Golden monkeys are divided into Sichuan golden monkeys, Guizhou golden monkeys and Yunnan golden monkeys. (and a Vietnamese golden monkey)
The golden monkey is very beautiful: it has a sky-blue face, a big mouth and a prominent mouth. Because its nostrils are extremely degraded, commonly known as "no nose bridge", its nostrils are upside down, so it is also called "upturned nose monkey". In ancient times, some people were worried that rain water would pour into the stomach from this special nostril when it rained. Therefore, it was recorded in ancient books that when it rained, the tail of the golden monkey bifurcated and blocked the nostril with two tail tips. In fact, it should be a rumor that there are no animals with forked tails among terrestrial mammals.
The tail of the golden monkey is almost as long as its body, and the slender body has long soft golden hair, which can reach more than 30 centimeters at the longest. It hangs freely like a golden cloak, which is very beautiful. Such a dazzling coat has won it the reputation of "golden monkey".
These beautiful golden monkeys are worth a lot of money. They are as famous as giant pandas and are considered as the most famous and precious animals in China. It ranks among the best in the first-class protected animals announced by the state.
Golden monkeys live in broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests at an altitude of1400-3000m. They are almost distributed in the same area as giant pandas, and they are also afraid of heat and cold. Living in a family group, the largest group of primates can reach more than 600, and such a large group is rare.
Maternal love is very prominent among primates, and the female golden monkey cares and loves her children in every possible way, especially during lactation. The mother monkey always holds the little monkey tightly to her chest or grabs the little monkey's tail, giving it no freedom to play at all. During this period, the husband who lived together day and night did his best to the "lady": he cut her hair and examined her scabbed skin, but he didn't want to touch his baby, let alone hug the little monkey and make out. The female golden monkey always holds the baby monkey with her back to her husband and doesn't give her husband a chance to caress her child.
The Monkey King enjoys privileges in the group. It is reported that one evening, a group of golden monkeys were found stealing fruit from walnut trees and apple trees behind the stockade and fled in a hurry. Unfortunately, they were stopped by a small river, and the big golden monkey jumped over, but the little golden monkey couldn't jump over, so he screamed. The monkey king who crossed the river then issued an "order" asking a male monkey to cross the river to meet him. The male golden monkey jumped over the river again and picked up the little monkey to cross the river. The little golden silk monkey was thrown into the water because of panic. When the golden monkeys saw it, they ran desperately along the river to rescue them, and rescued the little golden silk monkey ashore downstream. The Monkey King angrily walked into the male golden monkey, "pa" is a slap in the face. The male golden monkey knows that he is wrong and must be punished in an appropriate way.
The golden monkey has a very good memory. There was once such a thing in the zoo: a monkey king had a bad temper and scratched and bit the keeper. The keeper was so angry that he once punished the Monkey King for spanking him. Later, the breeder was transferred to other units. Half a year later, he came back to visit the golden monkey. The Monkey King suddenly recognized him in the crowd. In order to get revenge, he quickly found clods as "weapons" and threw them at the breeder's head, which made him laugh and cry.
Golden monkeys mainly live in trees and look for something to eat on the ground. The main foods are leaves, shoots, flowers, fruits, bark and roots, insects, birds and eggs. When you eat, your mouth always looks so sweet.
The golden monkey adds infinite joy to our nature. Let's take action to protect the golden monkey and nature. Let the golden monkey be our faithful partner, and live happily with us with * * * * *! Let humans and animals get closer!
The scientific name of golden monkey is Rhinopithecus roxellanae, and the English name is snub-nosed monkey/golden monkey. Golden monkey is an endemic animal in China, which belongs to the national first-class protected animal. China golden monkeys include Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou. Yunnan golden monkeys live in the snow-capped mountains and fir forests in remote Yunnan and Tibet, with only one thousand in number. Guizhou golden monkey only exists in Fan Jing, Guizhou, and the number is only over 700. Everyone is familiar with Sichuan golden monkey. Sichuan golden monkey, distributed in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hubei and Gansu, lives in the deep mountains, in groups, with golden cloaks on their backs, climbing trees, jumping and prancing. The golden monkey has been rented abroad for many times, which has achieved good exhibition effect and great sensation effect.
