Tai Hao is the legendary ancestor of human civilization and is known as the head of "Huang San".
During Tai Hao's reign, there were many new inventions besides inheriting the ancient civilization created by his ancestor Fuxi. Inventions in life mainly include these ten items:
Farmland reform
Carrying out farmland reform and watering the land with water is called "ploughing the field" in history. At that time, the climate was rainy and the floods kept flooding. The Yellow River water takes away a lot of sediment from the Loess Plateau and impacts the downstream depressions, forming a large plain. At that time, people called the plains formed by the impact of such rivers "rest soil", "rest soil", "rest sand" and "rest sand". The invention of "ploughing" in Tai Hao's period was to dig ditches on these plains, which could not only irrigate farmland, but also flood water, which was a great development of agricultural civilization. Fu was later called Yi by the surrounding clans because his interest was in the agricultural field.
Rebuilding storm table
Regarding the transformation of the barometer, Taihao's previous barometer was made of wood and easily damaged. The map of Thailand changed the stone master into a monument, and built a monument to the Tianqi stone master to test the wind and rain. Also known as Shi Qing.
Invent hemp fiber
Straw woven fabric-the invention of hemp fiber. At that time, the climate was sunny and rainy, and it often rained in summer. Clothes made of hemp are not conducive to field work and fishing and hunting. At this time, people invented a rain-proof tool made of grass and bark, called hemp fiber, to adapt to the bad weather at that time Later, people attributed this invention to Taihao.
Net fishing
Teaching people to make nets for fishing and hunting greatly improved the productivity of mankind at that time. At the same time, teaching people to domesticate wild animals is the origin of domestic animals.
Change marriage habits
Change the marriage custom, advocate the marriage custom etiquette that men hire women to marry, and change the consanguineous marriage into the marriage outside the family, ending the primitive group marriage state that children only know their father for a long time.
Book contract
Began to make a book contract to take notes, replacing the backward form of knotting notes.
Invent musical instruments
Invent pottery, harp and other musical instruments, create music songs, bring music into people's lives, and help people "cultivate themselves, be rational and naive."
Appoint officials to manage the Quartet.
Divide and rule its ruling areas, appoint officials to manage the society, and provide reference for future generations to manage the society.
Create a calendar
Create an ancient calendar.
Create rumors
A place to observe the sea (tide) by measuring the sky is established, which provides data such as sunrise, sunset, tidal fluctuation and seasonal change of climate for the establishment of the gossip calendar.
Taoism and the Fuxi family of Taihao
Taoism is an inherent religion of the Han nationality in China, also known as the state religion, and its core content is the belief in immortals. God is the master of heaven and earth, and eternal life is immortal. God and immortality are two different concepts, which were merged only after Taoism was founded. The belief in immortals has a long history and has been circulated in people's minds since ancient times. In the pre-Qin period, Shanhaijing, Laozi and Liezi described many legends about gods, immortals, real people and supreme beings, and immortal activities became a common practice. After the promotion of Qin Shihuang and Han Wudi twice, the activities of seeking immortals and the practice of cultivating monasteries in the belief of immortals had a wide influence in ancient China society and became a deeply rooted traditional concept of the Chinese nation. When Emperor Shundi was in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Daoling founded a Taoist cult. He absorbed China's traditional belief in immortals and myths and legends, combined his own belief theory, and finally formed his own unique belief system, which enabled Taoism, immortal families, alchemists, hermits and others to find their own belonging and respect Laozi as the ancestor.
The immortals that Taoism believes in are different from ordinary ghosts and gods. They are not ghosts living in the shadow, but the infinite extension and sublimation of individual life in real life. The greatest feature of Taoist immortals is that they can live forever like ordinary people, and they are carefree and miraculous, which is a remarkable feature that distinguishes Taoism from other religious teachings. There are a lot of fairy biographies, fairy stories and fairy tales in Taoist classics. The earliest is the Biography of Liu Xian written by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty, which records more than 70 immortals from Three Emperors and Five Emperors to Emperor Gaozu. Ge Hong in the Eastern Jin Dynasty biographies 65,438+092 immortals. The Bamboo Weaving in the Fairyland written by Wang Songnian, a Taoist priest in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, describes more than 300 immortals, a Taoist priest in the Yuan Dynasty, Zhao.
