Summary of all important knowledge points of politics, history and geography in Hubei People's Education Senior Three.

A compulsory history review outline for senior one (People's Education Edition) Unit 1 Ancient political system in China 1 Lesson Political system in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties 1. Xia and Shang political system: Central Committee: 1 hereditary system of the throne replaces abdication system; ○2 Participate in decision-making, be an official, be responsible for offering sacrifices to divination and recording the history of divination, wishes and dynasty events, and be the department in charge of military power. Location: the influence of political system on Hou and Bo: the early political system had a direct influence on the patriarchal clan system and feudal system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. 2. The enfeoffment of the Western Zhou Dynasty: ○ 1 Obligations of the enfeoffed vassal state: guarding the territory, following the battle, paying tribute and making pilgrimage ○2 Influence: Positive influence: strengthening the local rule of the Zhou Emperor; It had a negative impact on the political structure of the Zhou royal family: the imperial power weakened in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, and the disputes between Xia and Guo in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. At the end of the Warring States period, the Zhou royal family lost the right to enfeoffment. 1. Purpose of the enfeoffment system: 1. The object of enfeoffment-the royal family, heroes and the previous generation nobles; 2. Obligations of enfeoffment-obey the orders of King Zhou, defend the territory, follow the battle, pay tribute and report on pilgrimage. (3) the rights of the landowners-hereditary posts, setting up officials, establishing armed forces and collecting taxes. Function: ① Strengthen the local jurisdiction of the Zhou Emperor. (2) expanding the ruling area and developing remote areas; (3) forming the overall political pattern of the Zhou royal family holding the moon; ④ Zhou became a powerful country that lasted for hundreds of years. However, the vassal States had considerable independence, which buried the hidden danger of separatism. 3. Patriarchal clan system in the Western Zhou Dynasty: ○ 1 Content: Paternal blood relationship was used to maintain political hierarchy and consolidate the national political system. ○2 Features: The eldest son inheritance system ○3 Functions: It ensures the monopoly and privileged position of nobles and is conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group. Second, the relationship between patriarchal clan system and enfeoffment system: enfeoffment system and patriarchal clan system are the two pillars of the political system in the Western Zhou Dynasty, which are both external and internal. The characteristics of China's early political system: patriarchal clan system as the core, with a strong tribal color. The second lesson is the formation of centralization in Qin dynasty 1, and the formation of centralization: characteristics: one person dominates; Imperial power is supreme; The hereditary evaluation of the throne marks the establishment of feudal autocracy and centralization. Form the form of central vertical management of local areas, and bureaucratic politics replaces the important symbol of aristocratic politics. 2. The basic feature of centralization: the power is highly centralized. The role and influence of centralization: positive role: enabling Qin Nengyi to implement various measures to consolidate and unify. ○3 laid the basic pattern of China's feudal social and political system for more than 2,000 years, which was used by feudal dynasties in past dynasties and was constantly strengthened and improved. Negative effects: relying on the autocratic authority of the emperor, strengthening the oppression of the people, leading to the rapid intensification of class contradictions. The evolution of political system from han dynasty to yuan dynasty. The evolution of the central political system: The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, and the central government set up three posts (Xiang, Yu Shi Hu and Tai Wei). Shang Shutai, the decision-making organ of China Dynasty and the executive organ of foreign dynasties, and the central organ of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties gradually formed a three-province system. In the Sui Dynasty, Shangshu, Neishi and Menxia were the highest ruling organs of the central government, responsible for drafting and issuing imperial edicts, and Shangshu was responsible for implementing government decrees. Six departments: officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers. Under the door, the province is in charge of deliberation and is responsible for reviewing government decrees. The highest military and political organ of the Privy Council, the highest administrative organ below Zhongshumen in the Second House of Song Dynasty, participated in the discussion of state affairs, divided the executive power of the prime minister into three divisions to manage finance, and divided the financial power of the prime minister. Xuanyuan, the highest administrative body in Zhongshumen Province, leads religious affairs and manages Tibet. 