Conscience practice
2019 August 2006 senior high school English teacher
The political systems of ancient Greece and Rome
mind map
6. Democracy in ancient Greece
(a) the cradle of Greek civilization (geographical environment):
Material: "We live around the sea, just like frogs around the pond." -Plato
"Civilization meets mountains, narrow plains, small valleys and rivers in this place; There are no big rivers here, and there are no open plain basins; Mountains and rivers crisscross, and there is almost no large area. " -Hegel's philosophy of history
The geographical environment of ancient Greece;
There are many natural harbors and islands; ② Less plains, barren land, mountainous areas and rich minerals; ③ Near West Asia and North Africa; Mountains and rivers are vertical and horizontal.
The natural geographical environment of ancient Greece created conditions for the emergence of Athenian democracy;
(1) The openness of marine civilization promotes the development of commodity economy, which is easy to create a free and equal atmosphere and promote the formation of Greek national character;
(2) With the development of industry and commerce, the new businessmen's desire for democracy is more intense, and the contradiction with the old aristocracy is more acute;
(3) it is conducive to absorbing Asian and African civilizations; The closure of mountains and islands makes the city-states emerge as the times require, which is convenient for decision-making and directly participates in collective politics.
(b) Building democracy in Athens:
1、
time
reform
content
meaning
At the beginning of the 6th century BC
Solon reform
Divided into four grades according to the amount of property; The citizens' assembly is the highest authority; The first three levels of the 400-member parliament can be elected; The jury court is the highest judicial organ.
Shake the hereditary privileges of the old clan nobles, safeguard democratic rights and lay the foundation of democratic politics.
At the end of 6th century BC
Cristini reform
10 regional tribes replaced blood tribes; Expand the power of the citizens' assembly; Tribes in the 500-member parliament take turns to govern; Establish a committee composed of ten generals; Implement the exile method of pottery pieces
The old clan and aristocratic privileges have been basically eliminated, citizen participation has expanded unprecedentedly, and democratic politics has been established.
5th century BC
Perikles reform.
Expand the scope of citizens' participation in politics; The functions of the 500-member Council have been further expanded; The jury court is the highest judicial supervision organ; Expand the power of the Committee of Ten Generals; Pay wages and allowances
The development of Athenian democracy reached its peak, which is called the "golden age" of Athenian democracy.
2. The characteristics of Athenian democracy:
Grading according to the amount of property reflects Solon's compromise thought of being unwilling to offend any class and being fair and just.
The citizens' assembly is the highest authority-a kind of direct democracy, which embodies the characteristics of sovereignty in the people; Citizens who reach a certain age can participate and have the right to speak and vote, which embodies the characteristics of collective decision-making.
The first three levels of the 400-member parliament can choose-choose some people to attend the meeting, which is indirect democracy; Developed into a 500-member parliament, the scope of citizens' participation in politics was expanded and their functions were further expanded, which reflected the democratic development of Athens from Solon reform to Perikles reform; Tribes take turns to govern, which embodies the characteristics of taking turns to govern.
The jury court is the highest judicial organ-it embodies the characteristics of the supremacy of law; The development of the highest judicial and supervisory institutions reflects the development of Athenian democracy from Solon reform to Perikles reform.
10 regional tribes replaced blood tribes-broke the blood ties of the old gentry and nobles, basically eradicated the privileges of the old gentry and nobles, and created conditions for emerging businessmen to step onto the political stage.
The establishment of the Ten Generals' Committee shows that it was the region instead of the blood tribe that triggered the war. The Chief Executive is elected and has a term limit, which embodies the characteristics of the election term.
Implementing the exile law of pottery tablets is a powerful weapon to maintain democratic politics; But it is also easy to be used as a tool of power and interests. The main features are as follows: 1) civil sovereignty; 2) Take turns to govern; 3) the law is supreme; 4) Equality among citizens.
(C) the gains and losses of democracy in Athens
1, combined with materials, analyzes the essence of democracy in Athens.
Material 1: Perikles said: "Our political system is called democracy because political power is in the hands of all citizens, not a few; ..... Anyone who can contribute to the country will never be forgotten politically because of poverty. "
Material 2: The democratic politics in ancient Greece was based on the city-states with small countries and few people. When the development of politics, economy and culture finally breaks through the city-state system that is only suitable for small countries and few people (that is, the inevitable result of the development of slavery economy requires the establishment of a great empire and the acquisition of more land and slaves, but the city-state system of small countries and few people can not meet this demand), what awaits it can only be destruction.
(1) "all the people" refers to the adult male citizens of the polis.
The essence is the democracy of a few "adult male citizens" based on slavery; It is to safeguard the main position and interests of slave owners; It is a primitive direct democracy, which is only applicable to small city-states with sparse population.
2. Summarize the essence of Athenian democracy:
As far as its nature is concerned, Athenian democracy is quite primitive and direct democracy, which is only applicable to small and few city-States. Its fundamental purpose is to safeguard the dominant position and interests of slave owners, and its essence is the democracy of minorities based on the dictatorship of slave owners.
3. The limitations of Athenian democracy:
Material 1: the proportion of citizens among the residents of Athens polis.
Material 2: The democratic politics in ancient Greece was based on the city-states with small countries and few people. When the development of politics, economy and culture finally breaks through the city-state system that is only suitable for small countries and few people, only destruction awaits it.
Material 3: "It is very foolish to draw lots with beans to elect national leaders. No one hires a helmsman or a flute player by drawing lots with beans ... and if you make mistakes in these things, the harm is much lighter than managing state affairs. " -Socrates
Material 4: "This is an evil and weird person who doesn't respect the national god, preaches other new gods, opposes democracy and poisons young people ..." In 399 BC, Socrates, who was about 70 years old, was tried and sentenced to death. A city famous for its freedom of speech actually sued and sentenced a philosopher to death for not committing any crime except using the right of freedom of speech!
