College thesis (the relationship between ideals and beliefs and the growth of college students)

I. The meaning and characteristics of ideals and beliefs (I) The meaning and characteristics of ideals As a spiritual phenomenon, ideals are the product of human social practice. It is the highest form of people's value consciousness, which is manifested in people's yearning for and pursuit of future value goals with practical possibilities formed in practice, and is the concentrated embodiment of people's world outlook, outlook on life and values in their struggle goals. Therefore, the so-called ideal refers to people's yearning and pursuit for the future society and their own development, which is formed in practice and may be realistic. It is a concentrated expression of people's world outlook, outlook on life and values in the goal of struggle. 1, ideal characteristics first, surpassing. Ideal is the transcendence of reality, higher than reality. The ideal is the idea of what the future should be like, but the reality is what the present is actually like. There is always a gap between fact and should, "how" and "how". Ideal is a value goal that points to the future, and it is something that has not yet existed in real life. People not only live in the present, but also pursue the future; According to their own blueprint for the future, people are constantly pushing the changes of the present and transforming the reality. Ideals reflect the future in a predictable way and grasp the future: "What will the future be like?" . So the ideal is advanced, higher than reality and beyond reality. This is where people are superior to other animals. Marx once pointed out that cobwebs are similar to workers' textiles, and the ability of bees to build hives even makes construction engineers feel ashamed; But the worst architect is better than the cleverest bee, because the architect has built a building in his mind before he starts building. At the same time, compared with reality, the ideal is better. People's yearning and pursuit of ideals embodies people's yearning and pursuit of beauty. Compared with ideal, reality shows its defects. Because of this, ideals have great attraction to people, attracting people to constantly transform reality through their own struggle, thus promoting historical progress. Second, the possibility. Real ideals, the possibility of realization, and the possibility of becoming a reality. Ideal is the ambition and ambition that can be realized through hard work based on reality. This is the fundamental difference between ideal and fantasy. Utopia is also an imagination of the future, which reflects some goals that people pursue. However, it is divorced from reality and violates objectivity, so it is a subjective imagination that can never be realized. Fantasy is also an imagination of the future. Some fantasies are unrealistic dreams, while others meet the requirements of real development, such as scientific fantasy, but there is not enough foundation and conditions for realization at present. Once the conditions are met, it is possible to achieve it. Therefore, the ideal is not a fantasy divorced from reality and contrary to the objective, nor a fantasy without sufficient conditions and foundation, but an ambition and ambition that can be realized through hard work based on reality. In this sense, the ideal is based on reality. Mr. He Lin said, "Without reality, ideals will become fantasies and dreams; Without ideals, reality will become a blind fate and a ruthless force ... In fact, many people are buried by reality, bound by reality and become slaves of reality. Many people are addicted to fantasy, don't understand reality and try their best to escape it. " Therefore, the formation of ideals not only reflects people's yearning for good feelings, but also requires people to rationally understand the objective conditions of reality and the laws and trends of its development, so as to establish ideals on the basis of reality and make them possible. Third, differences. The difference of ideals, or the diversity of ideals, first means that people will have different ideals in different social lives and at different historical stages. People's ideals will change with the development of social history. For example, the social ideal of ancient Confucianism in China is a society with different orders, such as loyal monarch, filial father, loyal husband and wife, obedient wife, respect and courtesy. Feudal scholar-officials longed for promotion and wealth, praising their ancestors; The working people yearn for a life without exploitation and oppression. The ideal of small farmers' life is "a cow on 30 acres of land, and his wife and children are hot." The social ideal of modern enlightenment thinkers is a society of freedom, democracy, equality and fraternity. Secondly, a person will have different ideals at different stages of life, or make various adjustments to his own ideals. A person's personal ideal in childhood may be to be a singer, a writer in youth and a successful businessman in adulthood. Different people will have different ideals, and the same person will have different ideals at different stages. These are all normal. Fourth, practicality. The real ideal is not only the subjective imagination of future goals, but also people's subjective efforts in practice. 