Tian Fei Moline's ancestors can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. Now, there is Mu in Putian. He has nine sons. It is said that they were all assassinated, and they were called "Nine Pastors Lin Shi" (the assassination envoy was also called "Zhou Mu"). Maureen is Lin Mu's tenth granddaughter. Maureen's father, Yuan Lin, served as a military envoy (and often visited). Maureen is the youngest in the family and is an "old girl". Why is it called "silence"? It is said that she never cried for more than a month after birth, so her father named her "Maureen".
Like many other gods who changed from human beings to "immortals", Maureen's birth was naturally covered with magical colors and was greatly deified by later generations. "Putian County Records" said that when Maureen was born, "the ground turned purple, with fragrant light and strange fragrance". "Three Religions Seeking God" said that mother Maureen "tasted the dream of Guanyin in the South China Sea, used the first-class potted flowers, swallowed them and conceived them. It was not until April that she was born, and she got a concubine (produced by Maureen). "On the day of birth, I heard about it in a strange fragrance, and I won't leave after ten days. "In short, Maureen was born with great luck.
Maureen's growth is probably because Maureen was born to be a "God". Just 1 year-old, still in infancy, seeing idols is "hand worship." At the age of 5, you can recite the Guanyin Sutra, and at the age of1/kloc-0, you can "dance and music festival". Kobayashi seems to have an indissoluble bond with Buddha. When Maureen grew up, "she understood the secret law and predicted the guilt; The villagers complained about illness and "need medical treatment". "It seems that Maureen is still a young witch or something. Her greatest ability is her extraordinary "inspiration" for maritime affairs.
On one occasion, Lin was willing to go to Fuzhou on business with him by five boats. Maureen stayed at home with his mother. At night, Maureen suddenly tampered with it. Mother quickly woke her up and asked her daughter if she had nightmares. Maureen opened her eyes and said, "No, Dad, their boat was caught in a storm." Mother was frightened to disgrace. Maureen complained to his mother, "I pulled a boat with both hands, hung two more on my feet and still had one in my mouth." It was fine, but when you shouted, my mouth opened and the boat I was holding was blown away. " After that, I began to cry: "My big brother is in danger."
A few days later, my father and brothers came back, crying that there was a storm at sea and my brother's boat sank in the sea. He also said that when it was windy, he saw a woman walking with five masts and crossing the waves like on the ground. The whole family realized that Maureen was sleeping with his eyes closed. "Yuan Shen saved his brother.". ("Three Religions Seeking the Source of God", Volume 4), the more stories spread, the more immortals there were, and Maureen became famous.
When Miss Lin grew up, she vowed not to marry, and she often traveled across the ocean and traveled between islands. With kindness and bodhisattva's heart, she helped fishermen and businessmen in distress at sea many times, and was called the goddess and dragon lady. Her deeds of doing good at sea are widely circulated in Putian area.
Ascending to heaven, Maureen risked her life to rescue the boat people in distress at sea on a rainstorm day 1000 years ago. Due to the heavy wind and waves, Maureen was unfortunately swept away by the typhoon. ...
People don't want to admit that Maureen was killed and died, thinking that she has "ascended to heaven"-become a goddess. Someone invented that when Maureen ascended to heaven, she "smelled the joy in the air, and there was a crimson cloud, which descended from the sky, and God (Maureen) rose beside it" ("Gong Ming in Tian Fei, Yangzhou"). Later, someone saw her "always wearing red clothes and flying across the sea." So Putian people built an ancestral temple to commemorate the goddess Moline.
In the fifth year of Xuanhe (1 123), Song Huizong gave an order to YUNDI in the middle of his mission to Korea. He led eight big ships sailing on the Bohai Sea. Suddenly, he was caught in a big storm and sank seven ships. Lu was frightened and quickly closed his eyes and prayed: "The goddess came down to protect my safety! The goddess descended to earth and kept me safe! " Strange to say, YUNDI suddenly felt that the boat was stable. When he opened his eyes, a goddess in red stood on the boat. Thanks to the blessing of the goddess, Lu sailed to North Korea alone and completed his mission. When Hui Zong heard this, he personally wrote a "Shunzhi" plaque for Molin Temple.
