Monks refer to clergy engaged in religious undertakings. In the East, monks are Buddhist, Tantric and Hindu monks. In the west, it refers to clergy such as bishops and priests in Christianity and Islam. They are regarded as the messengers of God or Buddha on earth.
Medieval Europe was a Europe of church power, and the church power in Europe controlled the politics and economy of society. The church is still the biggest landlord. Besides the pope and cardinals, monks constitute the first class of society, while the working people are oppressed by the church. These have been miserable years. Until the rise of the bourgeois revolution broke the rule of the church forces. The legend about monks has a long history and shines in the east and west.
2.Puritans
/kloc-since the first half of the 6th century, the Reformation has swept the whole of Europe. Martin Luther of Germany and Calvin of France became the leaders of Protestant Christianity after the Reformation. In Britain at that time, the Reformation came late because of the tyranny of the Anglican Church, but the British were still influenced by Calvinism. 1524, Englishman william tyndale translated the New Testament into English. He can be said to be the first Puritan in England. The early Puritans hoped to live in full accordance with the principles of the Bible, and obeying the teaching of the Bible was their primary task. Rudin Doyle's goal is to give every literate person in Britain a Bible. Historically, Protestants in England, those who believed in Calvinism and were dissatisfied with the Anglican doctrine, were called Puritans. Because of the religious persecution in Britain, most Puritans fled to the United States, so when people talk about Puritans, they generally refer to the Puritans in the United States.
Puritans are not a faction, but an attitude, a tendency, a value, and a general term for believers. Puritans are the most devout and sacred Protestants. They believe that "everyone is a priest and everyone has a call". It is believed that every individual can communicate directly with God and oppose the tyranny, corruption, red tape and formalism of priests. They advocate that believers live a simple, practical and equal life before God.
In the Puritan era, the concept of occupation really appeared in human history. The word occupation at that time was a call. Calling is calling, calling. Calling means "calling, called by God", which means that God calls you from heaven and commands you to do something. There is no doubt that this meaning contains religious meaning: occupation is a bounden duty and a task arranged by God, which is the original definition of occupation.
In the Puritans' understanding, occupation is a task called, ordered, ordered and arranged by an invisible God, and completing this task is not only the duty and obligation of each individual's talent, but also an act of thanking God for his grace. For example, God once called Abraham to be a pious and rich king, and he finally fulfilled his call by faith and became a rich and productive king of all peoples. Now, God also calls the Puritans to explore the territory of North America, and regards starting a business in the United States as an unshirkable responsibility.
They also affirm real life, which is contrary to the idea of world-weariness. They think: "The world is our monastery" (in Calvin). Secular work is our way of practice, a task arranged by God and a sacred duty. Everyone who wants to practice in the WTO and do his own work and life well in the world is practicing, worshiping and doing his duty as a human being.
They also affirmed the profit-making activities, believing that man is the custodian of God's wealth, and as a custodian, he has the bounden duty to increase the value of wealth. As a Puritan leader named John Ralston wrote in his book, "If someone asks how to know God's will in him, my answer is simple: just look at the legacy God has given him."
Puritans are the spokesmen of entrepreneurship. They believe that people must be abstinent and thrifty when starting an industry. They restrict all indulgence, enjoyment and even consumption behavior, and spend all consumption input and expenditure on productive investment and expanded reproduction, which will inevitably lead to the accumulation of capital and the development of industry. It is not indulgence and greed that accumulate wealth, but temperance and abstinence that increase social wealth.
Puritans advocate commercial and industrial activities. They are honest and trustworthy in business, cherish their reputation and never cheat. Puritan entrepreneurs not only pursue the maximization of profits, but also have the consciousness of repaying society, undertaking social responsibilities and supporting social justice, making great contributions to social welfare undertakings and undertaking huge public undertakings.
The Puritans were full of confidence in everything. Whether engaged in commercial trade or agricultural production, they have the courage and confidence to overcome all difficulties and make extraordinary achievements. They are good at creation and innovation, and constantly explore and conquer. They have a lot of precious spirits worth learning.