Pro: Taiwan Province University Team.
Against: Fudan University team.
Chairman: Li Xueping
Time:1afternoon of August 29th, 993.
(Applause)
President: Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the final of 1993 International University Debate Competition. The International College Students Debate Competition is jointly sponsored by Singapore Radio and Television Bureau and China CCTV. In the past week, after four preliminaries and two semi-finals, six of the eight teams in the debate were eliminated. The two teams that entered the finals today can be said to be elites with rich debate experience. They will definitely give full play to their eloquence in today's competition, give everyone a "strong" competition, and let everyone have a good time. Today, we are also very honored to invite Brigadier General Lee Hsien Loong, Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, to attend our final (applause). The champion team of the International University Debate Competition will receive a cash prize of 10000 yuan, and the runner-up team will receive 5000 yuan. In addition, we will also select the best debater in the past few debates and today's debate, and he can get a cash reward of 2000.
Now I'd like to introduce the two teams that participated in today's finals, Taiwan Province Provincial University and Fudan University.
On my right is the representative of Taiwan Province Provincial University. The first is Wu, a sophomore in the Department of Political Science; The second Cai Zongda, a sophomore accountant; The third Xu Jinlong, a sophomore in political science; The fourth Wang Xinguo, a sophomore in philosophy (applause). On my left is the representative of Fudan University. The first is Jiang Feng, a sophomore in the Chinese Department of China Institute of Language and Literature; The second Ji Xiang, a sophomore in law; Jia Yan, third, in the fourth grade of law department; The fourth is Jiang Changjian, a third-year student in the master's class of the Department of International Politics (applause).
Today, our jury lineup is also particularly strong. The five-member jury is composed of local and overseas professionals. They are: Professor Guo Zhenyu, Dean of School of Communication, Nanyang Technological University (applause); The second is Professor Wu Deyao, former director of the Institute of East Asian Philosophy (applause); The third is Mr Cha Liang Yong, the founder of Ming Pao, a famous martial arts novelist, whose pen name is Jin Yong (applause). The fourth is Professor Du Weiming, who is a professor in the Department of Oriental Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University (applause). The fifth lawyer is Mr. Hui, the director of Singapore Broadcasting Bureau (applause).
Tonight's debate is: human nature is good. Human nature is good. The position of the opposing side is that human nature is evil. The positions of both sides were decided by drawing lots.
Now I declare: 1993 The final of the International University Debate Competition officially begins. First of all, I'd like to invite Wu, the first representative of the square, to speak for 3 minutes (applause).
Wu: Hello, everyone! The philosopher Kant believes that people are rational regardless of intelligence, wealth, beauty and ugliness. The rationality advocated by Kant is what Mencius called conscience. Mencius believed that human nature is good, so "seeing the sage Si Qi" would make everyone feel pity. And Buddhists say that a thought is a sentient being and a thought is a Buddha. It is precisely because human nature is good that people can put down their butcher knives and become buddhas anytime and anywhere. We advocate that human nature is good, that is, we believe that human nature is good, and only when there is good can there be good deeds. We don't deny that there will be evil deeds in human society, but evil deeds are caused by external environment, so evil is the result rather than the cause. If we insist on whether evil is a cause or not, that is, if human nature is evil, then it is impossible to produce real morality in the world. Although Hobbes, a British philosopher, strongly advocates how human beings form morality on the premise of evil human nature. But think about it, if human nature is evil, all external moral norms of human beings are the greatest means of human self-interest. When morality becomes a means, is morality still morality? In other words, once a person violates morality, he will not be punished and will not abide by moral constraints. At two o'clock in the morning, I saw a red light when I was walking on the road. If human nature is evil, I will definitely break through, because it is for convenience. But this is not the case. There are still many people who will obey the traffic rules. According to the premise that human nature is good, Hobbes believes that there must be an absolute authority to supervise everyone's implementation of moral norms everywhere. Because if human nature is evil, no one will willingly abide by moral principles. However, it turns out that people are still kind, (time warning) people are still moral, and people will still be beneficial to his behavior. If human nature is evil, then we have only two choices: the first is to live in a world where big brother keeps watching us; The second is that our society will not trust each other. If so, we saw an old lady fall down today and someone helped her up. People will say that this person has ulterior motives. The friendship we have established in this debate is a false gesture. However, we will find that there has never been an absolutely authoritative monarch in human history and society, but the fact of sacrificing oneself for others is constantly happening. In life, many students are not known for their kindness. Isn't Mother Teresa's kindness and Mahayana Buddhism's compassionate ambition that "one of all living beings can't cross the river, so he can't become a Buddha" the best citation for human nature? (Time is up) Thank you! (Applause).
CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Wu. Next, please ask Jiang Feng, the first representative of the opposing party, to state his position and speak for 3 minutes. (Applause).
Jiang Feng: Thank you, Madam President. Hello everyone! First of all, I want to point out that Kant is not a good man. Kant also said, "Evil afflicts us not because of human nature, but because of the cruel selfishness of human beings." Don't take it out of context. In addition, all kinds of good deeds mentioned by the other party are completely acquired. How to prove the "Ben" in the proposition? Myth belongs to myth and reality belongs to reality. Other debaters, please take off your rose glasses and look at the real world. In the three minutes of your speech, how many wars, violence, robberies and rapes have happened in this world? If human nature is really good, where do these evils come from? Why did the other party avoid answering this question from beginning to end in his speech? Our position is that human nature is evil.
First, human nature is composed of social attributes and natural attributes. Natural attribute refers to unrestrained instinct and desire, which is human nature and innate; Social attribute is acquired through social life and social education, and it is acquired. When we say that human nature is evil, of course, we mean that human nature is original and innate is evil.
Second, when it comes to good and evil, just as a thousand audiences will have a thousand Hamlets, a thousand people may have a thousand standards of good and evil in their hearts. But in the final analysis, evil refers to the uncontrolled expansion of instinct and desire, and good refers to the reasonable restraint of instinct and desire. We say that the evil of human nature is an infinite expansion trend based on human natural tendency. Didn't Cao Cao say, "I'd rather lose the world than the world lose me"? Didn't Louis XV say, "Even after my death, the flood is terrible". There is also an English boy who sold his three-year-old sister in order to get a bike. These, can the other party say that human nature is good?
Third, although human nature is evil, our world has not been destroyed in the cross-flow of human desires. This is because people are rational, and human nature can be transformed through acquired education. When people's natural tendency expands infinitely outward, if social attributes add fuel to the fire in the same way, then human nature will be more degraded; On the contrary, if our whole society advocates promoting good and avoiding evil, then human nature is likely to develop in the direction of good, which doesn't just show how important it is for Confucianism to advocate self-cultivation, governing the country, being sage inside and being king outside! If the other debater is really good in human nature, why should Kong tirelessly teach others?
Today's debater's mistake is to replace reality with ideals and fact judgment with value judgment. Emotionally, like all good people, we also hope that human nature is good. However, history, reality and rationality all tell us that human nature is evil, which is a fact. Only by facing up to this fact can we better promote the good and avoid the evil. Time is up. Thank you! (Applause)
CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Jiang Feng. Next, let's listen to the second representative, Cai Zongda, for 3 minutes. (Applause)
Cai Zongda: Hello everyone! Just now, the students in the positive side talked a lot. Let's examine whether good is the foundation or evil is the foundation. Is good a representation or is evil a representation? Let me give you an example first. If you want to eat watermelon today, should you plant watermelon seeds first? If you plant red beans and mung beans, can you plant watermelons! So why are there so many good deeds in the world? Of course, there are seeds of goodness in human nature. Then why is there an evil appearance in the world? It's simple. As we all know, all we have to do is throw watermelon seeds. We should fertilize and water. If it rains heavily for more than ten days, watermelons will not only grow badly, but also rot. So in the same way, we are in an environment polluted by human beings. We admit that some people have good roots, but they can't bear good results. He is not good-looking, we admit it, but that doesn't mean there are no seeds of kindness in his humanity! So we find that many criminals have a conscience in the end, and we say that he has a conscience. Then let's think about it. If people's conscience does not exist in human nature from the beginning, how can we explain that people will regret it? Have you ever regretted it?
