Chengdu dialect belongs to southwest mandarin and exists as the standard pronunciation of Sichuan dialect, but it is not actually used all over Chengdu. Outside the main city of Chengdu (southwest of the expressway around the city), Chiguan dialect is actually used in the southwest, while the dialects used in Guanghan and Jianyang in the suburbs of Chengdu are no different from Chengdu dialect. Chengdu dialect is called "the soft language of southwest dialect" because of its softness.
phonetic feature
Chengdu dialect, as a branch of northern dialect, has some common characteristics of northern dialect:
1, the consonants of ancient voiced consonants are voiced. There is no difference between the initial sounds of "cong" and "chong" and "zhi" and "zi", "poem" and "private" in Chengdu dialect.
2. Divide the Yin and Yang equally, even and even. For example, the pronunciation of "clothes" and "one" is different. There are few consonants at the end, and the entering tone disappears. There are no B, D, G and M, only two nasal consonants, N and ng.
3. There are no initials such as zh, ch, sh and R. For example, "Zi" and "System" are homophones.
4. tongue and nose nj and tongue and nose NG are added; N sounds are combined into L, such as "Nuo" and "Luo" in Chengdu dialect. It is important to note that nji and ni are different. Vividly speaking, nji is the "you" in the standard common language, while ni is the actual pronunciation of "you" in many popular songs in Taiwan Province Province. They are different. Please understand them carefully!
5. Can't tell en from eng, in from ing. The lip sound (bpmf) is changed to Eng after ong. Hu is transformed into fu, such as "Hu" pronounced "skin".
6. Unconnected vowel uo, plus even-toothed vowel iai, connected vowel ue, sandwiching io. The initial ng is reserved, usually corresponding to zero initial or y initial, such as "hard" pronounced ngen and "I" pronounced nuo.
7. Because the children of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty were stationed in Chengdu, Chengdu dialect was greatly influenced by Beijing dialect. There are many words with er syllables, but there are not many phonetic types. There are only * * *, ER (bean jelly), ur (rice bowl), ir (lottery) and ur (park).
8. There is a vowel ae. For example, "An" and "Tan" (this was originally just a "female voice", but the younger generation of boys in 2 1 century also tended to converge).
Grammatical features
In terms of word formation, compared with Mandarin, the remarkable difference of word formation in Chengdu dialect is that nouns and verbs overlap, that is, nouns can overlap, but verbs generally cannot.
Syntactically, the significant difference between Chengdu dialect and Putonghua lies in the composition of complement.
Like other dialects in China, Chengdu dialect has been in a relatively stable state. /kloc-After the 1980s, with the rapid economic development of Chengdu and even the whole China, the communication between Chengdu and the outside world increased dramatically. Influenced by Putonghua, the relatively stable state of Chengdu dialect was broken, and the pronunciation began to undergo an obvious change-close to the pronunciation of Putonghua. In addition, if a word appears isolated in phonology, it is easier to be assimilated by Beijing dialect, while if a word has a strong "series" in phonology, it is not easy to approach Beijing dialect. The reason is that the latter is easier to find in Sichuan dialect, so it is easier to keep the difference from Mandarin.
In Chengdu dialect, some words with sound changes are a foregone conclusion, such as "Ji", "Ji" and "He". Some split, for example, many young people can say that they understand Gai's hand, but they can also say that they understand Ji's release. There is also a "standard Sichuan pronunciation return", that is, words that have changed their pronunciation return to the original Sichuan dialect standard pronunciation again, for example, glory turns back to glory cloud.
Characteristics of vocabulary
Ease: This word means "leisure and comfort". Such as Zhuangzi. "Happiness": "Those who suffer can't relax, their mouths can't be thick, their shapes can't be beautiful, their eyes can't be obscene, and their ears can't be heard. "This meaning is still preserved in Sichuan dialect today. The word "comfortable" also means "satisfied, wonderful and terrible" in Sichuan dialect, and it is widely used.
Dam: it means "flat land and plain". "Dam, Shu people call Pingchuan a dam." Today, Sichuanese still call "flat land and plain" dams, dams and dams.