2. The essence of ideal life ideal is a kind of subjective consciousness, a unique spiritual phenomenon of human beings and an important symbol that distinguishes human beings from animals. 3. The type of ideal Because of the sociality of human nature, the diversity of human social life, and people's multi-level cognition of reality and imagination of the future, people's pursuit of ideals is manifested in all fields of social life and all aspects of human activities. Therefore, the ideal is multifaceted and multi-type. Horizontally, it can be divided into personal ideal and social ideal, and personal ideal can be divided into life ideal, professional ideal and moral ideal. Vertically, there are short-term ideals and long-term ideals. (2) The meaning and characteristics of faith, ideals and beliefs are closely related and interdependent. Ideal is the extension and embodiment of belief, and belief is the foundation and support of ideal. Faith is a psychological state in which people firmly believe in certain ideas and ideals and put them into practice on the basis of certain knowledge and experience. 1, the main characteristics of faith First of all, faith is complicated. Faith is the synthesis or unity of human cognition, emotion and will. A person's belief is first formed on the basis of certain knowledge and experience. These understandings and experiences can be directly related to the object he believes in, or they may only be indirectly related to the object he believes in. Moreover, these understandings may be right or wrong. At the same time, belief is not a simple cognitive phenomenon, it is also closely related to people's emotional factors and needs people's emotional identity. In particular, firm beliefs are often accompanied by strong emotions. In addition, faith and will cannot be separated. Man's belief is not just something hidden in his heart, it is finally expressed through his behavior and practical will. Encouraged by faith, people's will will will be stronger. Second, faith is stable. Once people's beliefs are formed, they will have considerable stability and will not change easily. Because the formation of people's beliefs is not an easy thing in itself, but gradually formed in people's long-term life practice, which is the accumulation of a person's life experience for many years, including the long-term influence of social environment on him. Moreover, as mentioned above, a person's belief is not only based on his long-term understanding and experience factors, but also subject to his stable emotional identity, which is closely related to his will to life and personality characteristics; Therefore, after a person's beliefs are formed, they will not change because of an individual event. Stalin once said that handkerchiefs are not easily replaceable, not to mention people's faith! Of course, the stability of faith is relative, not absolute. Generally speaking, after the test of time and realistic changes, one's beliefs will become more reasonable and firm. Third, faith is scientific. The difference between scientific belief and superstition is mainly based on the difference of understanding. Scientific belief is based on a correct understanding of the object, and it is a belief with scientific basis. About science, we can understand it from three levels: scientific spirit, scientific method and scientific knowledge. Scientific knowledge is expressed as some concepts, formulas and theorems, which is the most superficial meaning of science. But it is this knowledge-based science that most of us first come into contact with and understand. What we generally call science mainly refers to scientific knowledge. Most people's attention to science begins with attaching importance to scientific knowledge. Scientific method refers to the way people conduct scientific activities, that is, the way people study the world and acquire scientific knowledge. Scientific methods can be divided into general scientific methods and special scientific research methods. The special scientific research methods in different disciplines are different. For example, the research methods of natural science are different from those of social science. The scientific method in the most general sense can be said to be a rational method. For example, the methods of observation and exploration, research and thinking, and judgment and verification. And every link mentioned above contains more specific content. For example, the methods of research and thinking include experiment, statistics, comparison, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, hypothesis and so on. Scientific spirit, that is, rational spirit, includes the spirit of respecting objective facts and seeking truth from facts, the spirit of rational doubt and active exploration, and the spirit of openness and tolerance. Comparatively speaking, scientific method is more important than scientific knowledge, just as alchemy is more important than gold; And scientific spirit is more important than scientific method, just as soul is more important than skill. The emergence of superstition is directly related