A, Europe * * * with the body
1, reason:
① The root cause: In 1950s, the productivity of western European countries developed rapidly, and the economic ties among countries strengthened in the process of economic development.
② The main reason: Europe can only guarantee its own security and development by uniting.
③ Direct cause: In order to get rid of American control.
2. Established: 1967, European coal-steel isomorphism, economic isomorphism and atomic energy isomorphism merged into European isomorphism.
3. Nature: Regional Economic Integration Organization
4. Contents of cooperation: tariffs, agriculture and currency, and strengthening scientific and technological cooperation (customs union and agricultural policy are the two pillars of the EU).
5. Influence ① Promote the economic development and strength of Western European countries.
The hegemonic position of the United States has been seriously weakened and it has to change its policy toward Europe.
③ Effectively impacted the bipolar pattern and promoted the development of multipolarization.
Second, Japan.
1, economic development
① Basic premise: Japan will carry out democratic reforms and eradicate feudal remnants.
(2) The United States strongly supports Japan.
The Japanese government attaches great importance to science, technology and education, and makes use of national strength to vigorously promote economic development.
2. Influence
(1) Japan's economy has gradually reached and surpassed the pre-war level, becoming an economic power in the capitalist world second only to the United States.
(2) Japan changed its one-sided policy towards the United States in the early postwar period and implemented all-round diplomacy centered on Japan-US relations.
(3) The capitalist world economy presents three pillars: the United States, Japan and Western Europe.
④ It impacted the bipolar pattern of the United States and the Soviet Union and accelerated the process of multipolarization.
Error-prone and confusing high school history knowledge
Ideological Emancipation in Modern China
Easy Wrong point
1, Lin Zexu was the "first person to see the world" in modern China, but his understanding of the West was not profound. He was only the first person to learn from the West.
2. It is not only the landlord class Westernization School but also the early bourgeois reformists who insist on "Chinese style and western use".
3. Kang Youwei used the authority of Confucius to promote political reform, while the New Culture Movement shouted "Down with Kongjiadian", but the essence of both was to promote bourgeois ideology and culture.
Confused point
1, several different ideological emancipation movements in modern history.
"Ideological emancipation" used bourgeois ideology and culture to criticize and oppose feudal ideology and culture that was still dominant in society at that time, such as the Reform Movement of 1898, the Revolution of 1911 and the New Culture Movement.
The "ideological emancipation" in the period of the new-democratic revolution is to fundamentally change the social problems in China with Marxism, combine the principles of Marxism with the concrete reality of the China Revolution, and take a revolutionary road that conforms to China's national conditions.
In the period of socialist construction, "ideological emancipation" means adhering to the Marxist ideological line of seeking truth from facts, proceeding from reality, being brave in exploration and innovation, and striving for building socialism with China characteristics.
2. Comparison between landlord class resistance and westernization.
The resistance faction is represented by Lin Zexu, and the Westernization faction is represented by Yi Xin, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang. Although both factions belong to the landlord class, their purposes are different. The resistance advocates "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", that is, resisting foreign aggression; The Westernization School advocates "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", that is, maintaining the rule of the Qing Dynasty and suppressing the people's struggle against foreign aggression.
Although both the Reformists and the Westernization School advocate learning from the West, their opinions are obviously different. Westernization maintains feudal system and ideology and culture, and advocates that "middle school is the body and western learning is the use"; The reformists advocated learning western ideology and culture, implementing constitutional monarchy, reforming the education system and encouraging the development of national industry and commerce. Their fundamental difference lies in "what to learn from the West". The root of the differences between the two factions lies in the different class interests they represent.
4. Reformists and revolutionaries belong to the political factions of the bourgeoisie, but their specific opinions are different. The reformists (reformists) all demanded the preservation of the Qing Dynasty and the implementation of constitutional monarchy, while the revolutionaries demanded the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of bourgeois democracy and system. Reformists (reformists) oppose the use of revolutionary means and methods, while revolutionaries insist on the use of armed uprisings.