Species Name Guizhou Golden Monkey
Scientific name: Yunnan golden monkey
English name: Guizhou golden monkey
Nicknames: grey golden monkey, white-shouldered snub-nosed monkey, oxtail monkey velvet.
Classification position
Primates, primates
Tail ape family
It belongs to the golden monkey
International Union for Conservation of Natural Resources
CITES Endangered Grade: Appendix I Effective Date: 1997
IUCN Endangered Grade: Endangered Effective Year: 1996
IUCN Endangered Level: Effective Year: 2003
State key protection grade: first-class effective year: 1989.
China Red Book of Endangered Animals Grade: Endangered Effective Year: 1996
Appearance characteristics
The body shape is similar to that of Sichuan golden monkey, only slightly smaller, but the tail is longer. The body length is 637-690 mm, the tail length is 846-905 mm, and the snout is slightly concave. Face is gray or light blue, nose and eyebrows are light blue. There are white spots between the shoulders, and the length of shoulder hair is 160mm. The back of the body is grayish brown, with some yellow tones. From the shoulder along the outside of the upper limb to the back of the hand, it gradually turns from light gray brown to black, and the color change of the lower limb is the same as that of the upper limb. The neck, armpits and upper limbs are golden yellow, and the thighs are grayish yellow. The tail base is dark gray, black or yellowish white to the tail end, and the corpus callosum is black. Larvae is light in color, silvery gray all over, gray on the top of head, and milky gray on the inside of limbs. The tail is dark gray to yellow and white.
distribution range
It is distributed in Fan Jing, Wuling Mountain Area, Guizhou. Now the specific distribution locations are mainly in Yueba and Baizhiping in jiangkou county. Gunmuba, Tianjiaba, Baiyun Temple and Niufengbao in Songtao County; Yapanling in the upper reaches of Tao Jin and Huguo Temple in Yinjiang County.
Living habits
Habitat vegetation is evergreen broad-leaved forest, mixed forest of evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous broad-leaved forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest. The activity altitude is lower than that of Sichuan-Yunnan golden monkey. Most of them inhabit the broad-leaved forest in the valley at an altitude of 500-800 meters, and most of them are found in the broad-leaved mixed forest at an altitude of 1400-2200 meters in summer ... occasionally seen near the village. Mostly gregarious. Generally, it is about 150-250, and the size of a group changes in four seasons. The range of activities is large, and the largest group has more than 400 animals. It is a mixed family group with many men and women. Food is the leaves, shoots, fruits and bark of plants. The estrus of female monkeys is summer, autumn and early winter. The main natural enemies are jackals, civets and clouded leopards.
Demographic situation
According to 199 1- 1993, there are three groups of Guizhou golden monkeys in Fan Jing, with a total number of about 550-600, and the number is growing slowly. According to Eudey 1987, the total number of golden monkeys in Guizhou does not exceed 500-670. 1995 conducted a systematic investigation on Guizhou golden monkeys, and confirmed that there are about 750 golden monkeys in Guizhou, which belong to more than 20 families and live in an area of about 40,000 hectares (Zhou Xiaonong et al., 1995).
The cause of danger
1. Before the establishment of the reserve, forests were cut down and destroyed, especially on the northern slope, and natural vegetation was destroyed by economic activities such as mining, which has not been fully restored so far;
2. Killing Yunnan golden monkey also happens frequently in Fan Jing. According to incomplete statistics, as many as 3 1962- 1977 were hunted. After the establishment of the reserve, deforestation has not been completely stopped (Tang Xiyang, 1982). Poaching has not been eradicated so far. For example, 1983, 1984 and 1994 all have hunting events. But in general, the protection has been strengthened, and each monkey group has a certain number, which creates favorable conditions for the recovery and development of the population.
Existing protective measures
Guizhou golden monkey has been listed as a national first-class key protected animal. 1978 Fanjingshan Nature Reserve was established in Guizhou, covering an area of 4 1300 hectares, mainly to protect rare animals and plants such as Guizhou golden monkey and Davidia involucrata and their forest ecosystems. 1986 approved it as a national nature reserve. After the establishment of the reserve, the protection work has been strengthened. Through publicity and education and the implementation of relevant laws and regulations, the local people's understanding of the protection of rare animals has been improved. Meanwhile, illegal logging and poaching have been brought to justice. For example, in 1984, two golden monkeys in Guizhou were hunted together (1 killed, 1 maimed) and were sanctioned by law. Therefore, the protection of golden monkeys has become a household name.