Taoism believes that everything is animistic: sun, moon, wind, rain, thunder and electricity are gods; Heaven, earth, mountains, rivers, water and fire are dominated by God; People die in ghosts, trees have spirits, stubborn stones can think, birds and beasts can talk, and there is no god. The attributes of Taoist immortals are as follows: 1 Taoist philosophy; Second, natural attributes; Third, yin and yang and five elements; Fourth, ancestors; 5. sages; Sixth, heroes; Seven, heroes; Eight, the guide Ying Jie, etc.
Three Emperors and Five Emperors are the most revered ancestors of Taoism. With their mysterious strength and wisdom, they created a better life for the world under very difficult circumstances, and were praised as gods. Fuxi, the leader of Huang San, was even listed as a god by Taoism. It regards "Huang San" as the "King of Medicine": Fuxi treats diseases, Shennong tastes herbs, and Huangdi writes medical books, so it is included in the Department of Gods. At present, because some people don't understand the formation and attributes of Taoist belief in immortals, it is wrong to mistake Fuxi for a god equivalent to other teachings.
Taoism and Taoist Temple of Taihaoling
Taoism was founded in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties was the most prosperous period of Taoism. Especially in the Tang Dynasty, the emperor showed great respect for Laozi, and named him "Emperor Xuanyuan", "Emperor Xuanyuan on the Avenue of the Holy Father" and "Emperor Xuanyuan in the Great Sage". The temples of Saint Zu and Lao Zi are all over the world. At this time, the characteristic of Taoist belief in immortals was that it finally established the status of the highest god in Sanqing.
There are many Taoist schools around the Tang Dynasty, such as Taiping Road, Wudoumi Road, Louguan Road, Shangqing Road and Lingbao Road. From the Song and Yuan Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a new school of Taoism, Quanzhen, appeared, which gave new content to Taoist belief in immortals. One of the new contents is that Taoist priests must become monks, while the original Taoist priests do not become monks, commonly known as "lay Taoist priests." Justice drive and Quanzhen Taoism are two major Taoist schools in northern China. Quanzhen Daoism requires Taoist monks to become monks. What should they do after becoming a monk? Then you must have your own temple.
Huaiyang was called Wanqiu, Chen Chu and Chen Zhou in ancient times, and Kuxian (now Lu Yi), the birthplace of Laozi, the ancestor of Taoism, originally belonged to Chu. There are many Taoists who believe in Quanzhen religion and demand more monks to become monks. Most of the existing buildings in Taihaoling Temple were built in the Ming Dynasty, and a few were built in the Qing Dynasty. With the construction of tombs and temples, a generation of Taoist believers in Chen Zhou rushed to become monks in Taihaoling Temple. On the one hand, they can guard the mausoleum for their ancestors, worship their ancestors every day and handle the affairs in the mausoleum. On the other hand, they practice the Dojo wholeheartedly. Taoist priests entered Taihao Mausoleum, replacing the original grave keeper. Because there are many immortals who believe in Taoism, they try their best to raise funds in many ways and build some Taoist temples on both sides of the main hall of the central axis to worship more immortals. When will Taihao Mausoleum be built for viewing? At present, the earliest recorded document is Tomorrow Six Years (1462), and the earliest view is Sanqing view. (See the Records of Huaiyang County 199 1).
Why should we build the concept of Sanqing?
As mentioned above, out of respect for the emperor of the Tang Dynasty and the ultimate establishment of Sanqing as the highest god, it is clear why Sanqing was first built in Taihao Mausoleum.
Sanqing means Jade Qing Yuan Shi Tian Zun, Shangqing Lingbao Tian Zun and Taiqing Moral Tian Zun. Sanqing is a symbol of the trinity theory of Taoist philosophy. Chapter 42 of the Tao Te Ching says: "The Tao gives birth to one, two, three and all things. Everything is negative and positive, and it is harmonious. " From nameless avenue to chaotic vitality, from vitality to yin and yang, yin and yang combine to create everything. Chapter 14 also says: "If you don't look at the name, you are called a foreigner; If you listen, you will call it hope; If you don't fight, it's called micro. These three can't be clean, so they are mixed. " It is believed that one is transformed into three, and the three are integrated. "Divided into three, this is always one." Later, Taoism derived the Three Gods. Therefore, the worship of gods in Sanqing is the highest in the Taoist immortal system.