In the future, there will be more and more "spiritual responses" from the goddess. During the Shaoxing period in the Song Dynasty, pirates were rampant in the estuary, and the goddess was "swept away in the wind", which helped to suppress pirates repeatedly. During the reign of Xi Chun, "at the age of 20, there were repeated droughts, and prayer (God) followed." Goddess not only bless merchant fishermen, help suppress pirates, but also defend against floods, droughts, epidemics and other disasters. Therefore, the influence of the goddess is more and more extensive, and the incense has gradually expanded from the initial Putian area to the vast areas from south to north and along the coast.
The "spiritual trace" of the goddess was also praised by emperors from Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty. During the 700-800 years, emperors gave it titles as many as 40 times, with five or six crosses: for example, assisting the country to protect the saints, protecting the country and the people, benefiting the people with spirit, invigorating the spirit, helping the people with compassion, helping the people with compassion, helping the people with compassion, helping the people with compassion, helping the people with compassion, showing the spirit with compassion, and helping the people with compassion. Maureen's position rose from Miss Lin to wife, princess, Tian Fei and Princess Saint. Sacrificial ceremonies have also been gradually upgraded from folk sacrifices to imperial envoys' sacrifices, and have been incorporated into national sacrificial ceremonies.
If the goddess believed by inland people is Guanyin Bodhisattva, then in the coastal areas, the goddess believed by people is Empress Mazu. From Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, the three objects of national traditional sacrifice were Huangdi, Confucius and Mazu.
Empress Mazu, formerly known as Molinyang, is generally considered to be from Meizhou, Fujian. Belief in her began in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty. It is said that she predicted the fate of fishermen before her death, and her medical skills were superb. She often goes to the sea to save people when ships are wrecked, saving countless fishermen. At that time, according to historical records, she "always wore red clothes and showed a saint at sea. If she encountered a storm, she would call on God to help her." After the Song Dynasty, emperors sealed it, from "Lady" to "Princess", to "Tian Fei", "Tianhou" and even to "Tiannv". Slowly, Moline Niang changed from a person to a god, and became a goddess Mazu who was worshipped by thousands of people.
According to preliminary statistics, there are as many as 250 million Mazu believers at home and abroad, including Mazu Tempel in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and ports in Jiangsu, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong and Tianjin on the eastern coast. The Portuguese language of Macao comes from the pronunciation of Marco. When the Portuguese landed in Macao, there was a Mazu Pavilion. The Portuguese asked where it was, and passers-by answered Marco, so the Portuguese thought it was the name of the island and called Macao Macao.
Every time Mazu is born on March 23rd of the lunar calendar, Mazu Tempel all over the world will hold sacrificial ceremonies on this day, and the most solemn place for sacrificial ceremonies is Meizhou Island, the birthplace of Mazu. On this day, good men and women from Southeast Asia, North and South America, Japan and other overseas countries will come to Meizhou Island to worship. Mazu Tempel here is the ancestral temple of more than 5,000 Mazu temples in more than 20 countries around the world. On this day, Meizhou Island will hold a grand sacrifice and incense burning ceremony. People will bow down to the statue of Mazu and offer sacrifices to Mazu under the leadership of the person in charge. The troupe will also stage a Mazu drama that reproduces Mazu's deeds before his death, and various floats that show Mazu's spirit, gifts and medicines will also tour the venue over and over again. Coupled with the dragon and lion dance team and various folk cultural performances, the excitement of sacrifice will even exceed the Spring Festival. In addition, people will hold a commemoration of Mazu's ascension to heaven on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month. However, as it is Memorial Day, all sacrificial gifts on this day are vegetarian, and Mazu Tempel will also perform Mazu drama from September 6th to September 9th.
In addition to the sacrificial activities in the temple, since the Song Dynasty, various ships departing from the southeast coast will worship the statue of Mazu. Before sailing, during sailing and after arriving in Hong Kong, we will burn incense to pray for the goddess Mazu and pray for a safe journey. Legend has it that Zheng He also held a ceremony to worship Mazu when he went to the Western Ocean. In some areas, in addition to commemorating the birth and ascension of Mazu, even on the 15th of each month, sacrificial ceremonies are held at the seaside or at home.