Limitations: ① Women, slaves and foreign immigrants have no political rights;
(2) it is the democracy of a few people who safeguard the interests of slave owners, and it is the product of small countries and few people;
③ Excessive direct democracy can easily lead to political corruption and social unrest.
4. The positive influence of democracy in Athens.
Positive influence: ① The space created by the democratic atmosphere has enabled Athens to make brilliant achievements in the field of spiritual culture. ② The theory and practice of Athenian democracy laid the initial foundation for the modern western political system.
(D) The decline of democracy in Athens
First: Paros is a farmer in the suburb of Athens. He is 30 years old and is the head of the family. He is going to Athens to attend a civic meeting, which is held every ten days, which has seriously affected Paros' farm work, but he is still willing to go.
Question: Why is he willing to go?
Because the farm work at home was done by his wife and slaves, he had an allowance to go to the meeting without delay.
Second: palos's wife Helen also wants to go to the civic meeting with her husband to watch the fun. Arriving at the Athens Citizens' Assembly, the inspector on duty at the gate saw the Paros couple and shouted at the Paros coconut: "Hey! Your wife can't come here. "
Question: Why can't Paros's wife enter the meeting?
Women, children, foreigners and slaves are not citizens of Athens and have no right to participate in the assembly.
Third: Shortly after Paros entered the venue, he heard the consul announce today's topic: voting for the Democratic obstructionist. Every Athenian citizen who is eligible to vote will receive a piece of pottery at the entrance of his constituency, write the name of the obstructionist and give it to the staff. Palos couldn't read, so he had to ask a decent nobleman nearby to write, and no one knew what he had written. The person who voted the most this time is the noble Ku Li Wei. The whole meeting room was filled with cheers when his name was announced.
Q: What does this agenda belong to in Athenian democracy? What influence did it have on the political system of Athens?
Pottery exile law. It is a powerful weapon to maintain democratic politics; But it is also easy to be used as a tool of power and interests.
Fourth: After the citizens' meeting, Paros was qualified to participate in the drawing of the front page members of the court trial. After taking part in numerous lucky draws, the hapless Palos finally got soybeans instead of black beans. He became one of the 6000 judges in the people's court, and this time he tried Socrates! ! Socrates, a 70-year-old philosopher, was accused of "disrespecting the national god", "setting up a new god" and "corrupting the youth" and sent to court for trial. Socrates defended himself in court. Paros didn't understand the meaning at all, but he really heard Socrates say: an illiterate person like himself is not qualified to participate in the trial? ! Angry Palos decided to raise his hand and vote that he was guilty! Perhaps most people have the same idea, and Socrates' death sentence was passed by 360 votes.
Question: Why can Paros judge Socrates?
According to the requirements of Athenian democracy, any Athenian citizen can become a public official in a democratic institution by drawing lots.
An overview of democratic politics in ancient Athens
Main line of knowledge
period
Core proving ground
Historical evidence
From the 8th century to the 6th century.
The gestation and establishment of democratic politics in ancient Greece
(1) Before the 8th century, there were many city-states in Greece, which was conducive to citizens' direct participation in politics.
(2) At the beginning of the 6th century, Solon's reform changed the situation of aristocratic autocracy and laid the foundation of Athenian democracy.
(3) At the end of the 6th century, Cristini reformed: regional tribes replaced blood tribes, which broke the control of aristocratic forces on political power and established democracy in Athens.
Democracy in ancient Greece went from prosperity to decline.
1. "According to statistics, there were more than 300 city-states in Greece at that time, of which about 90% were tiny, with a population of no more than several thousand and an area of only tens of square kilometers or less."
What characteristics does this material show about Greek city-states?
The answer is that the country is small and there are few people.
2. "People are fickle, indecisive, shallow and ignorant, and easy to be manipulated, while politics is a fine art that requires wisdom and good judgment. This is not a trait that every citizen has. "
What is the criticism of Athenian democracy here?
A: Civil politics, balloting.
From the 5th century to the 4th century.
(1) In the 5th century, when Burleigh (Lee) and Kerry (Lee) were in power, they further expanded citizens' rights and encouraged citizens to participate in politics, and democracy in Athens entered a "golden age".
(2) In the 4th century, democracy in Athens declined due to the invasion of Macedonia.
Summary:
From the 8th century BC to the 5th century BC, Solon's reform laid the democratic foundation of Athens. At that time, the contradiction between industrial and commercial slave owners, civilians and aristocratic slave owners intensified. The democratic politics in Athens reached its peak under the impetus of the Cristini reform and the Perikles reform, and continued to crack down on aristocratic privileges, improve the democratic system, and encourage citizens to participate in politics. It created the glory of Athens and laid the foundation of modern western bourgeois representative system.
1. Understanding Six Misunderstandings of Athenian Democracy
(1) From the perspective of democratic operation,
Excessive direct democracy has become a hidden danger of political corruption and social unrest, and direct democracy should not be mistaken for the most ideal and perfect operation mode.
(2) From the perspective of limitations.
Athenian democracy is only "the democracy of adult male citizens", which cannot be said to be the democracy of all male residents in Athens.
(3) Essentially
Democracy in Athens is essentially the dictatorship of the slave owners and nobles. Don't mistake it for the dictatorship of the feudal landlord class.
(4) From the impact.
The theory and practice of Athenian democracy laid the initial foundation for the modern western political system, which should not be mistaken for providing a complete system for the legislation and justice of modern European and American countries.
(5) For the "exile method of pottery pieces"
It is not appropriate to exaggerate its positive role in maintaining democratic politics, but also to see that it can easily become a tool for rejecting dissidents and carrying out political struggles.