2. The evolution of local political system: the county and state were parallel in the early Han Dynasty; Later period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: In the middle and late period of Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were more and more governors in local military towns, which developed into a situation in which Song became a local official. The two-level system of state and county implements the provincial system at the local level, and the provinces are Dao, Fu, Zhou and County respectively. The provincial system strengthens centralization and consolidates the unity of multi-ethnic countries. Its establishment is a major change in the local administrative system. Management of cold propaganda organizations in remote ethnic areas. The characteristics of the political system from Han Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty: the power of prime minister was weakened and the imperial power was strengthened. Local power is weakening and central power is strengthening. Lesson 4 Strengthening the absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties 1. Ming Dynasty: The autocratic monarchy was strengthened, and the prime minister system in China was abolished, and the autocratic monarchy reached a new height. 2. Qing Dynasty: The autocratic monarchy reached its peak, and the Ministry of War was established. The emperor selected officials from the new Manchu and Han dynasties as ministers of the military department. The military and political power of the whole country is completely concentrated in the hands of the emperor. Three. Unification of Qin Dynasty: In 22 1 BC, the Qin Dynasty destroyed six countries, and Ying Zheng, king of Qin, established the first unified centralized feudal autocratic country in China history-Qin Dynasty. Fourth, the contents of the formation of the centralized political system of absolutism in Qin Dynasty: ① Establish the title of "emperor" and establish the emperor system. The political, economic and military power of the whole country is in the hands of the emperor, and the main officials from the central government to the local government are appointed and removed by the emperor. (2) Set up a central official system with three officials and nine officials: prime minister-assisting the emperor to handle national political affairs; An ancient scholar-supervisory official; Qiu-in charge of national military affairs. (3) The local county system is implemented: the county magistrate is a county magistrate, and the county magistrate is called a county magistrate or a county magistrate, all of which are directly appointed and removed by the emperor. Influence: It consolidated national unity, promoted social stability and economic and cultural development, laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2,000 years, and played an important role in the formation of the Chinese nation. Negative effects: Strengthening the oppression of the people will easily lead to tyranny and intensify class contradictions. Fifth, the measures to consolidate and unify the Qin Dynasty: ① Promulgating Qin laws and unified decrees; Unified currency and weights and measures; (3) unified writing; (4) building equator and lingqu; ⑤ Building the Great Wall of Wan Li; Organize immigration. The reason for the demise of the Qin Dynasty was the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty. Sixth, the background of Emperor Wudi's strengthening centralization: in the early Han Dynasty, the county and state were parallel, and the kingdom problem appeared. Measures: Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty put down the "Seven-country Rebellion"; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty carried out the function of promoting pets: it solved the problems of the kingdom, strengthened centralization, and consolidated and developed the situation of great unity. From the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, there was a separatist situation in the buffer region. Seventh, the measures to strengthen centralization in the early Song Dynasty were as follows: ① militarily, the military power of generals and local envoys in the DPRK was lifted by drinking a glass of wine; Strengthen the imperial army, strong and weak. (2) Administratively, civil servants are appointed as local governors; The Chief Justice is responsible for supervision. (3) Economically, a small part of local taxes is used as local expenditure, and the rest is all controlled by the central government. Impact: ① The central government has strengthened its control over local governments and eliminated the separatist phenomenon in buffer areas. (2) Redundancy of officials, soldiers and expenses has been caused, and the curse of "poor and weak" has been laid. Eight, the Tang Dynasty implemented three provinces and six departments. The Central Committee of the Tang Dynasty set up Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province, which were responsible for decision-making, deliberation and implementation. The governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers, which decentralized the power of ministers. Shangshu province consists of six departments: officials, households, rituals, soldiers, criminals and workers, and has established and improved the management system of three provinces and six departments. 9. The background of the implementation of the provincial system in the Yuan Dynasty: the unprecedented expansion of the territory: the establishment of the central book province; The significance of local establishment of ten provinces and Xuanzheng Academy: strengthening the jurisdiction over the whole country; Strengthen centralization and consolidate unity. It is the beginning of China's provincial system, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations. X. Changes in the system of selecting officials and employing people: the imperial examination system in Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang, Song and Qing Dynasties. XI。 