These victorious soldiers are still immersed in the joy of victory, and their boiling fighting friendship and patriotic enthusiasm make them excited and have a warm conversation. In the past, boys and girls could not be active in the same group because of the shackles of feudal customs. The patriotic student movement in Tianjin is divided into the Tianjin Students' Federation, which is dominated by boys' schools such as Nankai School and Higher Industrial School, and the Women's Patriotic Association, which is dominated by the First Women's Normal School. Although they also supported each other in the struggle, due to the shackles of feudal concepts, they did not act together, let alone have a unified leadership core. The development of the situation makes them feel that the alliance between the two groups is imperative.
On the galloping train, several student representatives had a serious discussion on this issue. Guo Longzhen proposed that the Tianjin Federation of Students and the Women Patriotic Association should work closely together to become the core of the patriotic student movement in Tianjin. Zhang Ruoming proposed merging the two groups. Zhou Enlai further advocated: learn from the experience of the capital, select some key members from the two groups, form a more rigorous group than the student union, engage in the research of science and new trends of thought, publish publications, and become a pioneer in guiding society.
Zhou Enlai's proposal was approved by everyone.
After returning to Tianjin, Zhou Enlai made preparations with the backbone of the two organizations. He ran between the two organizations, communicating with students with various viewpoints, seeking common ground while reserving differences and unifying thoughts. After more than ten days of preparation, the plan to set up a new group was finally determined. This group was originally a strict organization composed of 20 people, named "Enlightenment Society". In order to show gender equality, there are 10 male members and 10 female members. Among them, Deng, Ma Jun, Li, Chen Xiaocen, Pan Shilun, Li Xijin, Guan Xibin and Li Zhenying. Among the members of "Awakening Society", there are student leaders who directed petitioners to rebel against the reactionary authorities in front of Tiananmen Square, as well as theorists and scholars who emerged in the patriotic movement. On September 16, the inaugural meeting of Awakening Society was held in the office of Cao Changan Tianjin Federation of Students. Zhou Enlai was chosen as the host of the meeting and was responsible for drafting the Awakening Declaration. The meeting decided to publish a temporary booklet, Awakening, with Zhou Enlai as the editor. As a brand-new organization, the Enlightenment Society has no titles such as president and secretary, and adopts the committee system in organization. In the spirit of division of responsibilities, internal work is divided into several categories, which are shared by all members. In order to meet the needs of the struggle, the names of members are not public, and they are named by lottery as the code name for communication or the pen name for publishing articles. This is the origin of the pen names "No.5" and "No.1" of Deng.
Zhou Enlai drafted the Awakening Manifesto for Chueh-hui Society, expounding the purpose and task of Chueh-hui Society. In the manifesto, he wrote: "In the new trend of the 20th century, the voice of awakening is very strong. We in China have been influenced by peace in Europe since last year, and people with a little common sense have a profound consciousness: all the old morals and ethics of militarism, bourgeoisie, party groups, bureaucracy, unequal boundaries between men and women, stubborn thinking and incompatibility with modern evolution must be eradicated and reformed. With this kind of' consciousness', it has become a national' student tide', which has stimulated the student groups all over the country, and everyone wants to' consciousness'. " He also wrote: The goal of the Enlightenment Society is "to adapt to people's life with the spirit of introspection, implementation, persistence, struggle, liveliness, happiness, sacrifice, creation, criticism and mutual assistance-to do ideological reform for students". In the abstract, we should strive for "consciousness" and "autonomy" in the spirit of "innovation" and "innovation". Zhou Enlai proposed four ways to carry forward the purpose: first, adopt an open research attitude and express all opinions; Second, take a critical attitude towards all social applications; Third, introduce the views of outsiders-works are the same as speeches; Fourth, instill new ideas into the world. At the end of this declaration, Zhou Enlai wrote passionately: "Our determination is that Qixin will strive for enlightenment, and we also hope that all people in society will do the same. Work hard! Fight! Step by step' consciousness', step by step' evolution'. There is no end to consciousness and no end to evolution. "[3 1] The first activity of the Enlightenment Society after its establishment was to invite Professor Peking University and Li Dazhao, a famous Marxist during the May 4th Movement, to give a speech at the Enlightenment Society. It was September 2 1 day, the fifth day after the founding of the Enlightenment Society. Li Dazhao came to the Enlightenment Society and had a cordial conversation with the members. Zhou Enlai introduced the situation of the Enlightenment Society in detail, and Li Dazhao was very much in favor of the joint publication of publications by the Enlightenment Society regardless of gender. He suggested that everyone should read more progressive articles in New Youth and Young China People, and study various academic issues in a classified way.