The Buddha at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty is the most revered among the "Sanqing" and the first god among Taoist immortals. "The Mirror of Immortals in Past Dynasties" called him "the ancestor who presided over heaven." Despite his high position, he appeared later than the old man. In the early days of Taoism, there was no such thing as "the first Buddha". There is no origin in China's myths and legends. Regarding the Buddha's name at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the fairy mirrors of past dynasties said, "The beginning of the Yuan Dynasty was also. Beginning, beginning, innate qi. " It is considered that the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty is the origin and is above all immortals, so it is called "Tianzun".
Lingbao Buddha's position is second only to that of yuanshi county Buddha, and it is called "the Prince of Huangyuan Avenue, a Yu Chen, on the platform of Shangqing Ascension" in the map of true spiritual position. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, it is more common to call it "Tai Shang Dao Jun", but in modern times it is generally called "Lingbao Tianzun". The origin of Lingbao Tianzun is not clear in Taoist classics, and some people think it originated from Taishang Laojun. In Sanqing Hall, Lingbao Tianzun is usually enshrined on the left side of Yuanshi Tianzun, holding a Taiji diagram or Jade Ruyi, which symbolizes that "chaos begins to open and Yin and Yang begin to separate", so the summer solstice with long days and short nights is regarded as the Christmas of Lingbao Tianzun.
Moral Buddha ranks third in the Sanqing, the highest Taoist god, and is located in the Taiqing realm of Taiji Heaven, which is composed of mysterious qi. Although his position is not as good as that of Yuanshi Tianzun and Lingbao Tianzun, he is the first widely known god as the ancestor of Taoism. However, he did not appear as a god at first, but as a human being. He is a famous philosopher in the history of China-Laozi, who later evolved into Grand Priest of Taoism. He is called the moral Buddha of Grand Priest because of his 5,000-word Tao Te Ching.
Why build the Jade Emperor View?
Jade Emperor Temple was built in the Ming Dynasty, later than Sanqing Temple, and the exact time has not been found in relevant literature.
The Jade Emperor lives in Taiwei Yuqing Palace, whose full name is "Haotian Jinque is the supreme natural wonder, from Miro to the real Jade Emperor God." According to the textual research on the similarities and differences of the sacred names of the Jade Emperor, "the sacred names of the Jade Emperor were highly respected and praised in the Middle Ages before the catastrophe. The Lord of the world is good at Taoism and feels mysterious and graceful. Each of them has what he sees and values. He uses it to show and respect the name of God to determine the title. "
Taoism believes that the Jade Emperor is the king of the gods, with the highest status and the greatest theocracy in the Taoist hierarchy. According to the Taoist scriptures, living in heaven, the golden palace of heaven, is solemn and beautiful, has supreme dharma body, controls heaven, controls all saints, dominates the temple, realizes heaven and virtue, creates everything and helps the public; Weighing the three realms and ruling all souls, man without boundaries is the supreme god of heaven and the emperor of heaven. In short, Taoism believes that the Jade Emperor is in charge of all the yin and yang fortune of the three realms (heaven, earth and air), ten squares (four directions, four dimensions, up and down), four lives (viviparous, oviparous, wet and metaplasia) and six meridians (heaven, man, demon, hell, beast and hungry ghost).
On the 25th day of the twelfth lunar month, the Jade Emperor personally descended to earth to inspect the situation of all parties, and rewarded the good and punished the evil according to the good and evil of all beings. The ninth day of the first month is the Christmas of the Jade Emperor, also known as "the birthday of the Emperor of Heaven", commonly known as "the Jade Emperor's Club". It is said that all the immortals in heaven and earth will celebrate this day grandly, and the Jade Emperor will return to the Heavenly Palace on the afternoon of his birthday. At that time, a grand celebration ceremony will be held in the Taoist temple. At this point, it is not difficult to understand why people will hold three, six and nine auspicious days, and the incense of Taihao Mausoleum will flourish on three, six and nine days.
Why should we build a concept of immortals?
The concept of immortals was built in the Ming Dynasty, but the exact time is still unknown. The fairy here is not the fairy girl in the sky as commonly understood.
