Because objective things are complex and changeable, students can only touch the appearance of things and gain perceptual knowledge when observing. Therefore, guiding students to see the essence through phenomena is an important means to improve the level of ideological understanding. In writing, students should be induced to develop the thinking habit of "getting rid of the rough and getting the essence, getting rid of the false and keeping the true, and going from the outside to the inside". Such as the hardships behind success, the greatness contained in the ordinary, and the inner loneliness hidden in the superficial excitement. Because phenomenon and essence are two sides of the same problem, there are differences and connections, especially because of the complexity of objective things, there are temporary individual phenomena and stable universal phenomena; There are inevitable phenomena and accidental phenomena. Therefore, different kinds of materials should be used in training to inspire students to make comparative analysis, grasp the essence of the problem and form a correct view. In this way, the epiphany from speculation can be scientific and accurate.
Of course, the improvement of critical thinking ability is a long-term work, and it is ineffective to train students only once or twice. Therefore, from the first semester of senior one, students should be trained in this respect. The main approach is:
(1) Use five minutes before class to draw lots at random for training. In class, the teacher asked the students to randomly select one or two materials, let him refine his ideas on the spot, and then talk about his own writing ideas for other students to supplement.
(2) After class, leave two or three copies of materials as training content every week, and of course let students find their own materials.
When training, try to choose materials that can stimulate students' interest. Only in this way can students' thinking be activated. For example:
Du Fu's famous sentence, "Reading can break thousands of volumes, and writing is like a god", means that reading more books is good. However, Zheng Banqiao said, "I have read thousands of books, but I don't know what to do", which means that reading too much without knowing what to do is harmful to lose my mind.
It is required to unify these two materials into one point of view. This requires students to have certain critical thinking ability, which is a bit difficult. Teachers should guide students to grasp the main points of the material and analyze it: Du Fu's famous sentences refer to extensive reading, with emphasis on the relationship between knowledge accumulation and writing, which is necessary; Zheng Banqiao's famous sentence refers to reading too much and being at a loss. It talks about thinking after reading. How to apply what you have learned? Two people have different angles. The connection point of these two sentences is: reading and thinking, learning and using. On this basis, the two can be unified into: extensive reading, serious thinking and combination of learning and application. This requires students to have the ability to seek common ground while reserving differences.
In addition to training students, teachers can also guide students to read some extracurricular books on philosophy, such as philosophical sketches and literary reviews. This can subtly improve students' cognitive level and critical thinking ability.