Up to now, urine test is still the main method, while blood test is only an auxiliary means to deal with prohibited substances and methods that are difficult to detect in urine samples. For example, the blood test conducted in the Lillehammer Winter Olympics in 1994 was mainly aimed at allogeneic blood transfusion.
Doping inspection procedures mainly include three links: selecting the tested athletes, taking samples and analyzing samples.
The selected athletes are inspected.
Before the start of the sports competition, the testing institution shall consult with the relevant individual sports federations and the competition organizing committee to determine the number of athletes to be tested and the selection method of the athletes to be tested. Generally, the selection of athletes is based on competition ranking, record-breaking or not, lottery results, etc. According to special circumstances, athletes can be consulted at will. Usually, the following methods are adopted: ① Athletes who win the first place or the first few places in each event must be inspected; (2) those who win the first place in each project must be inspected and randomly selected from the second to the eighth place; (3) From the winners of various events (such as the top eight finalists), it is decided to randomly check 1 to several people by drawing lots; (4) From all the contestants in each event, decide how many people to randomly check 1 by drawing lots; ⑤ In the collective event, it is decided to randomly select 1 to several people from each team by lottery; In recorded sports, anyone who breaks the world record, European record, national record or sports meeting record must be inspected.
According to the situation during the competition, the doping control agency and the representatives of medical expenses of the relevant individual sports federations have the right to designate an athlete for examination immediately after the competition, if they suspect that he has taken doping, or that his performance has improved abnormally, or that he has been exposed to doping or other special circumstances.
Usually, the testing institutions also need to select some famous athletes for out-of-competition inspection.
sample
The procedure for taking urine samples is extremely detailed and strict, with a maximum of about 30 detailed rules. The main steps and processes are as follows: the inspectors will give the inspection notice to the athletes selected for inspection. After signing the notice (in duplicate), athletes must report to the designated doping control center with their identity certificate within 1 hour. During this period, athletes should be accompanied by inspectors and must not urinate. There should be enough sealed drinks for athletes to drink in the waiting room. The time and personal situation of the athletes arriving at the checkpoint need to be registered on the record sheet. Athletes also need to declare whether they have taken any drugs in the last three days, and doping control officials will register them on the record sheet.
Athletes choose a clean urine retention cup and take at least 75 ml of urine in front of same-sex inspection officials. No one else is allowed to be present when taking urine. Athletes themselves choose one of several sets of unused numbered sealed sample bottles (bottle A and bottle B). First pour the urine in the urine retention cup into bottle A (50ml) and then into bottle B (25ml). If the urine test official detects urine in the urine retention cup, if the urine specific gravity is lower than 1.0 10 or the pH value is not between 5-7, the athlete must take another urine sample. After the A and B bottles are tightly sealed, the athletes record the bottle number and the sealing card number of the packaging and transportation box on the official record sheet of doping control, then put the A and B bottles into the packaging box and insert the tamper-proof sealing card on the box. Require athletes themselves, doping control officials and medical representatives of relevant sports organizations to sign the official records of doping control, so as to prove that the above-mentioned urine retention process is carried out accurately according to regulations.
The packing box containing urine samples must be transported by the designated guardian, and the carrier and the person in charge of the doping control station should sign the delivery note. After the urine sample box is sent to the laboratory, a special person must be responsible for checking whether there is any damage or unauthorized exchange, checking the delivery note and the number of urine samples in the box, and then sending it for testing and analysis after signing and acceptance.
Sample analysis
Doping testing laboratory should complete the testing and analysis as soon as possible after receiving the urine sample. The sample analysis strictly adopts the technical methods recognized by the Medical Committee of the International Olympic Committee.
If the analysis result of bottle A urine sample is positive, it must be reported to the relevant authorities in writing immediately. After checking, the officials of the doping control agency shall immediately notify the relevant individual sports federations in writing, and then inform the athletes and their delegation officials according to the prescribed procedures, so as to determine as soon as possible that the detection and analysis (re-examination) of B bottle urine samples will be carried out in the same laboratory, but operated by different personnel. Anti-doping agencies, relevant individual sports federations and athletes' delegations can send people to observe the testing and analysis process.
If the analysis result of bottle B is still positive, it is determined that the doping test result of the athlete is positive.
Because people take or inject drugs, these drugs and their metabolites will appear in urine more or less in a certain period of time.