As an amiable goddess, Empress Mazu is especially welcomed by women. Whenever women encounter problems or make major decisions, they will use the half-moon wooden holy grail to pray for Mazu and seek tips. In order to protect children's safety, mothers will also go to Mazu Tempel to pray for small sachets and hang a jade statue of Mazu around their necks, hoping that Mazu can protect children's safety as a sailboat. If the children's parents go out, they can even entrust their children to relevant personnel in Mazu Tempel. Such a Mazu empress broke away from the grand theme of national sacrifice and became close and peaceful.
On September 30th, 2009, the United Nations listed Mazu belief in the intangible cultural heritage of mankind. This may be because Mazu has a wide range of believers, or it may be because Mazu has its own customs and beliefs from the state to the people. However, the reason why Empress Mazu is so popular is mainly rooted in the expectation of coastal people for a safe return from sea navigation, for the safety of life, career and family, and for the image of a gentle mother who protects the nation.
In the Song Dynasty, there was a Fujian fisherman's daughter named Molinyang. It is said that after her father went fishing and was killed, she swam at sea for a few days and brought back his body. Later generations built a temple for her in memory and performed miracles many times. Later, the emperor built a temple for her, and the coastal people thought that she could keep safe, so she had a deified Mazu.
Mazu belief exists not only in the coastal areas of China, but also in places where there are Chinese in the world. It can be said that Mazu is the most widespread belief in gods in China.
In ancient times, sailing at sea was actually very dangerous because the shipbuilding technology was not advanced and there was no weather forecast, so fishermen at that time often pinned their comfort on the protection and belief of the gods. Mazu is a descendant of the famous family forest in Putian, and his grandfather is the general manager of Fujian. Mazu didn't cry until the full moon, and her parents named her Moline Niang. She has never been married, and has been doing good deeds to save people, and her medical skills are superb, helping the villagers to turn the tide.
Born by the sea, Lin Moniang is familiar with astronomy and likes water. There are many reefs in the sea where she lives. Many shipwrecked ships often get her help, and there are rumors that she can predict good and bad luck and maritime affairs. However, in 987, Lin Moniang died young at the age of 28. In order to thank Maureen Niang for her help, the villagers built a temple on Meizhou Island to commemorate her. This is the famous Meizhou Mazu Tempel.
Later, the story of Mazu spread to the rulers. Since the Song Dynasty, emperors of all dynasties have continuously sealed and expanded Mazu Tempel, and the title of Mazu has changed from "Lady", "Tian Fei" and "Queen of Heaven" to "Mother of Heaven" and was included in the national memorial ceremony. Mazu belief also spread from Fujian to Zhejiang, Guangdong, Taiwan Province, Ryukyu, Japan and Southeast Asia.
Wen | Wang
Mazu, also known as Tianhou and Lingnv, is the sea god in the hearts of people in the southeast coastal areas of China. People's belief in Mazu began in the Northern Song Dynasty and has a history of 1000 years. It can be seen from the handed down records that Mazu is not a completely "fabricated" god, but evolved from an actual historical figure. However, due to the lack of historical data, Mazu's life experience has always been a mystery, and there are many opinions about Mazu's life experience in folk or academic circles.
Although the belief in Mazu existed in the Song Dynasty, in fact, most of the historical books in the Song and Yuan Dynasties mainly recorded Mazu's divine power, and there was little information about Mazu's life experience. The article "Rebuilding Shunji Temple in Shengdun Temple" written by Liao Pengfei in the Southern Song Dynasty is the earliest record of Mazu's life experience and belief origin so far. The article writes: Mazu, that is, the forest of Meizhou Island, takes witchcraft as a profession and can predict the fortunes of the world. After Lin died, everyone built a temple for her on Meizhou Island. But we still know very little about Mazu's name, date of birth and death, and life story.
Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, people's imagination has become more abundant. In the thirty years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, Wu Huanchu compiled Biography of Tian Fei's Mother, Tian Fei's Sage Record compiled anonymously in the late Ming Dynasty, and Lin Qingbiao's Tianhou Ji in the Qianlong period, etc. Both recorded Mazu's life. The intention of creating gods in these written records is undisguised, and it largely integrates the myths and stories circulated by the people at that time. Various versions of the story make the original image of Mazu gradually clear.