Suggested protective measures
Further effective measures should be taken to strengthen the legal system, strictly manage and severely punish illegal hunters. In addition to paying attention to the direct protection of itself, we can't ignore the protection of its habitat, especially the forest protection in the main activity area and wintering area of monkeys, otherwise its population will not be restored and developed. In its distribution area, publicity and education should also be carried out frequently to improve the consciousness of cadres and the masses to abide by the law and care for rare animals. We should also strengthen the ecological research of Guizhou golden monkey, especially the population ecology, growth mode and dynamics, and constantly provide scientific basis for protection and management. However, we must strictly control the development of aquaculture, including protected areas.
Yunnan golden monkey
Scientific name: Yunnan golden monkey
English name: Black Snub-nose monkey
Nicknames: black golden monkey, black snub-nosed monkey, snow monkey, flower monkey.
Classification location:
Primates, primates
Tail ape family
It belongs to the golden monkey
Endangered level:
CITES Endangered Grade: Appendix I Effective Date: 1997
IUCN Endangered Grade: Endangered Effective Year: 1996
IUCN Endangered Level: Effective Year: 2003
State key protection grade: first-class effective year: 1989.
China Red Book of Endangered Animals Grade: Endangered Effective Year: 1996
Appearance characteristics:
Although it is called "golden monkey", it actually has no golden hair. The body is slightly larger than that of Sichuan golden monkey, with a body length of 740-830mm and a relatively short tail, which is slightly equal to the body length, about 5 10-720mm, but relatively thick. The back, sides, outer limbs, hands, feet and tail of the body are all gray-black. There is sparse gray hair on his back. The neck, abdomen, buttocks and the inside of limbs are all white.
Distribution range:
It is distributed in high mountains and deep valleys on both sides of Yunling main peak between Lancang River and Jinsha River, covering an area of about 20,000 km2, and extends northward to Jingshan Mountain in Tibet, including Deqin, Weixi, Lijiang, Jianchuan, Lanping and Yunlong counties in Yunnan and Mangkang County in Tibet.
Living habits:
Inhabited in the alpine dark coniferous forest belt at an altitude of 3300-4 100 meters, it is the highest living primate found at present. The monkey colony of Yunnan golden monkey is small, mostly 20-60, and no large colony above 150 has been found. It is a mixed group with many men and women, with community-level behavior. There is no obvious seasonal vertical migration. Monkeys in the range of activities vary in size, about 20- 133.4 km2, and the average density is 1. 12-2.5 monkeys /km2. The main food is the tender leaves of conifers, overwintering flower buds and leaf buds, as well as the tender buds and leaves of usnea and birch, and the bamboo shoots and tender bamboo leaves of Fargesia from May to July. In the community observed in the middle of 1 11October, almost all adult female monkeys have cubs, which are relatively neat in size. According to their morphology, it is estimated that most of them were born in July and August. Because their habitat is higher than the altitude of Sichuan golden monkey, they are born 2-3 months later.
Demographic status:
According to the investigation report of Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Li Zhixiang et al.,1979; Ma Shilai et al.,1984-1985; Yang Dehua et al.,1981; Bai Shouchang,1988; Wang et al., 1985- 1988), Yunnan golden monkey is only distributed in northwest Yunnan, starting from Mangkang in Tibet in the north and reaching Yunlong in Yunnan in the south. The number of monkeys is small, generally only 20-60, and rarely exceeds 100. It is estimated that the total population of Yunnan can hardly exceed 65438. There are about 1 0,000 mangkang in Tibet (Yin, Liu Wulin, 1993).