Well, another student pointed out that people are evil because they have desires and essence. I don't understand why desire must bring evil. I like a girl today, and that girl likes me. We both want to marry each other, and we form a beautiful family. Is this evil? Let's talk about it People have instinct. When they are hungry, they want to eat. Is this evil? This is the essence of human existence! People want to eat when they are hungry, and so do lions. Isn't that man like a lion? How do you explain another classmate? Besides, let's think about it again. Another classmate said that human nature can be educated, so evil human nature can be educated into good. Think about it, why can human nature be educated to be good? We say that birds can fly, as long as they learn to fly. Why can't we all fly by ourselves? Because there is no flying nature in our nature (time warning). So why can people be taught to fly? Why can you teach it to do good? Why should people do good deeds? Because we believe that human nature is good. If human nature is evil and can be taught to be good, then we feel very strange. If human nature is bad, why do we know what is good as soon as we learn, and do good as soon as we teach, but we can't teach you how to fly? Even if it is evil, who will teach us, or an evil person will teach us evil? Why do they teach us? What are their motives? Can we trust him? They want to educate us to do good, and Confucius wants to educate us to do good. Are there greater evil motives behind them? (Laughter and applause) We think this is strange, right? For example, an old man fell and we helped him up; We came to Singapore and made so many friends. Our feelings are sincere. When we saw the hungry people in Africa, everyone felt unbearable and showed compassion for the world. If we say that helping the elderly is seeking fame; Making friends is hypocrisy (time is up) ... thank you! (Applause)
CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Cai Zongda. Next, let's listen to how Ji Xiang, the second representative of the opposing party, refuted it. The time is three minutes (applause).
Ji Xiang: Thank you, Madam President. Hello everyone! My opponent, I really want to ask you this question. Since society is made up of people, my opponent thinks that evil in the social environment has nothing to do with human evil. So, where does evil in the external environment come from? How does your kindness lead to evil? We never think that instinct and desire are evil, but the uncontrolled expansion of instinct and desire is evil (applause). Confucius told us a long time ago: "Hearsay leads to moral decay." We believe that human nature is evil mainly for the following reasons.
First, the evil of human nature is the crystallization of human rational understanding through the ages. As early as more than two thousand years ago, in the so-called axis era of human civilization, Xunzi's theory of evil nature echoed the original sin theory of Judaism. Since modern times, from Machiavelli to Freud, people have advocated that human nature is evil. Is this just a historical coincidence? Don't! The great philosopher Hegel hit the nail on the head: "People think that when they say that human nature is good, they are talking about a great idea. But they forget that when they say that human nature is evil, they are talking about a greater idea. " (Applause. Unfortunately, the other debater hasn't awakened to such insights, which reminds me of Josie? Billings said, "Truth is scarce, but it always exceeds demand." (Applause)
Second, human nature is evil, which is the truth repeatedly shown to us in daily life. From King Lear's unfilial daughter to her husband who slapped his wife in the face in Lianhe Zaobao, from the soldiers of the UN peacekeeping force who sold plasma to the Latin American drug lords who killed people without batting an eye, the evil deeds of the wicked can be described as spanning ancient times and modern times, and the list is endless. Other debaters, do you still want to say that human nature is good to the four villains in "Dragon Eight Branches" (laughs)? (Applause)
Third, although we admit that human nature is evil, (time warning) does not mean that the future of mankind is dark. Man can become the essence of the universe and the soul of all things, not because he is perfect, but because he has the courage to know himself and admit that human nature is evil; People have the rationality to judge right and wrong, and can promote good and discard evil. In order to correct the evil of human nature, people not only make laws to quell violence, standardize morality and reduce fighting, but also establish a government to punish treason, and advocate loyalty and anti-madness in love, and write fairy tales to curse ingratitude. It's really painstaking, painstaking. But the other debater insists that human nature is good, which shows that all human moral education is redundant! While feeling sad, I can't help asking my opponent, if human nature is good, what do we need moral laws and traffic rules for? If human nature is good, is it necessary to carry out personal cultivation and social education? (Time is up) Thank you! (Long applause)
CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Ji Xiang. Next, we invite the third square representative, Xu Jinlong, to speak for three minutes. (Applause)
