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Canoeing is divided into still water kayaking and whitewater slalom kayaking. The former is a race on a calm channel. The distance of the Olympic Games is 500 meters and 1000 meters.
Canoeing still water competition is to let athletes cross a clearly marked and barrier-free waterway in the shortest time.
In canoeing slalom, athletes try to cross a fast-flowing river with a sluice in the shortest time. The International Canoeing Federation (ICF) was established in 1924. As a member of the Olympic Movement, it is a group approved by the International Olympic Committee to manage kayaking on a global scale. At present, it has registered 138 member countries on five continents.
The Development History of Canoeing
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1924, during the 8th Olympic Games held in Paris, France, Canadian and American athletes held a rowing exhibition on the Seine. 1At the 1 1 Olympic Games held in Berlin in 1936, canoeing was listed as an official Olympic event. * * * 9 events, namely men's 1000m kayak, double kayak, single kayak and double kayak, 10000m kayak, double kayak and detachable 10000m kayak. The detachable kayak is made of wooden frame and waterproof canvas, which is easy to carry and was invented by Germans. Because it is not as fast as a wooden boat, it only appeared once in 1 1 Olympic Games and disappeared.
14 The Olympic Games added 1000 meter men's canoe and 500m women's canoe. 1960 At the 17 Olympic Games held in Rome, all the events at the distance of 1000m were cancelled, and the men's 4× 500m kayak relay and the women's 500m kayak doubles were added. 1964 relay race changed to men's 1000 meter kayak. By 1976, the men's 500m single, double kayak and rowing events were added. 1984 women's 500m kayak quadruple was added to the Los Angeles Olympic Games. So far, there are 12 events in the Olympic canoeing still water competition.
1972 At the 20th Munich Olympic Games, slalom became an official event for the first time. The Olympic Games from 1972 to 1988 were not included in this project, and the 25th Barcelona Olympic Games of 1992 returned to the Olympic Games.
Rules of Canoe Still Water Competition in Beijing Olympic Games
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The canoeing still water competition of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be implemented in accordance with the rules of the International Canoeing Federation still water competition and the Olympic Charter in effect at the time of the competition.
technical conference
FIVB will hold a technical meeting on August 17, 2008, the day before the start of the first competition, to finally confirm the athletes' registration.
The Origin and Evolution of Canoeing
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Canoeing is divided into still water kayaking and whitewater slalom kayaking. The former is a race on a calm channel. The distance of the Olympic Games is 500 meters and 1000 meters.
Canoeing still water competition is to let athletes cross a clearly marked and barrier-free waterway in the shortest time.
In canoeing slalom, athletes try to cross a fast-flowing river with a sluice in the shortest time. The International Canoeing Federation (ICF) was established in 1924. As a member of the Olympic Movement, it is a group approved by the International Olympic Committee to manage kayaking on a global scale. At present, it has registered 138 member countries on five continents.
The Origin and Evolution of Canoeing
Canoeing originated in Greenland in North America, and Eskimos made hides on wooden shelves. 1865, John MacGregor, a Scottish imitation animal skin ship, built a Nobu with a length of 4m, a width of 75cm and a weight of 30kg. Noy kayak sailed through Sweden, Finland, Germany and Britain. 65438+ was widely developed in Europe in 1990s.
In the process of kayaking, in order to improve the speed of the boat, the shape of the boat is constantly improved. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, German engineer Herman made the canoe into the shape of a fish according to his own experience, which greatly improved the speed of canoeing. Since then, British shipbuilding expert Frond found that the longer the hull, the smaller the resistance and the faster the speed, so shipbuilders have lengthened the hull.
1923, Denmark, Sweden, Austria and other countries formed a working Committee, which stipulated that the length was 5.2 meters and the width was 5 1 cm.
1956 concave shell appears again. To 1960, the horizontal concave contour line reaches its peak. 1964, the international rowing Federation formulated the "no concave surface" rule to standardize rowing design. But people also designed diamond kayaks, and FRP boats appeared in 1972. In recent years, carbon fiber ships with honeycomb structure have appeared again.
Modern static Shui Pi ships have a rudder. During the competition, the athletes sit on the boat, face forward, paddle alternately on both sides of the boat with two paddles in both hands, and control the course with their feet.
1924 65438+ 10, initiated by Denmark, Sweden, France and Austria, established the International Canoeing Association (I.R.K) in Copenhagen, Denmark, and drafted the constitution of the congress and the first canoeing competition rules. With the extensive development of canoeing, canoeing clubs have been established in all countries.
