The economic structure, political structure, political system and culture of ancient Greece, and the geographical environment of Greece directly or indirectly formed a splendid ancient Greek civilization. However, although the geographical environment plays a very important role, we should realize that the geographical environment is variable for human society, and it plays an increasing or decreasing role in human control over nature. The most fundamental driving force to promote the development of human society is the development of productive forces. Greece is based on higher productivity. The material basis of the popularization of iron Greek class society may be that the Greek society, which had many city-states in the fourth century and iron was not enough to complete the second and third social division in a short time, was enslaved by industry and commerce. As a reflection of the economic and political system of the superstructure, culture's own creation is limited and depends on the development of productive forces, so the ultimate reason is. It can be seen that the geographical environment has a significant role and influence on the emergence and development of Greek civilization, but there is no ultimate reason for the development of Greek civilization.
(2) Summarize the performance of Athenian democratic system.
Athenian democracy (sometimes called classical democracy) is the development of Athenian democracy in ancient Greek cities (including Athens and Attica in central China). Athens is the earliest known democracy and perhaps the most important democracy in the ancient world. Other cities in Greece have established democratic systems, most of which (but not all) draw lessons from the model of Athens, but they are not as strong or lasting as Athens (more accurately, there are complete literature records). It exists as a unique and inspiring experiment of direct democracy and people's election of representatives, but its direct participation in voting on legislative and administrative bills will become a valuable teaching material that future generations will always remember. Although the participants in this democratic country are not all Attica residents, the choice of participants is not based on the difference of economic development level, and the scope of participation is extensive. Never before have so many people been involved in managing their own country.
Democracy, autonomy and democracy in Athens. All citizens over the age of 20 (excluding women and slaves), this is a citizens' assembly composed of less than half of the population, to manage the highest authority of this city-state. 40 town hall meetings were held. On the basis of this democratic system, we believe in civic virtue and common interests.
Part of Athens' electricity supply comes from her own land Attica. Traditionally, under the rule of theseus, towns are unified (σ υ ν ο ι ι ι ι? ), credit. For those who think that theseus is a historical figure, the Attica Alliance remains a mystery; Ecuador's sulfur-bearing Sri Lanka seemed to be an independent city-state in the first eight centuries.
Solon (about 590), Cleisthenes (508 BC) and Ephialtes (462 BC) contributed to the democratic construction in Athens. Historians also have different views on who founded the institution and what was the most decisive event. The name of Cleisthenes is the same as the democratic practice in Athens, because Solon's reform finally failed in the hands of peisistratus, the dictator of the regime; Ephialtes, the change of Christini's charter is quite smooth.
Peisistratus family dictatorship, and later because of Oswald Halmodi and Ji Ya Pitton (? ρμδιο? και? ριστογε? τ ν) It was actually his younger brother, mainly Hippias, who finally assassinated the tyrant. They are descendants of Athenians who symbolize the pursuit of democracy and freedom (so-called "murderous tyrants") and advocate polis. An assassination when an uprising breaks out may lead to instability. Four years before the dictator's rule ended, it was increasingly used in various activities. Their nobles are very popular among those who oppose democracy.
Pericles, the largest and longest-serving leader of the Democratic Party. After his death, the democracy in Athens was interrupted by two short oligarchic revolutions in the late Peloponnesian War. After Euclid restored democracy in Athens, he implemented a series of reforms. Pericles's systematic description of democracy is expounded in the handed down literature in the 4th century. In 322 BC, Macedonia eliminated this system. Although the institutions in Athens were later restored, the extent of the democratic spirit they presided over is still controversial.
(3) The development of human civilization in the sense of democratic politics.
Progress: Athenian democracy opened the most valuable reference for future generations. In a political system of western democracy, it officially recognizes the equal rights of citizens, and the citizens' assembly is the highest authority, and citizens enjoy freedom and freedom of speech. Public officials are elected). Later, the theory and practice of law, collective management, life tenure and proportional representation democracy, which all people are equal before the European and American bourgeoisie, provided the ideological basis. The establishment of a sound democratic system led to the prevalence of absolutism in the ancient world.
Limitations: ① the scope of democracy, a democratic regime that excludes slaves, foreigners and women. ② The purpose of form is direct democracy in Athens. Democracy is a more primitive type and only applies to small city-states. (3) The politics of drawing lots and taking turns to sit in villages may lead to the abuse and misuse of state power. Born in the democratic, relaxed and free atmosphere of classical Athens; After Athens, modern people gradually disappeared. Apart from war and other factors, political chaos and internal friction in a democratic country are inseparable.