to the loss of human cognitive reason, which is based on ignorance or misunderstanding and is an ignorant belief. Superstition can be said from three aspects. First of all, superstition is the worship of some mysterious power. The so-called mysterious forces can be gods or ghosts, leaders or stars, special snakes, special trees, even clay sculptures made by people themselves, or just numbers. People regard these as the authority of idols and worship, and think that they can decide and dominate people's destiny, worship before them, and respect and fear them. Our popular folk practice of fortune-telling and divination based on birth date, constellation, lottery, spelling, etc. is based on the worship of some mysterious power. Is the so-called mysterious power mysterious because of God or mysterious because of God? Superstitious people, of course, mean secrecy because of God. Because they are God or God, we ordinary people can't understand it, which makes them so secretive. But we can also say that it is because of the secret, because we don't know, so it is so magical. Einstein said that mystery is the source of science and art, because the mystery of the world not only makes him awe of the world, but also makes him curious about the mystery of the world, which always inspires him. But for superstitious people, mystery will only make him lie down and crawl. Secondly, superstition is blind belief. This kind of letter is based on one's ignorance and blind obedience. It has not been questioned, examined and verified by one's own reason, but has refused to be questioned, examined and verified by human reason. Thirdly, superstition is a paranoid letter, that is, a paranoid belief. Most superstitious people are opinionated, think that what they believe is the only right, lack the consciousness of tolerance, openness and understanding, can't listen to other people's different views and opinions, and even show some excessive reactions, appear narrow and fanatical, and even persecute heretics. Its mind can be said to be closed. Here, it shows the inherent contradiction of superstition itself. Because, since what you believe is mysterious, that is, unknowable and unpredictable, it is just a belief that you don't know why or even don't want at all. However, he believes that mystery can be understood and grasped in some way similar to witchcraft or illusion. And even if you believe that you can understand and grasp the mystery, you should believe or have a tolerant and open mind at the same time. But he is stubborn, paranoid and even fanatical. Since that belongs to the unknowable, why are you so sure? For a long time, people have associated superstition with feudalism and called it feudal superstition. However, superstition is not a unique phenomenon in feudal society, it exists in any kind of social life, including our modern society; Moreover, not only in rural areas, but also in some modern metropolises, there are many superstitious people, but the degree and specific forms are different. Moreover, there are old people and young people with superstitious ideas, including some educated young people and even some professionals who specialize in science and technology. This is why we say that among the three levels of science, the scientific spirit is the most important. Because if we ignore or lack the scientific spirit, some specific scientific knowledge may also be used to serve superstition. In fact, superstitious propagandists often use some specific scientific knowledge as decoration to win people's trust. Fundamentally speaking, people's superstition is not because of lack of scientific knowledge, but because of lack of scientific spirit. Of course, how much scientific knowledge a person has also has a certain relationship. But just from the perspective of scientific knowledge, how much scientific knowledge do we need to know to avoid falling into the quagmire of superstition? In today's highly specialized science, most of us only have some common-sense scientific knowledge. In addition to some common-sense scientific knowledge, scientific experts in specific fields also know some specialized scientific knowledge. However, experts in different fields all know some specialized scientific knowledge in different fields. Once these experts go beyond their special professional fields, they are not much different from us in general scientific knowledge. We can imagine a scientist (master of science) who has the most scientific knowledge, but he will still know something, not everything. Because, although modern science has developed, there are still many unknown or unconfirmed problems, and scientific knowledge is always limited and constantly developing. Only from the level of scientific knowledge, superstition always has loopholes to drill. For those who lack scientific spirit, there are not only loopholes to be drilled, but also a large number of cracks and cracks that can be used, and of course they are more likely to fall into the quagmire of superstition; Of course, there are also some highly educated people and even some science and technology experts who are superstitious. Therefore, although the amount of scientific knowledge is also very important, the fundamental question