Brief introduction of Dingling of the Ming Tombs

The Ming Tombs are the Ming Tombs. The Ming Tombs are the tombs of the Ming emperors in China, located at Tianshou Mountain at the foot of Yanshan Mountain in Changping District, northwest suburb of Beijing. From May of the seventh year of Yongle (1409), Changling was built here, and the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Chongzhen, was buried in Siling. Over the past 230 years, 13 tombs of emperors, 7 tombs of concubines and 1 tombs of eunuchs have been built successively. Thirteen emperors, twenty-three queens, two princes, more than thirty concubines and two eunuchs were buried. The Ming Tombs are the general name of the royal tombs of 13 emperors after the Ming Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing. There are Changling (Ming Di), Xianling (Ming Renzong), Jingling (Ming Xuanzong), Yuling (Ming Yingzong), Maoling (Ming Xianzong), Tailing (Ming Xiaozong), Kangling (Ming Wuzong), Yongling (Sejong) and Yongling in turn. The origin of the name Some people want to ask, why are the sixteen emperors of the Ming Dynasty called the Ming Tombs? This goes back to the history of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, made Nanjing his capital and was buried in the sunshine of Zhongshan, Nanjing after his death. The second emperor Zhu (Emperor Jianwen), known as the "Ming Mausoleum", disappeared after his uncle sent troops to Nanjing in the name of "Jingnan" (relieving the emperor's distress). Someone told me about the monk Yang Yinglong, but his whereabouts are unknown (this is an unsolved case in the history of the Ming Dynasty), so there is no mausoleum. The seventh emperor, Zhu Qiyu, was granted the throne according to the wishes of the Queen Mother and ministers, because his younger brother Emperor Yingzong was captured by Vala and there was no master in the palace. Later, Yingzong was put back, and under the planning of his followers, "the change of seizing the door, the restoration of Yingzong and the change of the emperor" appeared. Zhu Qiyu was killed, and Yingzong denied that he was the emperor, so he destroyed the mausoleum built in Tianshou Mountain area. He was buried as a "king" in Yuquan Mountain in the western suburbs of Beijing. In this way, two of the sixteen emperors of the Ming Dynasty were buried elsewhere, one was unaccounted for, and the other thirteen were buried in Tianshou Mountain, so they were called the "Ming Tombs". Located at the southern foot of the main peak of Tianshou Mountain, the Ming Changling Mausoleum is the tomb of the third emperor (Yongle) and empress Xu of the Ming Dynasty. Among the Ming Tombs, this building has the largest scale, the earliest construction time and the most intact ground building. It is the ancestral tomb of the Ming Tombs and one of the most important tourist attractions in the mausoleum area. Judy (1May 2, 360-August 6543812,0424), Han nationality, was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty. From 1402 to 1424, he was in office for 22 years, and the year was Yongle. Judy was born in Yingtianfu (now Nanjing) on April 17th (May 2nd) in the 20th year of Yuan Shundi Zhengzhi (1360). In December of the 31st year of Hongwu, in order to guard against the rebellion of Zhu Jun, the prince of Yan, Wen Jian appointed Sharla Cheung, assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, as the deployment envoy of Beiping, and Xie Gui and Zhang Xin as the viceroy of Beiping [1-2]. Then, he ordered Commander-in-Chief Zhong Song to station troops in Kaiping and hand over the troops to the prince of the northern plain. After the Jingnan War, Yang Yinglong introduced himself and attacked his nephew, Emperor Wen Jian [3-4]. 1402 acceded to the throne and changed to Yongle. [5] He made five personal expeditions to Mongolia, established Nur Apprentice in the northeast and Hami Wei [6-7][8-9] in the northwest, which consolidated the north-south border defense and safeguarded the unity and integrity of China's territory. He sent Zheng He to the Western Seas many times, which strengthened friendly exchanges between China and foreign countries. Editing Yongle Dadian [1 1] dredging the Grand Canal [12-14]1421moving the capital to Beijing [15] played a very positive role in strengthening the rule of the Ming Dynasty. During his reign, he will develop from devastation after Jingnan to economic prosperity and strong national strength, which is known as "Yongle Shi Sheng" in history. Judy was also called "Yongle the Great" by later generations. "Chronicle of Cheng Zu" said: "The strategy of military courage is the same as that of Gao Zu. Six divisions came out of the mountain again and again, and the dust settled in Mobei at