Li Dazhao and Zhou Enlai talked for a long time before saying goodbye. Besides Li Dazhao, the Enlightenment Society also invited many experts and scholars to give lectures, including Xu Qian's On Saving the Nation, Bao Shijie's New Ideological Trend, Zhou Zuoren's Japanese New Village Spirit, Qian's Study of Vernacular Literature and Liu Bannong's Vernacular Poetry.
The Enlightenment Society also held seminars on various issues, including students' fundamental consciousness, family reform, cohabitation, work-study programs and so on. Discussion methods include plenary meeting and group meeting; There are reports, criticisms and "confessions" (that is, self-criticism). At that time, China had not published the works of Marxism-Leninism, and only New Youth and other publications had published some introductory articles. Although the members of the Awakening Society have a strong desire to transform society and enterprising spirit, most of them are still in a relatively naive period of enlightenment, and few people have been exposed to Marxism in Japan like Zhou Enlai. Deng Ying Chao later vividly described this situation, saying: "The May 4th Movement was an ideological emancipation movement.
Once liberated, it is like a flood. At that time, the mind was imprisoned for a long time, just like a woman with little feet wrapped around her feet. After letting go, she didn't know how to go, some fell, some fell, and some fell. At that time, a hundred schools of thought contended and all kinds of ideas existed. "[32]" At that time, our thinking was still in the enlightenment period, that is, it was still unclear and uncertain, and our thinking was still changing and developing. " [33] This is how Zhou Enlai and his comrades tried to find scientific truth in many new ideas. According to some people's memories, due to Zhou Enlai's keen thinking, profound observation and excellent organizational skills, the seminars of the Enlightenment Society are always full of fun, which has aroused great research interest of its members.
The first issue of Awakening, edited by Zhou Enlai, was published on 1920 1 20th. This magazine has thirty-two pages, more than one hundred pages and nearly one hundred thousand words. The first issue published three articles and five vernacular poems by Zhou Enlai. Among them, the article "Awakening" is actually the publication of the magazine, with only more than 600 words, but it is incisive and concise. The article writes: The biggest difference between man and all living things in the world is that man can "realize" and all living things cannot "realize". The starting point of "consciousness" is that people can know themselves. Because of consciousness, we can solve the personality, status and tendency of life and seek various adaptations to "human" life from the aspect of evolution. Zhou Enlai believes that consciousness is an evolutionary process. People who realize it must be dissatisfied with the status quo, looking for a new way out, constantly advancing and seeking endless evolution.
In the poem "Enjoy the Happiness of the Dead", Zhou Enlai expressed his love for the working people in plain language. The full text is as follows: Happiness of the deceased (19 191February) The northwest wind roared and winter arrived.
Go out and rent a rickshaw. The coachman wears a cotton robe, and I wear a cotton robe.
It's too cold for me and too cumbersome for him; Take it off and put it on my feet. I thank him for loving me. He thanked me for helping him.
* * * Living together? The labor of the living! The happiness of the dead! After the publication of Awakening, it was warmly welcomed by all walks of life. Shanghai Newcomer magazine commented: "The issues discussed in Awakening are long and orderly, which is unprecedented in all publications." In the second issue of Awakening, more than 40 articles were prepared, and the content was more abundant. Originally planned to be published on February 20th, Zhou Enlai was arrested and imprisoned because of the "September 29th Incident", so it failed to go to press.
A series of activities of the Enlightenment Society have attracted the attention of all walks of life. Progressive newspapers in Beijing, Shanghai and other places called the Enlightenment Society "a little star in Tianjin" and "its members are the best, purest, most enterprising and most enlightened young people in Tianjin student associations. ..... They are determined to be conscious at all times, so they are named the Enlightenment Society. " 1920 1 month, the Enlightenment launched young students to oppose direct negotiations between China and Japan and boycott Japanese goods. Zhou Enlai and Guo Longzhen were arrested by the reactionary authorities. In July of the same year, Zhou Enlai and others were released from prison. Under the guidance and support of Li Dazhao, some members of the Enlightenment Society went to France to work-study programs in August, and most of the main members of the Enlightenment Society later joined the China * * * Production Party.
During the May 4th Movement, the Enlightenment Movement, founded by Zhou Enlai and others, took the lead in the torrent of the anti-imperialist patriotic movement with indomitable fighting posture. Like a lightning bolt, it penetrated the semi-colonial and semi-feudal dark world and brought hope to ancient China. Its brilliant achievements have been recorded in the history of the May 4th Movement. Its fighting spirit will always inspire the young people in China to forge ahead bravely, as the Song of Awakening Society Members sings: "The world trend is surging, coming to China, social revolution, class struggle, and everyone Qi Xin works together. More than 20 comrades, we are pioneers together, and struggle and sacrifice are the spirit of defeating evil forces! "