is whether it has scientific spirit. To get rid of superstition, the most important thing is to promote the scientific spirit in society. Besides, faith is sublime. The difference between noble beliefs and despicable beliefs is mainly based on differences in feelings and values. For example, some people think that "man is not for himself, and the devil takes the hindmost", some people think that "man dies for wealth, and birds die for food", and some people think that "it is better to die than to die", and so on, which can be said to be despicable beliefs. People who believe in despicable beliefs often "eat the belly of a gentleman with the heart of a villain", and do not believe that there are real gentlemen in the world, and that some people really think of others and even make great sacrifices to help others. In their eyes, even if someone does something good, that person has ulterior motives. These despicable beliefs have become the basis for some people to be selfish and benefit others. A lofty belief is a belief in a lofty ideal. People with lofty beliefs know that there are both gentlemen and villains, true gentlemen and hypocrites, affectionate, cold and even evil in real life. In short, there are truth, goodness and beauty, as well as falsehood, ugliness and ugliness, but they believe that justice will eventually overcome evil, and they know that reality is not ideal, but they will not waver in their pursuit of ideals and persist in striving to transform reality and realize them. Mr. He Lin once said, "Look at how many times Dr. Sun Yat-sen was cheated by politicians and warlords in the past, but it is enough to prove his great wisdom and benevolence. Zeng Guofan said:' It is better to see that the world is full of good people than to see that the world is full of bad people, and we must have a heart of edification.' For their own disasters and hardships, they all hold the view of' Yucheng'. "People with noble beliefs will have noble behavior. People's ideals and beliefs need to support each other. Faith with beautiful and lofty ideals is a valuable belief, and ideals supported by firm beliefs can generate great energy. (3) Faith is the sublimation of faith. Whitman, an American poet, said: without faith, there is no worthy character and life; Without faith, there is no land worthy of the name. With the development of society and the deepening of globalization, people pay more and more attention to the issue of faith. In many Europeans and Americans, faith and religion are inseparable, especially their own Christianity. In their eyes, most of us in China have no faith. In China's academic circles, belief is understood as "extreme conviction or respect for a certain religion or doctrine and taking it as the code of action". Faith is a special, enhanced and advanced form of belief. Only the belief about extremely high or highest value can become a belief and constitute the content of belief, so that people's whole spiritual activities take it as the core, serve it and form a complete system around it. As a special form of faith, true faith is linked with sublimity and sacredness, and it is a belief in sublimity and sacred values. Sacredness is the lofty value that people pursue. This sacred and lofty value, whether moral value, aesthetic value, utilitarian value or full freedom, is perfect. This sacred value of perfection, perfection and complete freedom is expressed through God and heaven in Christian theology, and through an ideal state or sacred personality in atheism. In the Christian tradition, God is the object of people's belief. God is superman's god. Man is a mixture of spirit and flesh, wisdom and stupidity, good and evil, beauty and ugliness, competence and incompetence; God is all-knowing, all-powerful and perfect. According to the teachings of Buddhism, it can be said that Buddha is a kind of human god. Buddha, unlike God, is a field of human consciousness. There is an insurmountable gap between god and man, so Jesus, who is also a man and a god, is needed as the intermediary between god and man, so that man and god can communicate; But people can reach the realm of Buddhism through their own learning. Christians' belief in God emphasizes that people listen to God's gospel, accept God's revelation, obey God's instructions and wait for God's salvation. The Buddhist belief emphasizes the cultivation, understanding and wisdom of the human heart. In fact, they are saving themselves, and they don't need the help of a messianic middleman. Others can only help them. While Marxists believe in * * * productism. * * * is the unity of new people and new society, new people are future and ideal people, and * * * is future and ideal society. Atheists' thoughts on lofty personality and ideal realm, including Marxism's thoughts on productism and religious theology's thoughts on God, can be said to be all about sacred thoughts. However, the concept of sacredness in religious theology is related to its mysterious hypothesis in the epistemological sense. The atheist's sacred concept cuts off the connection between sacred value and mysterious hypothesis. Marxist view of * * * productism is related to its scientific understanding and value criticism of people and society.