Risk factors:
Mainly to hunt fur. According to the investigation in Xiaruo District, Deqin County, Yunnan Province. In 1970s, it was estimated that there were no less than 1 0,000 Yunnan golden monkeys in this area, but the statistics of 1-/kloc-0,986,5438+0 years reached more than 430, with only 200 left (Bai Shouchang,1987). 1978- 198 1 In the first half of the year, only a small area on the eastern slope of Baima Snow Mountain was shot in three and a half years 139, and the situation in other areas producing Yunnan golden monkeys was similar (Mu et al., 1982). At the same time, due to continuous logging, deforestation and grazing, their habitats have been seriously damaged, leading to community division, and some small communities have finally been eroded and extinct.
Species name Sichuan golden monkey
Scientific name: Sichuan golden monkey
English name: golden monkey
Nicknames: lion-nosed monkey, snub-nosed monkey, golden monkey, blue-faced monkey, Rocana monkey, long tail, sub-thread, velvet, and indeed a beast, indeed velvet.
Classification location:
Primates, primates
Tail ape family
It belongs to the golden monkey
Endangered level:
CITES Endangered Grade: Appendix I Effective Date: 1997
IUCN Endangered Grade: Vulnerable Effective Year: 1996
IUCN Endangered Level: Effective Year: 2003
State key protection grade: first-class effective year: 1989.
China's Red Book of Endangered Animals Grade: Endangered
Appearance characteristics: medium-sized monkey. Nose upturned, face blue, no cheek pouch. Cheeks and neck are reddish brown, shoulders and back are long hair, golden yellow, and the tail is equal to or longer than the body. Adult males have an average body length of 680mm and a tail length of 685 mm.
Distribution: Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi and Hubei. Sichuan is mainly distributed in Minshan, Qionglai, Daxue Mountain and Xiaoliangshan, including Nanping, Songpan, Heishui, Pingwu, Qingchuan, Beichuan, Mao Wen, Wenchuan, Lixian, Anxian, Mianzhu, Dayi, Shifang, Dujiangyan, Pengxian, Chongqing, Tianquan, Lushan, Baoxing and Dayi. Gansu is mainly distributed in Wenxian, Zhouqu and Wudu counties, and some forest areas belong to Minshan and Qionglai Mountains, extending northward. Shaanxi is distributed on the southern slope of Qinling Mountain, including some forest areas in Foping, Yangxian, Zhouzhi, Taibai and Ningshan counties. Hubei is mainly distributed in Shennongjia mountain area, including some forest areas in Fangxian, Xingshan and Badong counties, belonging to the eastern part of Daba Mountain.
Life habit: golden monkey is a typical forest arboreal animal, which lives in the forest at an altitude of 1500-3300m all the year round. Their vegetation types and vertical distribution zones belong to four vegetation types: subtropical mountain evergreen, deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, subtropical deciduous broad-leaved forest, evergreen coniferous forest and secondary coniferous mixed forest. With the change of seasons, they don't migrate horizontally, but only move vertically in their habitats. In social life, all major clusters take small family clusters as their activity units. Each small family group consists of a strong adult male monkey, 3-5 female monkeys, young monkeys under 3 years old and nursing young monkeys. The food habits of golden monkeys are very diverse, but they are mainly plant-based foods. The main edible plants are 1 18 species (Li Guihui, etc. ). In spring, they mainly eat buds, branches and buds of plants such as Pinus bungeana, Sorbus pohuashanensis, Quercus, Acer, Holly, Wild Cherry and Broussonetia papyrifera, as well as petals of Litsea cubeba and Rhododendron in Wolong, and occasionally a few males eat seedlings of wild angelica sinensis and cardamom. In summer, we mainly eat birch, money pine, Euonymus purpurea, wild cherry, sorbus pohuashanensis, chestnut, mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera, holly, hawthorn and wild grape. In autumn, sometimes all kinds of fruits are found in the fields, such as sorbus, begonia, hawthorn, kiwifruit and jujube, as well as seeds, such as pine, chestnut and alpine oak. In winter, we mainly eat all kinds of bark, rattan bark and residual inflorescence, fruit sequence, pineapple and moss on the trunk of the forest. In terms of sexual maturity, females are earlier than males, and females are about 4-5 years later, while males are about 7 years later. Mating occurs all year round, but the peak of mating is August-10, and the pregnancy is about 6 months, more than 3-4 months, and some of them give birth in February or May. In adult monkeys, the male-female ratio is about 1:2. Natural enemies include jackals, wolves, golden cats and leopards, as well as eagles, vultures and vultures.