At the beginning of the establishment of the International Canoeing Federation, only the canoeing still water project was stipulated. With the popularization and development of this project, canoeing slalom is developed on the basis of canoeing in still water. Riptide slalom is that athletes reach the finish line through the water gate in the specified rapids, and the side with fast speed and less penalty points wins.
Venues and facilities for canoeing still water events
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In the Olympic Games, still water kayaking usually shares a waterway with rowing. In order to meet the needs of rowing, the runway must meet the following minimum measurement range requirements:
Length1400m (linear distance), width120m, and minimum depth of 2m; There is at least one straight river bank beside the waterway, 50 meters away from the first waterway.
The river bank is a gentle wave-proof slope, which is made of large stones or other special materials to prevent waves from rolling over the river bank. A special passage is set up on the water to let the contestants enter the competition area or training area. The distance of canoeing in still water Olympic Games is 1000 meters and 500 meters. The competition uses 9 waterways, each 9 meters wide; When arranging the competition channel, it must be arranged according to the "A 1-bano" system stipulated in the rules. Olympic Games must use automatic starter and electronic timing system.
One of the important facilities of the competition venue is the terminal building. This is the core area of the competition, which is usually a small building with four or five floors, and serves as the operation room of the terminal timing system, the terminal timing referee room, the arbitration room, the competition committee, the terminal video room, the broadcast room and the media camera room. In general, the VIP area is close to the terminal building, which is convenient for watching the athletes' wonderful performances through the finish line.
Another important facility is the boathouse. Boathouse is generally close to the loading dock, athletes' activity area and other competition facilities. Competition boats are generally stored on shelves, and there are two types of boathouses: open and closed. You can also park your boat outdoors when the race is held.
Rules for canoeing in still water
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The rules of still water and slalom are formulated by the International Canoeing Federation and are applicable to international competitions recognized by the International Canoeing Federation.
Rules of still water competition
water chestnut
The number of times rowing boats take part in the preliminaries is determined by drawing lots and arranged in turn. Athletes should be ready for sailing on time.
Navigation should not be affected by any absentees. The boatswain is responsible for coordinating the position of each ship at the starting point, so that the rowing boat is mainly on the navigation line. The starter shouts "We will start in 10 seconds" when he thinks that he can give the order, and then gives the order at an appropriate time in 10 seconds, and the command password is "start" or fires the starting gun.
Rules on the way to the game
During the competition, non-participating ships are prohibited from entering all or part of the waterway, even outside the buoy. In the 1000 meter race, athletes must row from the starting point to the finish line in this passage. Athletes should try their best to keep paddling on the center line of their own channel, and the distance between two athletes should not be less than 5 meters.
During the competition, if the ship capsizes due to their own reasons, athletes are allowed to re-board the ship to continue the competition without the help of others, but they are not allowed to cross the channel and row to the finish line before the next group of competitions begins.
Through endpoint adjustment
The time when the bow reaches the finish line is the arrival time, and all the athletes on board must pass the finish line of this passage to be effective. At this point, the terminal referee should send out the arrival signal with audio equipment.
When the race boat crosses the finish line, it should have a channel board. If the lane card is lost for some reason, the athlete should explain the situation to the finish line referee and report the lane number, waiting for the decision of the lane referee.
weather prognosis
According to the rules, during the competition, the organizing committee of the conference will provide daily weather forecast for each team, including daily temperature, precipitation, humidity, visibility and wind conditions (wind speed and direction).
Canoe still water competition equipment
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According to the rules of the competition, athletes have the right to use their own rowing boats.
Canoe still water
The hulls of modern kayaks and rowing boats are mostly wooden frames, and the hulls are made of aviation plywood or FRP. The shape is streamlined, the surface is smooth, light and narrow, as long as a shuttle. All decks on the ship are completely closed, except the cockpit of the athletes.
Static Shui Pi ship
The main accessories are pedals, seat plates, rudder rods, rudder ropes and rudders. International rules limit the length, width and minimum weight of kayaks.
When rowing, the athletes sit in the cabin, face forward, paddle alternately on both sides of the boat with both hands and steer with their feet. The rowing frequency is as high as 130 ~ 150 paddles/min, and the ship speed can reach more than 5 meters per second.