Strengthening the autocratic monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties Ming Taizu adjusted the central and local official system and strengthened centralization: ① Abolish the prime minister and set up six departments; There are three departments in the waste province. (2) the establishment of the cabinet. Essence: It is the product of the strengthening of absolute monarchy. Yong Zhengdi established the Ministry of Military Affairs in the Qing Dynasty (handed down)-The absolute monarchy reached its peak Unit 2 The political system of ancient Greece and Rome Lesson 5 The political democracy of ancient Greece 1. Foundation: Solon Reform Established: The Golden Age of Cristini Reform: The Rule of Perikles II. Features: people's sovereignty, rule by turns, supremacy of law and equality of citizens. Positive role: promoting the formation of Greek national character; Promote the development of ancient Greek cultural undertakings; The negative effects of western democratic politics: male citizen democracy; Direct democracy of small countries and few people; Disadvantages of balloting and taking turns to sit in the village Lesson 6 The origin and development of Roman law 1, the twelve bronze tables method marks the birth of Roman statute law. The Complete Book of Civil Law (compiled by Justinian Organization) marks the final completion of the Roman legal system. 2. Influence: maintaining the political and economic rule of the Roman Empire; It is the foundation of modern continental European legal system; It is a powerful ideological weapon against feudalism and consolidating the capitalist system. First, the political system of Greece The reasons for the emergence of ancient Greek democracy are: ① the unique geographical environment and the national conditions of small countries and few people; (2) the development of overseas trade and industry and commerce. The basic characteristics of the city-state are: small country with few people, independent Athenian democracy, Solon reform-laying the foundation of Athenian democracy; Cleisthenes's reform-the establishment of Athenian democracy; Perikles's reform--pushing democracy in athens to its peak. The characteristics of Athenian democracy: people's sovereignty, taking turns to govern. Evaluation of democracy in Athens: Positive aspects: ① The implementation of democracy will make the society relatively just and be conducive to social stability. (2) contributed to the political, economic and cultural prosperity of Athens. ③ It provided some reference for the later establishment of democratic politics by European and American bourgeoisie. Negative aspects: ① Women, slaves and immigrants have no political rights, and only a few people can really enjoy democracy, which is essentially the democracy of the slave-owner class. (2) Too much democracy can easily lead to anarchism. Second, Roman law 1, the origin and development of Roman law: in early Roman countries, there were only customary laws and no written laws. The symbol of the birth of written law is the promulgation of the twelve bronze tables law. Civil law: Roman law whose scope of application is limited to Roman citizens, which is used to adjust the relations between Roman citizens. It's called civil law, civil law. In the process of Rome's external expansion, the law that is generally applicable to all free people under Roman rule, that is, "civil law", has gradually formed. In the 6th century, The Complete Book of Civil Law marked the final completion of the Roman legal system. 2. Positive aspects of Roman law evaluation: ① The formulation and implementation of Roman law maintained the rule of the empire and stabilized the social order. (2) Roman law is the first relatively complete code in European history, which has greatly influenced the legislation and judicial system of capitalist countries in modern Europe and America; It is a powerful weapon for the modern bourgeoisie to oppose feudalism. Limitations: maintaining slavery. Unit 3 Establishment and Development of Modern Western Capitalist Political System Lesson 7 Establishment of British Constitutional monarchy 1, ○ 1 Glorious Revolution:168802 Bill of Rights: 1689. Features: the power of parliament is increasingly exceeding that of the king; Congress is gradually in the position of "simultaneous demise". 03 Cabinet system of responsibility: the Prime Minister actually becomes the highest decision-maker and leader in the country's political life. 2. Role: domestic influence: providing security, stabilizing society, entering democracy and setting an example; Foreign influence: it also has a great influence on the establishment of new systems by the bourgeoisie in other countries. 