5. To study China's ideological emancipation in modern times, we should grasp three characteristics and four stages.
Three characteristics: first, the ideological theme of modern China people's learning from the west and seeking change is for China's independence, democracy and prosperity, and learning from the west is linked with resisting aggression, enlightenment and saving the country, which embodies a strong anti-feudal and anti-aggression nature; Secondly, China people's learning from the West in modern times is a continuous process from the superficial to the profound, from the superficial to the inside, from "things" to "systems" and then to "ideology and culture".
The process of deepening; Thirdly, China people's understanding of western culture has gone through a process from passive acceptance (such as the germination of new ideas and the Westernization Movement) to active choice (such as the Revolution of 1911). In the end, China's * * * production party chose Marxism as its ideological weapon to save the country and transform society.
Four stages: from the Opium War to the Sino-Japanese War, the landlord class learned the "artifact"; From the Reform Movement of 1898 to the beginning of the 20th century, the bourgeoisie studied "system"; 19 15 to 19 19, bourgeois studies "Thought and Culture"; From the May 4th Movement to the founding of New China, China's * * * production party changed from "taking the Russian road" to "taking its own road".
High school history is compulsory knowledge.
First of all, the foundation of Athenian democracy
1, background:
(1) The contradiction between Pinggui and Guiyang is outstanding. (manifested in the contradiction between wealthy businessmen and nobles, civilians and nobles)
(2) Solon was elected consul.
2. Foundation: Soren Reform
(1) Contents:
Economically: issue a release order; Encourage industrial and commercial development, etc.
Politically: Athenian citizens are divided into four grades according to their annual income, which stipulates the political rights enjoyed by different grades; The meeting composed of 400 members is stipulated as the permanent body of the citizens' assembly; Establish the supreme court-jury court.
(2) principle: neutrality.
(3) Evaluation:
Positive: opened the democratic process in Athens; To some extent, it safeguarded the rights of the broad masses of civilians and businessmen, and restricted the aristocratic forces to some extent.
Limitations: but it does not fundamentally solve social contradictions.
3. Organizational system: Cristini reform
(1) content: (politically)
Divide into ten administrative regions to replace the original four blood tribes; The 500-person meeting replaces the "400-person meeting" and is open to everyone; The principles of drawing lots and rotation are determined; Form a committee of ten generals; Tao Qing's exile law, etc.
(2) Evaluation: (significance, impact)
Breaking the control of the tribal aristocratic forces on the political power, the Athenian state was finally formed; It marks the formal establishment of democracy in Athens.
Second, the "golden age" of Athenian democracy (Pericles reform)
1, background:
(1) entered the classical era. (Victory in Persian War)
(2) The status of poor peasants with employees has improved, and industrial and commercial Democrats are active.
(3) Pericles, leader of the Democratic camp, was re-elected as Chief General.
2. Content: Expand democracy.
(1) Expand the scope of citizens' participation in politics: All official positions are open to all citizens except the ten generals, and have been decided by lot. Every citizen has the right to speak and vote, etc.
(2) There are three democratic political institutions: the citizens' assembly, the 500-member conference and the jury court as permanent institutions.
(3) Formulate the allowance system. The purpose is to encourage citizens to participate in public affairs, which is the guarantee of democratic politics.
3. Evaluation: The aristocratic political power was weakened, and the democratic politics of slavery reached its peak.
Third, the gains and losses of Athenian democracy.
1, loss:
(1) Scope: On the basis of slave dictatorship, slaves, women and foreigners are excluded from democracy.
(2) Nature: Original direct democracy only applies to small city-states with sparse population.
(3) Mode: voting in the village and taking turns to sit in the village may lead to the abuse and misuse of state power.
(4) Consequence: becoming a tool for individuals to fight for their rights; Success is also democracy, and failure is also democracy.
It is the catalyst of great civilization.
(1) initiated the western democratic politics and provided the ideological basis for the later bourgeois democracy in Europe and America.
(2) It contributed to the high prosperity of Athens in politics, economy and culture.