According to the investigation in Shennongjia, Hubei Province, there are 4 groups, with the largest number of monkeys (123), and it is estimated that there are about 500 monkeys (Huazhong, 1980). There are 2-3 groups in Wushan, East Sichuan, and the number is less than 100 (Wang et al., 1990). There are about 53 groups of monkeys in Qinling Mountain, Shaanxi Province. There are about 50 monkeys in each group, with the largest about 100 and the largest about 300 monkeys. It is estimated that there are about 5340 monkeys (and Yang, 1994) in Shaanxi Province. The distribution area of Yunnan golden monkey in the south of Minshan Mountain in Sichuan and Gansu is about 1300 km2, Qionglai is about 10000 km2, Daxue Mountain and Xiaoliangshan Mountain are about 2000 km2, with a total area of about 2500 km2. However, their habitats are inseparable from forests, and the actual habitat environment is about 1/5 of their total area. There are a large number of monkeys in Sichuan, generally 200-300, and the range of activity of each group is 30-60 km2. Excluding the distance between monkeys, it is estimated that there are about 100 monkeys. If there are 200 monkeys in each group, there are about 20,000 monkeys in Sichuan and Gannan. Therefore, the total number of the four provinces is about 25,000. According to Eudey 1987, the total number of Sichuan golden monkeys does not exceed1.5000.
Excessive killing and indiscriminate killing by risk factors have long been one of the main threats to endangered golden monkeys. 1963- 1974 there are more than 300 in Sichuan province alone. At the same time, deforestation completely destroyed their habitats, resulting in discontinuous distribution, shrinking distribution and eventually extinction. Third, deforestation and grazing have reduced their habitats.
The golden monkey is very beautiful: it has a sky-blue face, a big mouth and a prominent mouth. Because its nostrils are extremely degraded, commonly known as "no nose bridge", its nostrils are upside down, so it is also called "upturned nose monkey". In ancient times, some people were worried that rain water would pour into the stomach from this special nostril when it rained. Therefore, it was recorded in ancient books that when it rained, the tail of the golden monkey bifurcated and blocked the nostril with two tail tips. In fact, it should be a rumor that there are no animals with forked tails among terrestrial mammals.
The tail of the golden monkey is almost as long as its body, and the slender body has long soft golden hair, which can reach more than 30 centimeters at the longest. It hangs freely like a golden cloak, which is very beautiful. Such a dazzling coat has won it the reputation of "golden monkey".
These beautiful golden monkeys are worth a lot of money. They are as famous as giant pandas and are considered as the most famous and precious animals in China. It ranks among the best in the first-class protected animals announced by the state.
Golden monkeys live in broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests at an altitude of1400-3000m. They are almost distributed in the same area as giant pandas, and they are also afraid of heat and cold. Living in a family group, the largest group of primates can reach more than 600, and such a large group is rare.
Maternal love is very prominent among primates, and the female golden monkey cares and loves her children in every possible way, especially during lactation. The mother monkey always holds the little monkey tightly to her chest or grabs the little monkey's tail, giving it no freedom to play at all. During this period, the husband who lived together day and night did his best to the "lady": he cut her hair and examined her scabbed skin, but he didn't want to touch his baby, let alone hug the little monkey and make out. The female golden monkey always holds the baby monkey with her back to her husband and doesn't give her husband a chance to caress her child.
The Monkey King enjoys privileges in the group. It is reported that one evening, a group of golden monkeys were found stealing fruit from walnut trees and apple trees behind the stockade and fled in a hurry. Unfortunately, they were stopped by a small river, and the big golden monkey jumped over, but the little golden monkey couldn't jump over, so he screamed. The monkey king who crossed the river then issued an "order" asking a male monkey to cross the river to meet him. The male golden monkey jumped over the river again and picked up the little monkey to cross the river. The little golden silk monkey was thrown into the water because of panic. When the golden monkeys saw it, they ran desperately along the river to rescue them, and rescued the little golden silk monkey ashore downstream. The Monkey King angrily walked into the male golden monkey, "pa" is a slap in the face. The male golden monkey knows that he is wrong and must be punished in an appropriate way.