The date of Mazu's birth is not uniform, but it is very consistent to take "March 23rd" as Mazu's birthday. There are also various theories about Mazu's reincarnation, that is, Guanyin gave his mother a pill, or his mother dreamed that she was pregnant. In addition, Mazu is from Putian, surnamed Lin and surnamed Mo, so she was named Mo, because she never cried from birth to the full moon. Maureen was smart when he was young, and he had spiritual talent. He helped people through risks many times before his death, never married, and died at the age of 28 to save the sunken ship. The above is the widely circulated life story of Mazu.
Recently, some scholars took the epitaph unearthed in the Song Dynasty as an opportunity, and combined with the literature, made a new discussion on the name of Mazu, and thought that the original name of Mazu was "Mei Xin". In addition to analyzing the epitaph, the scholar also talked about: March 23, this time, is the season when green plums are listed; Moreover, Putian Meilin is widely distributed and has strong cultural characteristics of "Mei", so it is reasonable to name it "Mei Xin". Only in the process of long-term folk word-of-mouth, the name "Mei Xin" gradually distorted due to accent and other reasons, and became the "Maureen" in historical books. The appearance of this statement shows that the research and exploration of Mazu continues.
References:
Su Yahong: A Historical Study on the Evolution of Mazu's Image and Name, Master's Thesis of Shandong University, 20 1 1 year.
Tang: a new theory on the real name of Mazu, the identification and appreciation of cultural relics,No. 12, 20 17.
Speaking of Mazu, Moline Niang was born in Meizhou, Fujian, at the age of 27. It is the way to be sanctified by virtue-there are many folk gods here, except Nu Wa Niangniang, Songzi Niangniang in Taishan, Shandong Province, and Leizu, the "First Silkworm Niangniang" handed down from generation to generation. , is also very famous in China, widely admired!
The flattening of Mazu belief began in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty. It is said that she predicted the fate of fishermen before her death, and her medical skills were superb. At sea, fortunes depend on each other, and ships often cross the sea to save people in distress. In history, she "always wears red clothes and shows the sacred sea." If she encounters a storm, she will pray to God to help her. "
From "Lady" to "Princess" in Song Dynasty, to "Tian Fei", "Tianhou" and finally to "Tiannv", Molinyang changed from a human being to a god and became the goddess Mazu admired by coastal fishermen. Can't help but say it's a good time!
First of all, Taoism had a high status in the Tang and Song Dynasties, especially in Zhao Guanjia, Song Zhenzong and Zhao Heng. Song Huizong and Evonne even called themselves "Tao Jun", but history made a joke that the country was occupied by the Jin people. The small dynasty in the Southern Song Dynasty also died tragically in Mongolia because Jia Sidao believed in Buddhism. "There is no China behind the cliff mountain", Japanese sinologists commented angrily (some criticized it as "sinister").
Secondly, crucially, Yang Di dug the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, making the imperial economy irreversible and difficult to move. After the Anshi Rebellion, the vassal regions became independent, and the central dynasty of the Tang Dynasty survived for more than 100 years by virtue of the trade dividends of the Maritime Silk Road such as Yangzhou and Quanzhou.
Needless to say, the Song Dynasty! From the Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, it lost half of its territory and relied almost entirely on overseas trade. The Ming and Qing dynasties closed their doors to the outside world, but the overseas tribute trade has been booming. Fishermen, world businessmen and pirates, if they "sneak into" Nanyang and reap huge profits from envy, life and death are unpredictable, then Mazu will find it difficult to burn incense or not prosper.
Conclusion: Mazu belief may have spread weakly since the Eastern Han Dynasty, Sui and Tang Dynasties. There happened to be an Alimon in the Northern Song Dynasty, who was able to pinch and calculate, had superb medical skills and a kind heart, and saved fishermen-Zoroastrianism/Zoroastrianism Fang La Uprising took place in the Song Huizong period at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. I don't know, is this Lin Moniang promoting god of light with her brothers and sisters and the flame messenger Zhu Yi? You know, red clothes are purple, and only officials and ladies of different ranks are qualified to wear them!