Xu Jinlong: Kong is diligent, because he is a diligent person. Hello, debaters! I want to ask another debater that so many questions have been raised today. If human nature is really evil, let's ask another debater the following question: If we say that this animal trainer can change the nature of a lion, let's think about it. Can we teach lions to salute and do good deeds? I want to ask another debater, if the blind are born blind, how can you ask him to distinguish colors? We would like to ask another debater, if it is said that human nature is evil today, is it possible to implement various kinds of education today? Who will believe who? Who teaches well and who doesn't? If the wicked taught it, who will take it? Why is what he teaches good? Today, the most fundamental and crucial contradiction of the opponent's debater is that he believes that human nature is evil today, but will evil people abandon the value of evil? Evil people should like evil, right? What does he hate? What I hate is what everyone has done to him. Therefore, people who do evil should be happy to do evil. What he hates most is that others' evil is imposed on him. Therefore, under such a wrong contradiction, how can the other debater tell us that human nature is evil, but people will abandon the value of evil? Since human nature is evil, people will readily accept the value of evil. Next, let's look at what another debater said today. Today, another debater said that there are two layers of human nature, one is natural attribute, the other is nature; There is also a social attribute, which is acquired. Natural attribute refers to the instinct of human nature with desire, just like animals. By the way, the other debater said well, natural attributes, people only have natural attributes, instinctive desires? What's the difference between that man and an animal? What is the difference between a lion and a tiger? Opponents, please explain later. Then when it comes to people's social attributes, I don't understand why people's social attributes are acquired, not born. The reason why people's social attributes say that people can be taught, people have good roots and people have a good end is human nature. If nature can move around today, from evil to good, from good to evil, then I want to ask, what is primitiveness? (Laughter) If (time warning) another debater believes today that the evolution of history is towards evil, we have nothing to say today. Today, it is said that the whole history is moving in the direction of goodness, so we believe that other debaters also believe that it is time to move in the direction of goodness. But who will believe that society should develop in the direction of goodness? Are those people evil? If the other debater really believes in evil, then I will praise the other debater: you are a person who has lost his nature and has no conscience! Because this is what you do, what you do to nature, what you do to heaven, what you do to people's hearts. So let's think about it. What will our society be like if we build an evil world? Believe me, we are not talking about winning or losing here, but the truth. If human nature is evil, we cannot trust each other. You sit there and I'll sit here. In what languages can we communicate with each other? Because you will doubt me, and I will doubt you. If there are no books, no kind terminals and no kind seeds, how can we communicate smoothly here? Here, we want to emphasize repeatedly that today, if other debaters think that human nature is evil, there will be no us. ...
CHAIRMAN: Sorry.
Xu Jinlong: ... A group of kind people. (Applause)
PRESIDENT: Thank you, Mr. Xu Jinlong. Let's listen to how Jia Yan, the third representative of the opposition party, retorts. The time is 3 minutes. (Applause)
Yan Jia: Thank you, Madam President. Hello everyone! The other side argued that it was good for someone to "put down the butcher knife and become a Buddha." But I asked, if everyone is fine, who will pick up the butcher knife? (Applause) Second, the other side argued that a person can become better as long as he teaches and learns, but we see that many people do evil without teaching and learning. (Laughter and applause) We can see that another debater thinks that evil is an external cause, but I want to ask, if an egg is not sewn properly, will a fly sting it? So there are still internal factors at work. As for speaking, where did a good end come from? I told my opponent that if everyone is selfish, no one can be selfish. Therefore, restriction and balance produce the golden mean, which is the earliest good source. As for the education after tomorrow, it is naturally formed. Don't turn a blind eye to historical facts. Ok, I will further elaborate our views from the realistic and historical levels.
First, at the beginning of human birth, the evil of human nature has been fully demonstrated. Anthropological research shows that Zhoukoudian ape-man already knew how to bake similar skulls with fire. How cruel this barbecue is! The book "The Origin of Man" tells us that when an indigenous child accidentally threw a basket of sea urchins into the sea, the indigenous people unexpectedly threw him alive on the cliff. Faced with the brutal nature of primitive people, did the other debater tell us that human nature is good?
