1 reason and background:
(1) Develop the feudal economy and establish the rule of the landlord class (the main reason); The desire of the country to be rich and strong.
② Warring States Period.
2 Start time: 356 BC
Three reigning monarchs: Qin Xiaogong.
4 reform content:
(1) Establish an account and strengthen punishment (conducive to strengthening centralization)
(2) Encourage the development of agriculture and reward production (conducive to the economic development of Qin)
(3) Reward military service, and cancel the stone clearing and stone scraping system (which is beneficial to the improvement of the army's combat effectiveness and also infringes on the interests of the old slave owners and nobles). Shang Yang ordered that "all those who have military service should be honored, have private fights and have severe punishments" to reward military service and prohibit private fights. It is stipulated that titles are awarded according to military service, and military service without imperial clan shall not be included in the public book. The establishment of the military title system means that Shang Yang completely abolished the old system of Qing Shi Lu, and in the future, he will be awarded titles according to the size of military service, and officials will be selected from those who have military titles. After several years of development, the military title system developed into the famous 20-level title. According to Records of the Historical Records, the State of Qin stipulated that "the imperial clan must have the theory of military service, and it must not be obeyed. In the Ming Dynasty, the official rank and rank were different, the name of Tian Zhai was different, and the clothes of male and female servants were also different. Those who make meritorious deeds show their glory, and those who have no merit are rich. " That is, the level of aristocratic status is determined by the size of military service. This rule dealt a heavy blow to the old nobles of slave owners, and thus aroused their disgust. "Historical Records" records: "Shang Jun entered Qin for ten years, and the imperial clan was rich and resentful." Any political reform in history is not only a re-selection of the general plan of governing the country, but also a re-adjustment of interest relations, which is also the real reason for the obstruction of reform.
(4) Abandoning minefields, opening up buildings, and acknowledging private ownership of land (the most crucial point in establishing the rule of the landlord class) Shang Yang's economic reform focused on abolishing the well-field system and implementing private ownership of land. This is the only case in the Warring States period in which land ownership was changed nationwide through national politics and decrees. Historical Records records that Shang Yang "worked for the field, built and sealed the border, and paid a flat tax". "The Warring States Policy" said that Shang Yang "broke the building to teach the people to plow" and abolished the principle of "no porridge in the field". The so-called "building" refers to the irrigation canals and corresponding vertical and horizontal roads in the middle of the "mine field", which is called "building" vertically and "building" horizontally. "Fengjiang" is the boundary of the mine field sealed by the slave owners and nobles. "Opening the border and sealing the border" means withdrawing and sealing the border marked with state-owned land, abolishing slavery of state-owned land and implementing private ownership of land. Legally abolished the minefield system. The law stipulates that people are allowed to open up wasteland, land can be bought and sold freely, and taxes are shared equally according to how much land each person occupies. Since then, although the Qin government still owns some state-owned land, such as ownerless wasteland, mountains and rivers, and land newly occupied by other countries, it has gradually turned into private ownership. This destroyed the relations of production of slavery and promoted the development of feudal economy.
(5) county system.
(6) Unified measurement, unified currency, and unified vehicle and rail.
(7) Rectify the social customs of Qin State, implement the monogamous small family system, and stipulate that father and son and adult brothers are not allowed to live together in one room. If they don't spend money as adults, the household registration tax will double.
(8) Implement a 20-level system.
5 Impact:
(1) abolished the hereditary privilege of slave owners and nobles, promoted the development of feudal economy and strengthened the centralization of the emerging landlord class.
(2) It laid the foundation for Qin to unify the six countries.
(3) However, Shang Yang's severe punishment policy and cultural coercion also had a negative impact on the later Qin Dynasty.
Message: "If you don't rule the world together, it's illegal to change the country." -Shang Yang
6 nature:
It is a relatively thorough reform of the landlord class.
Solon's reform:
remake nature
The reform carried out by the slave-owning class to consolidate its rule.
main content
1, economically:
(1) Abolish all debts owed by Athenian citizens as collateral, prohibit personal mortgage loans, and prohibit turning indebted civilians into slaves. The state paid money to redeem those who were sold to foreign countries as slaves because they could not pay their debts, and abolished the "61 Han" system (civilians were unable to pay their debts, so they had to cultivate land for creditors and only kept one-sixth of their harvest as land rent, so they were called "61 Han" in vain). This measure is called "the order to relieve the negative burden" in history.
(2) Implementing a series of policies and measures that are beneficial to the development of industry and commerce, including restricting the export of grain and expanding the export of olive oil; Carry out currency reform to promote commercial trade; Encourage foreign craftsmen to immigrate to Athens and encourage citizens to learn handicraft techniques; Reform weights and measures, cast new Athens currency, and formulated some laws and regulations on property inheritance, prohibition of reburial, and compensation for relatives of citizens who sacrificed their country.
(3) recognize the freedom of private property inheritance and eliminate all clan remnants in the system.
2. politically:
(1) Abolish the monopoly right of hereditary nobles, and no longer divide citizens by birth and property. According to the total income of agricultural products in one year, citizens are divided into four grades (the number of cereals and other products imported each year is divided into four grades), and the political rights of each grade depend on their financial resources. First-class and second-class citizens can hold senior state posts; The third level can be a low-level official position; Citizens at the fourth level cannot hold official positions, but they have the right to participate in citizens' meetings and people's courts.
(2) Establish a meeting of 400 people as the permanent body and the highest administrative organ of the citizens' assembly. The 400-member conference consists of four tribes 100, and all citizens can be elected except the fourth grade.
(3) Establish a jury court. As the highest judicial organ, any citizen has the right of appeal. Jurors in the jury court are selected by citizens at all levels by drawing lots. The jury court accepts and decides citizens' complaints or appeals, which expands citizens' rights.
(4) To formulate a new code to replace the harsh laws of delacour, and only keep the part about murder, so as to make the whole Athenian law more humane.
Solon's series of major reforms from the economic base to the superstructure were a great victory for Athenian civilians in their struggle against the nobility, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of Athenian history:
First of all, the release order made ordinary people get rid of the shackles of debt slavery and become citizens with free rights, forming a citizen group necessary for democratic politics.
Secondly, the establishment of property hierarchy made property qualification replace consanguinity qualification, which fundamentally disintegrated the foundation of aristocratic hereditary political privilege, enabled industrial and commercial slave owners to share political rights, and also enabled lower-class civilians to obtain certain civil rights.
Thirdly, the measures to reorganize the state power institutions have broken the monopoly of the nobles on state power and ensured the political rights of citizens to participate in state affairs to a certain extent.
Finally, Solon's series of measures to develop industry and commerce greatly promoted the development of handicrafts and commerce in Athens, and soon made it the most prosperous industrial and commercial city-state in ancient Greece. At the same time, it strengthened the economic strength of industrial and commercial slave owners and civilians, and laid the economic foundation for the transformation of democratic politics in Athens.