Statues and portraits of Guanyin Bodhisattva are called Guanyin Bodhisattva; 3. Visualizing the wonderful images of the Buddha (including the sixteen books in the Bible study) is called visualizing and reciting Buddha; 4. Observing Buddha's dharma body is observing reality, which is called reciting Buddha from reality. In later generations, chanting Buddha by name is the most popular, which is directly related to vigorously advocating good guidance. At the same time, believers believe that this method is easy to start, easy to succeed, and get twice the result with half the effort and get quick results. As long as you concentrate on the name of Amitabha, you can go to the pure land. However, due to the evil deeds of the deceased, there are equal differences in the past, three generations of nine products, upper, middle and lower. Because the practice method is simple and everyone knows it, it has been widely popular since the middle Tang Dynasty. After the Song and Ming Dynasties, it merged with Zen Buddhism, Legalism, Tiantai Sect and Huayan Sect. , also began the practice of chanting Buddha. At the same time, it quickly spread to the general society, and the saying "Amitabha every family" has been passed down to this day. In the 8th century, Japan introduced an excellent tour guide. /kloc-in the 20th century, Kong Yuan, a Japanese monk, wrote "Selected Buddhist Readings" based on "Viewing Classics". And spread the sutra reading method of Pure Land Sect, and founded Pure Land Sect in Japan. His disciple Qin Luan founded Pure Land Sect.
Huayan Zuting —— Huayan Temple in Chang 'an
Huayan Temple is located on the half slope of Shaolingyuan, south of Quweidong, Chang 'an County, in the southern suburbs of Xi, about15km away from the downtown area of Xi. The temple is commanding, surrounded by water, and the courtyard of the temple is exquisite and quiet. It overlooks Fan Chuan, looks at the source of Shenhe River in the west, and looks at the misty rocks and jade peaks in Zhong Nanshan in the south, just as the poet Cen Santi in the Tang Dynasty praised in his poems about temples: "There are thousands of peaks in the south of the temple, and the peaks are green." This shows the beauty of the natural environment. Huayan Temple was built in the 19th year of Zhenyuan (803) and is one of the "Eight Great Temples in Fan Chuan" in ancient times. It is the birthplace of Huayan Sect of Buddhism in China. The inheritors of Huayan Temple are Du Shun, Yan Zhi, Fazang, Cheng Guan and Zong Mi. Du Shun's works "The Gate of Legalists in Observing Hua Yan" and "Five Religions in Observing Hua Yan" laid a theoretical foundation for the "infinite origin theory" of Hua Yan's religious behavior and the "five-order equality theory" of judging religion, and later generations called him the ancestor of Hua Yan. But in fact, the founder is the master of Fazang. Fazang (643-7 12) was a wealthy China native in the Western Regions. /kloc-at the age of 0/7, he studied the Huayan Sutra with Master Zhiyan. In the second year of Tang Shengli (699), he told Wu Zetian the Hua Yan Jing, which made him "suddenly realize". He also awarded the precepts of Bodhisattva to Tang Zhongzong and Tang Ruizong, and became a Buddhist. Tang Zhongzong also built five Huayan temples specially for him. Based on Hua Yan Jing, Fazang absorbed Xuanzang's translation theory, completed teaching evaluation, enriched the concept of law and established Hua Yan Zong. Therefore, China Buddhism regards Huayan Temple as the birthplace of Huayan Sect. In fact, Hua Yan Jing should be translated by Kumarajiva in Caotang Temple, so Caotang Temple is also considered as one of Hua Yan's ancestral halls.
The main teaching principle of Hua Yan is the origin theory of the legal world. When the universe is full of laws, doing nothing, the origin of color, interdependence, integration like Indra's network, endless; The meaning of endless life is illustrated by four dharma circles, six phases and ten mysteries. Its theory includes four stages, six stages and ten mysterious doors.