Taoism believes that there is a sequence of cultivation and there are different levels of longevity, so Taoist immortals also have different levels of taste. The early Taoist classic "Taiping Jing" divided immortals into six categories: first, gods, second, real people, third, immortals, fourth, Taoist priests, fifth, saints and sixth. He also said, "God makes heaven stand, real people stand, immortals control wind and rain, Taoist priests turn good fortune into evil, saints care for the people, and saints help the people." Later, Ge Hong in Jin Dynasty divided immortals into three classes, Tao Hongjing in Liang Dynasty divided immortals into seven classes, Tian Yinzi in Tang Dynasty divided immortals into five classes, and Zhang Junfang in Song Dynasty divided immortals into nine classes in Zongyuan, Seven Roads and Three Caves in Yun Qi. In a word, there are many kinds of immortals. Later, the secret vault of immortals summed it up and said, "There are three Dharmas, and immortals are divided into five grades." The five grades of immortals are: immortals, immortals, earthly immortals, human immortals and ghost immortals, which basically laid the taste of immortals.
By the Ming Dynasty, it had become the final conclusion of Taoism that immortals were divided into five classes, which was widely respected. "Fairy", also known as "Flying Fairy" and "Luo Jinxian", refers to the immortal who lives in Tianfu and can soar. "Xianpin" said: "Flying in the clouds, lightly deifying, thinking that immortals are also flying in the clouds." In other words, immortals have the highest taste among immortals, and the immortals worship not a certain immortal, but the most respected among the five immortals.
Why should we establish the concept of Nu Wa?
The concept of Nuwa was built in the Ming Dynasty. Nu Wa, the only "ancient goddess who was the emperor", is the ancestor of mankind, who has a history book called Huang San and Fuxi and Shennong. Shuowen said, "Nuwa, an ancient saint, was also the one who transformed everything." "Shan Hai Jing Ye Xi Jing" says: "Nu Wa's meritorious service not only makes people, but also fills the sky." There is a cloud in "Customs and Justice": "When it comes to heaven and earth, there is no one. Nu Wa was handed down to the loess as a human being and was unable to supply it, so she drew a rope in the mud and lifted it as a human being. " She married people and gave birth to human beings. She tried to mend the sky by refining stones in Lishan Mountain, and rescued the people from the fiery heat. "Huainanzi Lan Mingxun" says: "In ancient times, the four poles were abandoned, Kyushu was split, the sky did not overlap, the land was underdeveloped, the fire did not go out, the water was endless, the animals ate people, and the birds carried the old and the weak. So Nu Wa refined five-colored stones to make up the sky, and her claws were broken enough to stand on four poles, killing the black dragon to help Jizhou, and accumulating reed ashes to stop it. " For the people to live and work in peace and contentment, she educates the people, supports justice, and teaches them to do more good and not do evil.
Since the birth of Pangu recorded by Xú Zhēng in Han Dynasty, since Song Dynasty, some historians have abdicated Nu Wa, because she is a woman, and a position in Huang San was replaced by the Yellow Emperor.
Because Nu Wa married Fuxi's brother and sister, they all took Wanqiu as their capital, and were honored as "grandmother of ancestors", "girl of ancestors" and "goddess of pine nuts". It is said that Fuxi must say Nu Wa, calling Fuxi a big dragon and Nu Wa a little dragon. Therefore, after the above Taoist temple dedicated to the gods was built on the west side of the main hall of Taihao Mausoleum, we did not forget to build a temple for Nu Wa. The folk call Nu Wa Guan a doll temple, that is, a doll temple, so it has become a holy place for women to pray for their children.
Why do you want to establish the concept of the old gentleman?
This old gentleman is Laozi, surnamed Li, a famous ear character, a thinker in the Spring and Autumn Period and the founder of Taoism. Laozi was honored as the ancestor by Taoism and included in the Ministry of God. He is known as the moral god of Taiqing and enjoys a place in the concept of Sanqing. Why did he build a viewing tower for Laojun on the east side of the main building of the central axis? Why isn't it called Taiqing's view of moral heaven, but the view of old gentleman? It has been puzzling for a long time.