Pickle in a bath: Wash fresh vegetables, cut into pieces or slices, soak them for half a day or a day before eating. This dish is called "Pickle in a Bath". Compared with ordinary kimchi, the soaking time is shorter, which is similar to people bathing in water, hence the name. Also known as "diving kimchi".
Hide the cat: hide-seek, also known as "hide-and-seek", is a game played by children. It refers to blindfolding a child and letting other children hide and look for them one by one. In addition, there are many ways to play, such as "saving cats, electric batons, cats with grass".
Bite one's teeth to sacrifice: This word reflects the sacrifice custom of Sichuan people, and later refers to eating meat, which is widely used in Sichuan. There are many explanations about its origin, mainly the following:
It is said that the ancestor of the old chef is Yi Ya. On the first and fifteenth day of the first lunar month, praying for Yi Ya with meat is called "praying for gluttony", which was later misrepresented as "gluttony feast".
Second, on the second day of offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors in the old days, servants in the yamen could share the meat, so it was called "tooth (official) offering meat";
Abundant food was originally a system in ancient military camps. In ancient times, when a general lived in a camp, there was always a flag decorated with ivory, which was called "Tooth Flag". On the second and sixteenth day of the lunar calendar, livestock will be slaughtered to sacrifice to the tooth flag, which is called "rich food". The meat of the livestock that sacrificed the tooth flag (also known as extravagant meat eating) should not be thrown away in vain, and it is often eaten by soldiers, which is called "extravagant meat eating".
Wrestler: "Wrestler" originally refers to "bearers who have been replaced beyond the quota". For example, Li's "Dead Water", "Tomorrow morning, call me a sedan chair and two wrestlers." Later, the word "throwing" was born, meaning "empty-handed".
Pretending to be a brother-in-law: When a sister or elder sister gets married, her brother or younger brother must dress very neatly to see her off. This is a folk custom in Sichuan and is called "pretending to be a brother-in-law". This word later refers to laughing at someone for being well-dressed and neat.
Skimming: free and easy, clean and neat. I saw it in the Song Dynasty. The word "skimming" also means "simple, relaxed and relaxed" in Sichuan dialect.
Eat nine bowls: "Nine bowls (sub)" originally refers to the nine main courses at the banquet. The word "dou" means "big" in Chengdu dialect, so Chengdu people call it "eating nine bowls" or "eating nine bowls". "Spend a wine, can solve the hatred of IX; Spare nine bowls and make a lifelong complaint. " This popular folk song in Chengdu vividly shows the importance of banquets in people's daily lives. In addition, people in Chengdu call "going to a banquet" "eating nine bowls" because people regard "nine" as an auspicious number.
Playing gold medal: During the annual flower show, Qingyang Palace will hold a martial arts competition. Most of the participants are martial arts experts. According to the quality of medals, they are divided into three grades, namely blue, silver and gold. The latter metaphor shows panic ("gold" and "shock").
Stand up: it means to support, be backstage and help others. It used to be Paoge's. Paoge is a gang organization that originated in Sichuan. It is not only a secret anti-Qing association, but also a political and economic mutual aid group for bankrupt farmers and craftsmen. Because it was an illegal non-governmental organization, it was forbidden to be traced by the Qing government as soon as it appeared, so Paoge has been underground, and there is a special code word-Paoge dialect as a secret communication code.
Enjoy lunch: Today, Sichuanese still refer to "eating lunch" as "enjoying lunch", which is related to a legend. Legend has it that one summer long ago, farmers in western sichuan bazi sang folk songs while transplanting rice seedlings. The county magistrate refused to let everyone sing, and the farmer said, "Roaring folk songs will roar away weeds in the fields." The magistrate said that if the weeds could be removed, everyone would get a lunch. Later, as expected, there were no weeds in the field.
The magistrate also suggested that the farmers said that singing folk songs would make the seedlings grow taller and wanted to take this opportunity to avoid this lunch. That night, the farmer drained some water from the field. To the layman, the seedlings really grew taller. As a result, the county magistrate had to admit defeat and give every rice transplant farmer a meal. From then on, people called eating lunch "enjoying lunch".