At that time, the French-Tibetan Master had many disciples, and Hui Yuan was the first. However, Hui Yuan was classified as a heresy because he wrote the volume 15, which was contrary to the theory of law and Tibet. In the Tang Dynasty, Fa (said to be a disciple of Hui Yuan) wrote 265,438+0 volumes of compilation and interpretation periodicals, and his disciple Cheng Guan wrote Hua Yan Da Shu and Yan Yi Chao, all of which strongly rejected Hui Yuan's works in order to restore the collection of Fa. But Cheng Guan still has many views on Zen and Tiantai Sect. Zong Mi, his first disciple, advocated the unity of Hua Yan and Zen, and the consistency of teaching and Zen. Buddha was forbidden in Huichang, and this case was played together. At the beginning of Song Dynasty, Changshuizixuan mainly learned the secrets of ancestors. It was not until his disciple Jingyuan that Hua Yanzong began to make a fortune. Wang Yuan's disciple Yitianben, Prince Koryo, came to China with all kinds of long-lost banknotes in the early years of Yuan You in the Northern Song Dynasty in order to be reintroduced to China. Three years later, he returned to China with 1000 volumes of Buddhist scriptures and Confucian books, and Hua Yanzong was introduced to North Korea. Later, Dao Ting, Guan Fu, Shi Hui and Xidi each wrote a note on "Hua Yi Yan Cheng Theory is divided into Zhang Qi", which was called the four masters of Hua Yan in Song Dynasty, followed by Yihe, Xianyan, Jiehuan and Zujue. In the Yuan Dynasty, Pangu, Cai Wen, Meteor Star, Baoyan, Spring Valley, Datong, Baojue, Xue Shan and Rip performed Huayan Sutra. In the Ming Dynasty, there were jing yuan, Zuzhu, Mingde, Fang Ze, Hong En and others. In the late Ming Dynasty, there were Mao Hong, Deqing, Xu Zhi and others who also studied the thoughts of Fa Zang and Cheng Guan. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Mingyuan and his disciples all took it as their responsibility to revitalize Huayan Sect. In the early Qing Dynasty, there were great sense of honor, coming to the boat and understanding in the north, and Song Chao, Yu Yi, Yun Pu, simple wisdom, light heart, carefree Buddha, thorough reading and layman Peng Shaosheng (ruler wood) in the south. In the late Qing Dynasty, Yang, Yang and Yang were also famous for their magnificence and elegance.
Famen Zuting —— Zhong Nanshan Ye Jing Temple
Ye Jing Temple is located in Fenghuang Mountain (also known as "Hou 'an Mountain") at the northern foot of Zhong Nanshan, Chang 'an County in the southern suburbs of Xi, about 35 kilometers away from Xi. Phoenix Mountain is shaped like a phoenix, with long pulse, ancient mountains, high mountains and deep forests and valleys. Ye Jing Temple is located on the mountainside, facing south, with Qinghua Mountain in the east, Liyu River in the west and wide south, overlooking Guanyin and Jiufeng Peak. It is the Dojo of pure heart and pure practice. Ye Jing Temple was built at the end of Sui Dynasty. At the beginning of Tang Dynasty, it was the Dojo for monks to preach and practice great laws, so it became the birthplace of Buddhist legalists.
The classic of practice is the quartering method. According to legend, when Sakyamuni was alive, he formulated various commandments to restrain monks. When Buddhism first assembled, the law was recited by Youpo Li. Later, due to the different understanding of the commandments by various Buddhist factions, the commandments were also different. According to the Records of the History of Monks, the practice of China and China's precepts translation and learning from the scriptures began in Wei Jiaping (249 ~ 254) in the Three Kingdoms. Tankogyaro, an Indian, came to Luoyang and saw that the monks in China just lost their hair and didn't receive the precepts, or translated the precepts of Maha monks as the guidelines for keeping the precepts. Indian monks are also invited to build karma (rules of precepts) to practice the precepts. In Jacky (254 ~ 256), Tandi, a Buddhist monk, a peaceful country, came to Luoyang and translated the karma of the Legal Department and Tibet. Since then, monks in China have been ordained, which is the practice of the Ministry of Law and Tibetan Affairs. It was not until Huiguang created the four-part law book and deleted the karma that the foundation of this Sect was laid. Daoyun, a disciple of Huiguang, preached to Hong, and Zhishou, a disciple of Daohong, lamented that the five laws were mixed at that time, that is, studying ancient and modern theories and writing the Five Laws and Four Laws of Banknote had a great influence. Tao Xuan, an intellectual