The wall of Liangzhu ancient city 4000 years ago
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Archaeologists pointed out that this ancient city, about 400 football fields in size and with a total area of over 2.9 million square meters, was first discovered in the Liangzhu cultural core area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and it is also the largest city site in contemporary China.
This is the largest contemporary ancient city discovered in China, and it can be called "the first city in China".
The discovery of Liangzhu ancient city changed people's original understanding of the dawn of Liangzhu cultural civilization, which marked that Liangzhu cultural period entered the mature stage of prehistoric civilization development.
It has changed the original understanding that Liangzhu culture is only a glimmer of civilization, which indicates that Liangzhu culture has actually entered the mature stage of prehistoric civilization development.
It is another important discovery of China archaeology after the discovery of Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Province in the last century, which will greatly promote the research process of China civilization history and the development of archaeology.
Edit this 4000-year-old wall.
It is two to four times wider than the ancient city wall of Xi 'an.
This ancient city, roughly centered on the Mojiaoshan site in Liangzhu ruins area (discovered in the early 1990s), is about 1500- 1700 meters long from east to west and about 1800- 1900 meters long from north to south, with a slightly rounded rectangle and a north-south trend.
The residual height of some sections of the city wall is more than 4 meters, and the technique is exquisite-the bottom is paved with stones with a width of 40-60 meters (the most complete existing ancient city wall in China-the Xi 'an ancient city wall built during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, with a bottom width of 18 meters and a top width of 15 meters), and pure loess is piled on it and compacted.
Judging from the ceramic fragments unearthed from the city wall, the age of this ancient city is not later than the late Liangzhu culture, that is, 4000 years ago.
Edit this section of moat under paddy field.
In June 2006, a farmer's resettlement house was to be built in Putaofan Village, Pingyao Town, Yuhang. Because it is under the jurisdiction of the site, archaeologists advance to the archaeological site. "First, a north-south ditch was found under a rice field with a width of more than 40 meters. There are many broken pottery pieces in the ditch, which belong to the late Liangzhu period. " Liu Bin, stationmaster of Liangzhu Workstation of Zhejiang Institute of Archaeology, said. Archaeologists dug a pit on the east side of the ditch and found that the whole land was actually artificially compacted-the soil was loess, which was obviously transported from the outside by hand, unlike the gray-black silt in Liangzhu area. Under the loess, there is a layer of stone, which is very smooth and should be picked up from the surrounding area. Archaeologists may first think of water conservancy projects such as river banks; However, some people say that it may be the city wall, because 200 meters to the east is the site of Jiaomoshan, the cultural center of Liangzhu-the subsequent excavation proves this conjecture, and this pile of loess is the western city wall of Liangzhu ancient city, and the ditch under the rice field is the moat. The west wall is about 1000 meters long and 40-60 meters wide, with Fengshan in the south and Tiaoxi in the north. Next, the south wall, the north wall and the east wall were discovered in turn, which were also paved with stones and compacted with a lot of loess. The city wall surrounds the ruins of Jiaomo Mountain in the middle. Compared with the western city wall, the other three city walls are relatively more elegant: the paving stones are much sharper, obviously dug by hand; The stones on the outside of the city wall are relatively large, and they get smaller and smaller as they go in; The accumulated loess layer is sometimes mixed with a layer of black clay, which increases the waterproof ability of the city wall. Archaeologists speculate that these traces indicate that the ancient people first built the Western Wall, and they had more experience in building the other three walls.
In this passage, the influence of editing civilization
The civilization power of this ancient city once influenced half of China.
The city wall is an important symbol of the difference between clan society and civilized society.
Professor Yan Wenming said that to explain the significance of Liangzhu ancient city, we should start from the height of "the influence of Liangzhu culture on China". Professor Yan said this:
1986, the first discovery of Liangzhu anti-mountain site; This is an artificial mound, and a total of large tombs 1 1 were excavated, including pottery, stone tools, ivory, jade lacquerware, etc. 1200 pieces.
Yaoshan site is 5 kilometers north of Kangshan, and 1987 unearthed 12 tombs and an altar.
Shandong, Guan Hui is about 3 kilometers away from Fanshan, and a complete altar and four tombs have been found. A large number of jade articles were found in the tomb. Interestingly, there are usually jade cards buried with him, and there are usually jade cards buried with him.
Jade cong has an inner circle and an outer circle, and the mysterious pattern of "God-man animal face pattern" is generally engraved on the cong, which can only be held by wizards with religious power; As an ancient weapon and a symbol of military power, the shotgun holder should be a military leader. Yan and Yue were buried together, indicating that the owner of the tomb was both a military leader Wang and a religious leader Wu.
Many people ask, where did these dignitaries buried in Fanshan, Yaoshan and Guan Hui live before their death? Soon, the Jiaomoshan site was found in the center of Liangzhu site group, which solved this problem.
This is an artificial earth platform with an area of 300,000 square meters. A large area of rammed soil, rammed nests and other architectural relics, as well as rows of column holes, indicate that there were large buildings and six large pits for sacrifice.