3. Features: The British constitutional system is a mixture of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. The monarch is a symbolic head of state, and most of his duties are ceremonial. Lesson 8 Establishment of the Federal Government of the United States (1 July 4, 776)1and1Formulation of the Constitution in 787: In the early days of independence, the United States was only a confederate country. Principles: "separation of powers" and "checks and balances": checks and balances of legislative power, administrative power and judicial power; There are constraints between the President and Congress, between the two houses of Congress, and between the judiciary and other departments. The executive president is indirectly elected by voters. The president is not only the head of state, but also the head of government and the commander-in-chief of the army. He can exercise dictatorship in wartime. The legislative power consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Senators are elected by the state legislature, and each state has two senators. Deputies are directly elected by voters, and their number is in direct proportion to the population of the state. The judges of the federal court of judicial power are appointed by the president and serve for life. Federal courts have the power to interpret all laws and treaties. 2. Significance of "1787 Constitution": It is the first relatively complete written bourgeois constitution in the world; Promoted the development of American capitalism; It was the United States that established a federal state; It further consolidated the achievements of the war of independence and enabled the American revolution to be completed. 3. Limitations of1787 Constitution: The Bill of Rights, which embodies people's rights and interests, was added to the Constitution as an amendment a few years later; It recognizes black slavery and slave trade, leaving a mark of racial discrimination and oppression; Women, Indians and black slaves were deprived of the right to vote. Lesson 9 The expansion of capitalist political system in continental Europe 1, France's difficult road to peace: ○ 1 The first * * * and the second * * of the first empire, the third * * of the second empire and the country (* * * and the system was finally established) ○ 02 The third * * and the contents of the French Constitution:. Legislative power belongs to bicameral parliament; Judicial power belongs to the Supreme Court and consists of authorized senators. ○3 Significance of the Constitution of the Third Republic of France: The * * faction finally held key positions such as the House of Representatives, the Senate, the Cabinet and the President in its own hands; All bourgeois groups have occupied seats in the state power, and the political system of * * * has finally been established; It enabled the industrial bourgeoisie to share political power and promoted the development of French industrial capital. 2. Constitutional monarchy in the German Empire: ○ 1 Establishment of the German Empire: 187 1 Constitution, and the establishment of dual constitutional monarchy. ○2 The content of the German Empire Constitution: regime: unified Germany is a confederate monarchy; Legislative power: bicameral parliament as a legislative body. The federal parliament is the highest authority of the empire, actually the house of lords; The imperial parliament is actually the executive power of the lower house: the emperor is the head of state; The constitution gives great power. The prime minister presided over the imperial government, was the head of the cabinet and held absolute power. Nature of the Constitution of the German Empire: The political system of the German Empire is an incomplete and imperfect representative system. The influence of the German Empire Constitution: negative influence: the monarchy was preserved, the political and economic status of the landlords was not fundamentally touched, and the militaristic tradition was continued, which hindered the complete completion of bourgeois democratic reform. Positive influence: the establishment of a bourgeois imperialist country; Germany has entered the threshold of capitalism and entered a new historical period; German capitalist industry developed rapidly, and by the end of 19, Germany had become one of the world powers. ○5 Significance: It marks the establishment of the German bourgeois monarchy; With a strong feudal and military color. First, the background of the British revolution: the root: the autocratic rule of Stuart dynasty hindered the development of British capitalist economy: the revolution broke out in Britain from 65438 to 0640. During this period, King Charles I was executed and the Republic was founded. But the restoration of the Stuart dynasty. 1688 the glorious revolution marked the completion of the British revolution. Second, the British constitutional monarchy: Features: ① Retaining the king is actually a status of "unification without death" and exists as a symbol of the country. (2) The highest power of the state lies in the parliament, and the representative system is implemented. Parliament is the highest legislative body of the country, and the cabinet holds the executive power and is responsible to Parliament. 1689 The promulgation of the Bill of Rights marks the formal establishment. /kloc-the responsibility system cabinet was gradually formed in the 0/8th century. Third, the establishment of the American government: 1776, 13 The British North American colony became independent and the United States was born. At the beginning of independence, the United States was actually a loose alliance of 13 States (that is, confederation). 1789 The federal government was established and Washington was elected as the first president of the United States. /kloc-In the mid-9th century, the United States formed a pattern in which the Democratic Party and the * * * Party took turns to govern. 