disciple, specializes in law. After entering Zhong Nanshan, he devoted himself to his works, which later became known as five major works, namely, four laws containing notes and precepts, four laws deleting and mending random causes, four laws deleting and mending complicated banknotes, four laws picking up Penny banknotes and four Bichuni banknotes. He set up a ring altar in Zhong Nanshan and held a Buddhist ceremony to accept the ring, thus formally forming a sect. At the same time, the four-part law was popularized in Guang Ri Temple in Xiangzhou (now Linzhang, Hebei Province). He and Hui Xiu jointly wrote the four-part law Shu Shu and Jie Mo Shu Shu, which created the Xiangbu Sect. Huai Su, the east tower of West Taiyuan Temple, once entered Xuanzang's gate and wrote down the opening notes of Si Si. He used the new translation to explain everything, such as the Great Bodhisattva Theory and the All-tent Theory, and criticized the mistakes of the Fourth Division, which was called Xin Shu. Later, he wrote "Newly Collected Foreign Exchange Notes" and "Four Buddhist Scriptures" and founded the East Pagoda School. Nanshan School, Xiangbu School and Dongta School were later called Famen School. There were also disputes between them, especially with Xiangbu School and Dongta School. Later, the Xiangbu and Dongta systems gradually declined, and only the Nanshan system was inherited and continued. According to the quartering method, Daoxuan is the ninth ancestor, and there are eight people in front of him: Tan Wude, Tan Kejialuo, Facong, Daofu, Huiguang, Daoyun, Daohong and Zhishou.
Daoxuan (596-667) was clever from childhood and could write fu at the age of 9. He/kloc-became a monk at the age of 0/5 and was bound at the age of 20. He studied law under the guidance of lawyers. He once listened to Zhishou's four-division 40 times in the Great Zen Temple, which lasted for ten years. Later, Daoxuan lawyers participated in the study in all aspects. In the seventh year of Wude (624), Daoist propaganda stopped in the south before moving into Bai Quan Temple and Fengde Temple. Later, he was sent to Ye Jing Temple as a bodhisattva protector, saying that "there is a clear village, so Ye Jing Temple is practical and can learn from Taoism". Over the next 40 years, except for two trips out of the mountain, Mr. Dao Xuan was invited to attend the translation hall organized by Master Tang Xuanzang at Hongfu Temple and Ximing Temple in Chang 'an, and spent the rest of his time meditating and studying law at Jingyi Temple. He once perfected the samadhi by strictly observing the precepts, and felt that Heaven had made a confession and the gods had protected him. Lawyer Daoxuan explained the law of quartile by Mahayana, which broadened it. There are many omissions and annotations in his works, among which the four-part law is called "the three major parts of Nanshan", plus the four-part law. In 667, in the second year of Tang Ganfeng, he was founded in the Qing Palace Jingshe, and according to the rules and regulations formulated by Zhen, he taught more than 20 Samoans in various States the Commandments of the North Ancestors. The book "Guan Zhong Li Tan Tu Shuo" has become a model for later generations to quit the pool. Lawyer Daoxuan's life is "three clothes are twisted, one is eating, and the other is sitting on the bed with a stick", which is well-known in the western regions. Tang Gaozong died on October 3rd in 667, the second year of Gongfeng, and was buried in the stone chamber of Tangu. It ordered that the portraits of Daoxuan lawyers be enshrined in temples all over the world, and invited the famous craftsman Bill Han to make statues of them. Because he lived in Zhong Nanshan for a long time, later generations honored him as the "Nanshan Sect" of the Fourth Division, and also as the "Nanshan Fazu".
The teachings of Legalists are divided into four branches: precept by example, precept by example and precept by example. The precepts are Buddhist precepts; Abstinence is the practice of precepts; The precepts are the expressions or provisions of the precepts, that is, the five precepts, the ten precepts and the 250 precepts. The main theory of this Sect is asceticism. The precept body is the dharma body that happens when the disciplined disciples get the precepts from their teachers and are accepted by themselves. In other words, the practice of acceptance psychologically constitutes a function of preventing non-evil. This is the core theory of Legalists.
Bus route: You can take a bus to Fengyukou at Chengnan Bus Terminal, or change trains at Guodu.
Ticket price: no money.