Secondly, it is precisely because of the evil of human nature that enlightenment is particularly important and quite arduous in the evolution of human society. Plant trees for ten years and educate people for a hundred years. We never deny that people can change human nature and even form a great personality through acquired education and training. However, it is precisely because of the existence of evil human nature that we should know that learning well in three years is not good in three days. (Time warning) "Illness comes like a mountain, and illness goes like reeling"! Please think about it. Watching violent films and pornographic films has never been publicly advocated and encouraged, but why are there always so many people flocking to them? (Laughter and applause)
Third, it is not a shame for human beings to realize that human nature is evil. What we should really reflect on is to face the truth, but we dare not face it. In fact, the evolution of human society, in a sense, is the process in which the false vanity of human dignity is constantly stripped. We see that in the shadow of theological light, human beings used to be quite arrogant. However, Heliocentrism of Copernicus erased the central position of human beings in the universe; Darwin's theory of evolution reveals the inevitable internal relationship between man and animals; Freud, on the other hand, revealed the great instinctive impulse and desire of human beings under the tip of the iceberg of rationality. Today, only by truly realizing that human nature is evil can we suppress evil and promote good.
CHAIRMAN: Sorry.
Yan Jia: Thank you! (Applause)
PRESIDENT: Thank you, Jia Yan. I have heard the speeches of the representatives of both sides on good and evil. It's time for them to show their eloquence. Before the free debate begins, remind the representatives of both sides that each team has four minutes to speak, and students who are sure must speak first. Ok, now the free debate begins!
Wang Xinguo: First of all, I want to ask my opponent, since human nature is evil, why are there good deeds in the world?
Jiang Changjian: We have already explained. I want to ask another debater, when choosing a model husband, can you tell me that this model husband is kind in nature, but he can't stand the temptation of beauty? (Laughter and applause)
Xu Jinlong: The other side thinks he needs someone to water him often. Please answer me directly. Do you like killing people and setting fires?
Ji Xiang: Of course I don't like it, because I am educated. But I'm not ashamed of my evil nature. I want to ask each other, how do your good flowers bear fruit? (Applause)
Wu: I want to ask other students first. Can your education keep you from revealing your true nature all your life? If you accidentally reveal your true nature, we will all suffer.
Yan Jia: So I should always pay attention to self-cultivation! Why did Ceng Zi say, "I save myself three times a day"? So, I want to ask another debater once again, if you say there is no internal cause, why are evil flowers produced by good fruits?
Wang Xinguo: Let me tell you why, because of the influence of education and environment! I'd rather ask another debater to answer our questions directly. Why do good things happen in the world? Please tell us.
Jiang Feng: We gave a clear and direct answer. Why does the other debater just turn a deaf ear? Did you not hear or understand? (Laughter and applause)
Xu Jinlong: Say it again, if you can. Why do we never understand when we listen? I want to ask your opponent, you said Xunzi said inherent vice, but all scholars know that Xunzi said there is no good or evil.
Jiang Changjian: I asked my opponent for the third time, how can good flowers produce bad results? Where did the first so-called evil teacher come from?
Wu: I want to ask other students. If human nature is evil, who was the first to teach human nature to be good? Why on earth did this first person wake up?
Ji Xiang: Our three arguments have been explained. I want to ask the other debater for the fourth time, how did the good flowers bear bad consequences?
Wang Xinguo: I repeat, why good flowers bring bad results. It ended well, but due to the influence of acquired environment and education, he did something bad. Did the opposing debater hear you clearly? I want to ask another debater that Mother Teresa's behavior today is popular in the world. Why did she do these good deeds? Tell everyone.
Ji Xiang: If all evil is caused by the external environment, where does the evil in the external environment come from?
Cai Zongda: The other debater, please don't evade the question. Master Taiwan Province Yan Zheng fought floods in Anhui. According to your inference, isn't this dehumanizing?
Yan Jia: However, the other party should pay attention. Lianhe Zaobao on August 28th also told us that Singaporean tourists should be careful these two days, because there are thieves who are fascinated by thousands of faces in Taiwan Province Province! (Laughter and applause)
Xu Jinlong: We are very worried that if the evil of human nature is proved, it will only be a compliance issue. What is there to punish?
Jiang Changjian: The other party is finally blurred. I'd like to ask, how can good flowers produce bad results when driving around? It's the fifth time! (Laughter)
Wu: As we have said, there will be adverse consequences because of the external environment. I want to ask another classmate. Another classmate told us that human desire is evil, so does another classmate want to win the game? If you want to, you are really evil! (Laughter)
Jiang Feng: The other debater has been saying, because there is no goodness without goodness. So what we have to ask is, if they are all good, where did the first villain come from? And where is the environment you said?