As mentioned above, when describing the concept of Sanqing, Jade Qing Yuan Shi Tian Zun and Qing Lingbao Tian Zun did not have their status when Taoism was founded, and their origins are unknown. They evolved gradually later, and only the old man really existed. This makes Taoist believers have to have a special feeling for the old man, which is much closer than the Buddha in Yuan Dynasty and the Buddha in Lingbao. This is one of them. Secondly, Laozi was from the State of Chu (now Huaiyang) in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Huaiyang people were more respectful and close to Laozi, calling him "the old gentleman" was more cordial. The third and most important point is to be worshipped by the emperor. The worship of Laozi reached its peak in the Tang and Song Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, the royal family surnamed Li, and Laozi was honored as the ancestor of Li. In order to please the emperor, local governments at all levels in China generally set up Xuanyuan Temple to worship the statue of the old gentleman, which reached the highest level. In the Ming Dynasty, folk beliefs were comparable to the Jade Emperor, and people were invited from heaven to build temples to worship. These temples are usually called Taiqing Palace, laojunmiao, laojunmiao, Laojun Hall and Laojun Pavilion. Other Taoist views of Taihaoling are called "views". Coupled with the above two factors, it is not difficult to understand that it is necessary to build laojunmiao here alone.
Why build customs?
On the east side of Taihao Mausoleum, there is a unitary capital view next to Laojun view, which was also built in Ming Dynasty. Among the materials that the author can find, there are very few people with a view of capital in China. The officials of the Yuan Dynasty worshipped not a certain god, but "immortals". It has something in common with the "immortal view" in the four western views. The difference is that immortals are the highest-ranking Taoist immortals, while immortals rank second. "Immortal" refers to "immortal" and "real person", collectively called "immortal", which refers to people who are immortal and practice Tao. The Taoist scripture says, "refining the shape into qi is called a real person."
There are many "real people" in Taoist beliefs, such as Fuxi, Shennong, Huangdi, Peng Zu, Leizu, Guangchengzi, Rong Chenggong, Akamatsu, Ningfengzi, Li Babai ... Later, many Taoist scholars were also honored as real people, such as Zhuang Zhou and Guo Song (now Shangqiu, Henan) of pre-Qin Taoism, and were honored as real people in South China. Liezi, a Taoist scholar from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States Period, was honored as a real person. At the end of the Warring States Period, Wen Zi, the representative of Huang Lao Neo-Confucianism, was honored as a master of metaphysics. Another example is Ren Zhen in Qingling and Ren Zhen in Qing Xu, including drug kings Bian Que and Sun Simiao. Wei Cizang, Wei Shanjun and Wei Gudao in the Tang Dynasty were also honored as real people because of their superb medical skills. In a word, the customs of Taihao Mausoleum worship all the "Taoist" people before the Ming Dynasty, and don't "bury" a "immortal" person.
Why do you want to build Yue Guanfei?
Yue Fei was a famous anti-gold star in Song Dynasty. He is neither the highest god, nor a fairy, nor a "real person". Why did he stand in Taihao Mausoleum and enjoy the sacrifice? This involves the eight aspects of Taoist immortal attributes mentioned above, namely the seventh aspect: hero.
In the history of China, there are countless heroes who gave their lives for the motherland and the people, and their heroic spirit of Changhong is still widely praised by people. Actually, hero worship has a long history. As early as the early days of patriarchal society, there was a legend of worshipping heroic ancestors. In the process of worship, they were gradually deified and built statues and temples for them. On this basis, Taoism shapes and perfects them, allowing them to enter their own god system and become immortals worshipped by Taoism.
Yue Fei is one of the four marshals respected by Taoism.
Yue Fei, a native of Tangyin, Henan Province, is well known and needless to say.
Huaiyang, called Chen Zhou in ancient times, is located in the Central Plains, which is a battleground for military strategists in history. During the Southern Song Dynasty, it was invaded by nomadic people.
In the fourth year of Kang Wang (A.D. 1 130), Wang Shan, an army nomad, surrounded Chen, and Yue Fei fought in Qinghe, capturing the generals alive and liberating Chen Wei.
In the sixth year of Shaoxing (A.D. 1 136), the Jin people invaded the Central Plains again, and Yue Fei sent Wang to defeat the Jin Army and recover it.
In the 10th year of Shaoxing (A.D. 1 140), Jin Wushu invaded Tokyo and Chen Zhou fell. Yue Fei sent his troops to Chen Zhou for a bloody battle.
Yue Fei is a hero who is brought into the spiritual system in Taoist belief, a clever girl who is a descendant of the dragon, and a manifestation of noble national sentiment. Building a temple for Taihao Mausoleum is the development of Taoist belief, the need to imitate national heroes, punish evil and promote good, and the concrete embodiment of the distinct love and hate of Huaiyang people.
The four views of the west and the two views of the east can be said to have worshipped the highest god and immortal people's congress in Taoism, both of which are in the place where the ancestor Fuxi mausoleum has incense.