Kayak rudder is an accessory device on kayak. It is a simple device to control the direction of canoeing, including rudder blade, steering wheel, rudder rope, rudder rod and so on. The tiller is on the athlete's pedal. When the athlete paddles, his feet are supported on the pedals. When kayaking needs to turn, he moves the rudder with his feet, and the rudder rotates around a fixed axis. When the T-shaped tiller rotates, the rudder rope is pulled to drive the steering wheel connected to the other end of the rudder rope. The steering wheel is tightly connected to the rudder of the ship. In fact, the rudder rope drives the rudder blade to rotate, thus steering the kayak.
According to the rules of the competition, if the length of kayak is lengthened by installing rudder, the thickness of rudder blade should be limited. The thickness of the rudder blade of a single boat and a double boat shall not exceed12mm, and that of a four-person boat shall not exceed12mm.
Kayak paddle is a tool for athletes to kayak forward. Kayak paddle is a kind of Shuang Ye paddle with paddles at both ends. Its main structural feature is that the directions of the two blades form a vertical or nearly vertical included angle. According to the direction of the racket deflection, there are left-turn racket and right-turn racket, and athletes can choose left-right racket according to their grip habits. Because there is no strict and uniform regulation on the size and shape of paddles in the rules, canoe paddles have developed rapidly in recent decades.
The weight, length, shape, paddle and paddle area of various paddles can be selected according to the athlete's height, technical style, strength, gender and ship type.
Still water rowing boat
The rower kneels on one leg, strides on the other leg, and holds a single paddle in both hands. There are left and right paddles. For example, a left rower holds the D-shaped handle on the table in his right hand, the paddle close to the paddle in his left hand, his right leg strides forward and his left knee kneels on the kneeling mat.
Rowing boats have no rudder, and athletes rely on paddles to keep balance and control their direction. Because every time you paddle, you have to lift the paddle out of the water and paddle in front, so the speed of the boat is not as uniform as that of kayaking, and the rowing frequency can reach 70 ~ 80 paddles per minute.
The raw material for manufacturing the hull is aviation plywood or glass fiber reinforced plastic. The length and minimum weight of rowing boats are limited.
According to the rules, rowing boats must be symmetrical on both sides of the longitudinal axis of the hull, and there can be no rudder and any facilities that can guide the course.
The rowing boat can be fully opened. If there is a covered deck, the enclosed part of a single rowing boat should not exceed 150 cm from the bow and 75 cm from the stern. The opening of the double rowing boat is not less than 295cm; The opening of the four-person rowing boat shall not be less than 4 10 cm. Single rowboat and double rowboat can be completely opened, with a minimum opening length of 280cm；; The edge of the ship (the upper edge of the ship's side) can extend along the entire defined opening, up to 5 cm on the ship.
A ship can have up to three reinforcement belts, and the maximum width of each reinforcement belt is 7 cm. During the competition, various electronic or electric instruments, including water pumps, speedometers, fatigue meters, heart rate meters, etc. , are not allowed to board. Paddling is a tool for rowers to paddle their rowboats forward. Paddling is a kind of paddle with blades. The paddle specifications of single rowing, double rowing and four rowing are slightly different.
Rowing oars are generally made of wood or glass fiber reinforced plastic, and have developed into carbon fiber in recent years. The carbon fiber structure makes the paddle stronger, more durable, lighter and easier to maintain. The cross section of the paddle is usually circular, which makes the paddle have better directionality, which is beneficial to exerting force and also makes the paddle have greater bending resistance.
Rowing paddles are different from kayaking, and the paddles are symmetrical along the center line. Asymmetric blades will produce unbalanced surfaces, which will produce torque under the action of power. The paddle surface of rowing has many functions such as propulsion, steering and controlling the stability of the ship.
Watching etiquette
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Canoeing is a sport that can give people great beauty and pleasure. It has fierce confrontation and competition, as well as the beauty of movement and rhythm when athletes perfectly display their skills. Therefore, when watching the game, the audience should combine static and dynamic.
When watching the game, the audience can enjoy the athlete's vigorous figure, powerful movements and the beautiful boat's trajectory in the rapids. Coupled with the three essential elements of sunshine, air and water, it gives people a beautiful enjoyment. At the same time, because the canoeing competition is held outdoors and the water reflects light, the audience must pay attention to sun protection and carry out appropriate heatstroke prevention and cooling protection.
As the venues of canoeing events are all outdoors, spectators can only cheer for the athletes on both sides of the water. In the still water competition, whether it is a single event or a multi-player event, the key to the competition lies in the control of rhythm. The audience had better find the rhythm of the athletes and cheer for them with the rhythm of rowing, so as to really help the athletes.