Xu Jinlong: Natural disasters exist in the environment. Natural disasters are cunning and evil. Haven't you heard of another debater? Environment can make people do evil.
Yan Jia: The other party seems to think that with an external evil environment, people will become evil. Excuse me, in the Antarctic, in the very hard desert, will people become bad?
Wang Xinguo: We didn't say that. The other side is sowing again. What I want to tell you is that everyone has a happy ending. In which environment are you, the good environment is getting better and better, and the bad environment is getting worse.
Ji Xiang: If everyone is as good as they say, it's sunny and rainy, so why should we cultivate them? Let it die. (Laughter)
Xu Jinlong: According to another debater, human nature is evil. What should we educate? Because "the master leads the door, the practice is in the individual", this statement has long been untenable, and it should be "the master leads the door, and the pointer will accompany him all his life." (Laughter)
Yan Jia: According to the logic of the other debater, it should be easy to educate. Everyone is "disconnected" (laughter and applause)
Wang Xinguo: I want to ask my opponent, why do we need laws when human nature is evil? Why should we punish the system?
Jiang Feng: Yes, this just proves our point! If human nature is good, why do we need laws and norms? (Applause)
Cai Zongda: Making mistakes and committing crimes are all evil human nature. Is it in line with your evil position? Then why should we punish him for his mistakes?
Jiang Changjian: I don't know yet. Are you talking about the essence of human nature in the evolutionary primitive society or the essence of human life? Please answer!
Xu Jinlong: We've already talked about it! Mencius said conscience! Do you have compassion? Do you have an uneasy heart? This is conscience! Why didn't you hear clearly? (Laughter and applause)
Jiang Changjian: If people are born good, then I wonder how baby diapers sell so well. (Laughter and applause)
Wu: I want to ask other students and ask you again, if human nature is evil, who is the first person to teach people to be good?
Ji Xiang: We don't want to answer the same question again! I want to ask, didn't Mencius also say that "everything is natural"? Excuse me, what is nature?
Xu Jinlong: You speak hesitatingly. I really don't understand. Another debater, please answer us, whether Xunzi said evil or not.
Yan Jia: I have no idea. Do we still have to argue about evil and good? (Laughter and applause) I want to ask, Confucius said, "At the age of 70, you can do whatever you want, but don't cross the line." A saint like this doesn't practice until he is seventy, let alone an ordinary person. (Applause)
Wang Xinguo: Another debater, all the questions, all the questions didn't tell us the answer. I want to ask another debater, is Kant's proposition moral?
Jiang Feng: It's not that we don't tell each other. It's that we tell each other again and again. You don't understand. (Laughter and applause)
Xu Jinlong: We really didn't hear another debater's answer. But I want to tell the other debater to solve the problem of sexual evil! Xunzi said: "inaction, nature cannot be self-beautiful." It means sex is like a piece of mud. When it is molded into bricks, it will be molded into bricks, and when it is molded into houses, it will be molded into houses. This is no evil! The opposing debater.
Jiang Changjian: Xunzi also said that the so-called acquired goodness is "the product of misplaced things". What do you mean by "the ear of Xi"? Please answer.
Xu Jinlong: Xunzi was wrong! Xunzi said that he saw what was evil. What he means is that if he doesn't see the good, he says it's evil. If you can't see good, it is evil, not evil.
Jiang Changjian: Are you saying that Xunzi is wrong when he is wrong? Then why do you need so many Confucian scholars? (Laughter and applause)
Xu Jinlong: Confucianism is to study whether Xunzi said evil or good!
Ji Xiang: Xunzi clearly told us: "Human nature is evil, and its goodness is also illusory." (Applause)
Cai Zongda: Another classmate, if Xunzi says evil is evil, what are we arguing about today?
Yan Jia: Don't quote others repeatedly. Let's look at the facts! There are too many real dragon emperors in history. (Time warning) Why do some people hoard things when they don't have three thousand harem concubines? (Laughter and applause)
It's not finished yet. It's up to the word limit. . .