From the site selection, layout and structure, this rare site of Liangzhu cultural complex has the nature of "central altar" and "central temple". Many people think that the center of Liangzhu period is here, with palaces, kings and nobles living in them.
Since there were kings and rulers, did a country form at that time? There is a frame around the word "country", which means that there is a wall around what can be called "country". The city wall is an important symbol of the difference between clan society and civilized society. So, now we finally found the wall around Jiaomo Mountain, which can be said to be a long-awaited thing.
Liangzhu culture can be traced back to 5300-4000 years ago. At present, there are more than 60 ancient cities found in China, ranging from 10 square meter to 2.8 million square meters, with an area of 2.9 million square meters, which is the largest.
However, it is not enough for us to look at the significance of Liangzhu ancient city only from the perspective of the city. We should open our eyes and look at the layout of the whole Liangzhu culture.
Liangzhu culture is mainly distributed in Taihu Lake basin, including Yuhang, southern Jiaxing, eastern Shanghai, Suzhou, Changzhou and Liangzhu in Nanjing. Further out is the expansion area, which reaches Anhui and Jiangxi in the west, northern Jiangsu in the north and close to Shandong. Liangzhu people fought to occupy this place. Further out is the influence zone, all the way to the south of Shanxi.
Visible Liangzhu forces occupied half of China at that time, without a high level of economic and cultural is impossible.
These forces originated from Jiaomo Mountain in Yuhang, where lived the "king" who ruled the whole Liangzhu period; Now, we have found the ancient city outside, which is equivalent to the capital of Liangzhu. How important is this discovery?
Liangzhu culture is the peak of China ancient culture development before Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and it is a famous prehistoric archaeological culture around Taihu Lake. Liangzhu site is the central site and cultural naming place of Liangzhu culture, located in Liangzhu Town and Pingyao Town, Yuhang District.
The discovery of Liangzhu site can be traced back to 7 1 year ago. 1936, Shi Xin, a young archaeologist at the West Lake Museum in Zhejiang Province, first discovered a large number of late Neolithic pottery and stone tools in Liangzhu Town, Yuhang, his hometown. After 1949, archaeologists found similar relics in many places around Taihu Lake. 1959, China archaeologists represented by Xia Nai officially named these prehistoric cultural sites "Liangzhu Culture". According to the carbon 14 dating and thermoluminescence dating of the unearthed objects in Liangzhu cultural site, the absolute age of Liangzhu culture should be about 5300 ~ 4300 years ago.
Researcher Liu Bin introduced the gradual discovery process of Liangzhu site to the reporter. Since/kloc-0 was discovered by a stone in 936, the archaeological work of Liangzhu site has entered a new stage. 1986, the tomb of "dignitaries" of Liangzhu culture was first discovered in Fanshan, and more than 700 pieces were unearthed in a north-south tomb pit numbered 12. These jade articles surround the tomb owner from head to toe, and they are placed in a very exquisite way, which seems to express some beliefs and concepts. After the tomb 12 was cleared, archaeologists discovered the tomb 10 in Liangzhu period within 600 square meters, and unearthed more than 5,000 pieces (groups) of jade articles of various shapes, which is the most spectacular excavation in the history of Liangzhu culture archaeology.
1987, the archaeologists of Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology excavated the altar and tomb site for the first time in Yaoshan, Anxi Town, and also excavated more than a dozen Liangzhu cultural tombs. In the same year, when the 104 national highway was widened, it was initially determined that Jiaomoshan site was a large-scale earthen platform artificially built by Liangzhu culture. Two Liangzhu cultural sites, Fanshan and Yaoshan, were rated as one of the top ten new archaeological discoveries in China during the Seventh Five-Year Plan period because of their important ancient cultural values. 199 1 year, archaeologists excavated an altar of Liangzhu culture similar to Yaoshan in Guanhui Mountain, Pingyao, and unearthed four tombs of Liangzhu culture, which was rated as one of the top ten new archaeological discoveries in China that year.
From 65438 to 0993, a large area of rammed earth was found in the center of Jiaomo Mountain, which proved that the site of Jiaomo Mountain, with an area of about 300,000 square meters, was the base of a giant ritual building artificially piled up, thus establishing the central position of Liangzhu Site within the scope of Liangzhu culture. The excavation of Mojiaoshan site was rated as one of the top ten new archaeological discoveries in China that year. At that time, the archaeologist Mr. Yan Wenming speculated that there might be magnificent palaces here.
1936 in the 70 years since its discovery, within the scope of Liangzhu site of more than 40 square kilometers, cemeteries, altars, jade workshops, architectural sites, conservation projects, settlement sites, etc. 135 sites have been discovered. The sites are densely distributed, large in scale, complete in types and obviously different in grades, showing a huge and complete spatial form with the nature of prehistoric capital.
As early as the end of the last century, National Cultural Heritage Administration clearly pointed out that Liangzhu site, which represents the early civilization of China, is the largest and highest level, and it is one of the regions with the largest and highest level to prove the 5,000-year history of civilization in China. It is a rare and precious historical heritage of China and mankind, which is of great significance.