The golden monkey has a very good memory. There was once such a thing in the zoo: a monkey king had a bad temper and scratched and bit the keeper. The keeper was very angry and once punished Monkey King Jujube for spanking him. Later, the breeder was transferred to other units. Half a year later, he came back to visit the golden monkey. The Monkey King recognized him in the crowd at once. In order to get revenge, he quickly found clods as "weapons" and threw them at the breeder's head, making the breeder laugh and cry.
Golden monkeys mainly live in trees and look for something to eat on the ground. The main foods are leaves, shoots, flowers, fruits, bark and roots, insects, birds and eggs. When you eat, your mouth always looks so sweet.
The golden monkey adds infinite joy to our nature. Let's take action to protect the golden monkey and nature.
There are three species of golden monkey in China, namely Sichuan golden monkey, Guizhou golden monkey and Yunnan golden monkey, all of which are endemic to China and are national first-class protected animals. They are as famous as giant pandas and belong to the "national treasure" class animals. They are deeply loved by people for their gorgeous fur, unique modeling, elegant movements and gentle temperament. It not only has great ornamental value and economic value, but also has high academic research value. At present, apart from China, there are only a few specimens of these rare treasures in the museums of a few countries in the world, such as France and Britain.
Compared with other monkeys, golden monkeys are really beautiful, especially Sichuan golden monkeys. There is a dark brown crown in the middle of the head, which grows longer and longer backwards, and the ears grow in ivory bushes. A circle of orange needle hairs set off the brown-red cheeks, the chest and abdomen were pale yellow or white, the calluses on the buttocks were gray-blue, and the scrotum of male animals was bright blue, starting from the neck, the whole back and the whole body.
Sichuan golden monkey has a big body, a round head, short ears, dark brown eyes, thick lips, a large nose and mouth, and a tumor-like protrusion at the corner of its mouth, which becomes bigger and harder with age. The hair between the cheeks and forehead extends to the center of the face, revealing two sunken sky-blue eyes and a prominent sky-blue kiss ring. In addition, the nose bone degenerates, there is no bridge of the nose, and it is even more interesting to form a nose with upturned nostrils.
Vietnamese golden monkey, also known as Tokyo golden monkey, is the only golden monkey of different species distributed outside China. It was discovered at 19 10, and it was not discovered again until 1989. The existing number is very small, about 250.
classify
Field: animal kingdom
Phylum: Chordata phylum
Class: mammals
Objective: Primates.
Family: Hericidae.
Genus: golden monkey
Species: Dryopteris uncinatus
scientific name
Thick-skinned golden monkey
(dormann, 19 12)
appear
Vietnamese golden monkey is small, with black chest and abdomen and light yellow inside limbs.
Be distributed
Vietnamese golden monkeys are only distributed in the low-altitude subtropical rain forest in the limestone mountains between Xuanguang Province and North Pacific Province in northern Vietnam. Current research shows that there are at least four populations, with a total of about 250.
strange hobby
Like other primates, Vietnamese golden monkeys live in small groups, usually consisting of one male and as many as two females, and there are also many groups of males, many of which share a habitat.
Vietnamese golden monkeys feed on plants, and their food changes with the seasons.
Research and protection
The type specimens of Yunnan golden monkey come from Yanwan, Songkoi fish River and Tokyo Bay. They are in the British Museum now.
At present, the IUCN of Vietnamese golden monkey is endangered, and the effective year is 1997.
Endangered factors
The rapid population growth in Vietnam and the serious destruction of virgin forests have led to a huge backlog of living space for Vietnamese golden monkeys. By 1986, the original habitat of Vietnamese golden monkey had been lost. At present, Vietnamese golden monkeys are divided into two populations. In addition, overfishing is used in fur and oriental medicine night market, which is in a more critical position.
protection measures
Although Vietnam's national protection strategy was implemented in 1985, its implementation has been poor. At present, the protection measures are to plan protected areas and prohibit hunting, but the situation facing this species is still not optimistic. Even if Nahang Nature Reserve is established, the probability of Vietnamese golden monkey extinction in the next 20 years is still high.