4. The Constitution of the United States: 1787 held a constitutional convention in Philadelphia and adopted a federal constitution. Evaluation: ① It is the first relatively complete bourgeois constitution in the world. (2) Strengthen state power, implement the principle of separation of powers, and embody the spirit of bourgeois democracy. Limitations: admit black slavery, Indians have no citizenship, and women's status is low. V. France's Difficult Road to Peace: 1789 French Revolution and the establishment of the first peaceful country; 1870 The establishment of the Third Republic. The Constitution of the Third Republic of France: 1875 At the beginning of this year, the National Assembly adopted the Constitution of the Third Republic of France. Significance: The * * * and political system (parliamentary system and state) have been formally established in law, marking the final establishment of France's * * * and political system. Seven. German reunification: Under Bismarck's leadership, Prussia completed the reunification of Germany through three dynastic wars. 187 1 year, a unified german empire was established. Eight, Germany's dual constitutional monarchy: Features: The emperor is not in vain, but holds real power. The emperor and the prime minister hold the power of the country. Parliament has no supervision over the government. Unit 4 Anti-aggression Democratic Thoughts in Modern China Lesson 10 Opium War 1, 1840 In June, the British fleet invaded the Guangdong Sea to provoke, and the Opium War broke out. 2. 184 1 At the beginning of the year, British troops occupied Hong Kong Island and threatened Guangzhou. 1842 in August, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of nanking, the first unequal treaty in China's modern history, with Britain. Compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars; Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; China Customs will impose tariffs on goods imported and exported by British businessmen, which will be decided by both parties. 3. 1856, the British army attacked Guangzhou, and the second opium war broke out. From 65438 to 0858, the Qing government was forced to sign the Tianjin Treaty with Britain and France respectively, which stipulated that foreign ministers were allowed to stay in Beijing. Open ten coastal trading ports; Compensation for huge amounts of silver in Britain and France; Allow foreigners to travel, do business and preach in the mainland of China; Foreign warships and merchant ships can sail secretly in the Yangtze River estuary. Soon, Britain and France burned Yuanmingyuan. From 65438 to 0860, the Qing government was forced to sign the Beijing Treaty with Britain and France respectively. Treaty provisions: recognize the effectiveness of Tianjin Treaty; Open Tianjin as a commercial port; Distribute Kowloon to Britain; The compensation for Britain and France increased to 8 million taels of silver each. 4. The degree of semi-colonialism and semi-feudalism in China has deepened. 1. opium smuggling in two opium wars and opium destruction in Humen: In order to reverse the trade deficit with China, Britain smuggled opium to China. Lin Zexu led the anti-smoking campaign, and in June 1839, opium was destroyed in Humen. The root cause of the outbreak of the Opium War: the need of British capitalist development, the need to expand overseas markets and plunder a large number of raw materials. The starting and ending years of the two Opium Wars were 1840- 1842, 1856- 1860 respectively. The time and content of the first unequal treaty "treaty of nanking" in China's modern history was 65438. "treaty of nanking" content: cutting Hong Kong Island to Britain; Compensation 2 1 ten thousand yuan; Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; Agreed tariff. The Opium War made China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. 1860, the British and French allied forces looted and burned the Yuanmingyuan. 1858, the Tianjin Treaty stipulated that the foreign minister should be stationed in Beijing, and then 10 ports should be opened, so that foreign warships and merchant ships could sail freely in the ports of the Yangtze River. 1860 The Beijing Treaty stipulates that if Russia opens Tianjin as a commercial port, it will sever the division of Kowloon, occupy the northern territory of China1500,000 square kilometers, and Britain will invade China. 1860 The Sino-British Beijing Treaty occupied part of Kowloon Division; 1898 forcibly renting out the New Territories. Lesson 65438 +0 1 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement 1, China Land System: 1853 Promulgated by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. ○ 1 Principle: "All the fields in the world are plowed, and all the people in the world are plowed together" and "everywhere is uneven"; ○2 Provisions: Land is divided into households regardless of gender and equally divided according to population and age; Each household has enough rations, and the rest are turned over to the state treasury; ○3 The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom wants to establish an ideal society with "farmland to cultivate, rice to eat, clothes to wear, money to earn, uneven everywhere (the core idea) and no one starving (the goal)" through this plan. 2. The significance of "the sky is facing the sky": positive significance: it reflects farmers' strong desire to acquire land and is the crystallization of farmers' anti-feudal struggle thought for thousands of years. Negative significance: the absolute egalitarianism embodied is seriously divorced from reality and cannot be realized at all.