the end of the season. Wade was regarded as a distinguished guest from all directions, and almost 30 countries were paid tribute by the imperial court. Meteorites are as wide as Han and Tang Dynasties. Success is powerful and very prosperous. " Mingding Mausoleum Mingding Mausoleum is the tomb of Zhu Yijun, the 13th emperor of the Ming Dynasty. His two queens are also buried here. The mausoleum is located at the foot of Dayu Mountain in the southwest of Changling. It was built from 1584 to 1590 (from the 12th year of Wanli to the 18th year of Wanli). The main buildings are Enmen, Enen, Baocheng, Minglou and Underground Palace, covering an area of 6.5438+0.82 million square meters. This is the only tomb excavated in the Ming Tombs. Dingling underground palace can be visited by tourists. Ming Shenzong Zhu Yijun (1563- 1620) was the 13th emperor of Ming dynasty and the third son of Mu Zong of Ming dynasty. Qin Long became the Crown Prince in two years, Qin Long in six years, Mu Zong died, and Zhu Yijun, aged 10, acceded to the throne, and Wanli was changed in the following year. He reigned for 48 years and was the longest-serving emperor in the Ming Dynasty. In the early days of Zhang's accession to the throne, he served as the cabinet record and presided over the Wanli New Deal. Early pro-government, diligent. In the middle period, he launched the "Three Great Expeditions of Wanli", put down the August 1st Uprising and the Yang Yinglong Uprising, and helped the client country Korea defeat the Japanese invaders. At this time, the seeds of capitalism appeared, and history called Wanli Zhongxing. Ignore the later political affairs, 28 years without a lawsuit. Jurchen rose rapidly in the northeast and defeated the Ming army in the battle of Salhu. Since then, the national situation in the Ming Dynasty has declined. Temple No.,Su Dunjian, a Taoist from Fan Tianhe, posthumous title, was the filial piety emperor of Wu 'an, and was buried in Dingling Ming Tombs. Ming Shenzong's life can be divided into four stages: before 10, he was the crown prince; 10 to 20 years old, in the period of the little emperor, it was only a symbolic authority, and everything was done according to the words of the great scholar Zhang; Pro-government after the age of 20, diligent at the beginning of pro-government; In the late pro-government period, although he didn't go to court, it didn't mean that he personally presided over the Wanli Sanzheng. He once defeated Toyotomi Hideyoshi's invasion in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and was an emperor with a national hero. The poor education of the prince in his later years led to the demise of the Ming Dynasty. Ancient and modern scholars commented on Zhao Yi's "Twenty-two History of Wanli: The Harm of Taxation": "The commentator said that Ming died, not in Chongzhen, but in Wanli." "Monument to the Immortal Virtue of the Ming Tombs" said: "The demise of the Ming Dynasty was not due to scoundrels, but to the absurdity of the gods and the arbitrariness of eunuchs at the time of the apocalypse. Ministers are interested in money, and officials specialize in flattery. And four cases acceded to the throne, although the anti-castration has ended, but the trend of the world, such as the water of a river, can never be blocked again, and fish rot can never be restored. And too harsh, people are pregnant with the heart of self-exemption. The king didn't blame him for his sufferings, so he became a thief, and the thief took advantage of it, so Mingshe went home. It's raining, but I don't know what to be afraid of. At the end of the article "Fifteen Years of Wanli", it is concluded that "1587 is fifteen years of Wanli, and the year number is Ding Hai. On the surface, it seems that the four seas are equal and there is nothing to remember. In fact, our Ming dynasty has reached the end of its development. At this time, the emperor's efforts or Yan 'an's indulgence, recorded dictatorship or reconciliation, the creation or peaceful habits of senior generals, the incorruptibility or corruption of civil servants, and the extreme progress or absolute conservatism of thinkers all led to the failure to achieve meaningful development. Therefore, our story has to end tragically here. Wanli Dinghai Yearbook is the total record of failure in history. "Changling: Lingmen-Beiting-Lingenmen-Lingen Hall (inside: there is a sculpture of Yongle Emperor Judy, nanmu pillars, Xu Kang's Yongle Fu, Lingxingmen, Shiwugong, Changling Minglou, Minglou-Baoding Minglou-1 stone tablet" Tomb of Emperor Chengzu Wendi ") Ancient emperors. There is a stone tablet in the Emperor's Hall, and the next floor is a spiritual bed. There will be several feasts in front of the building tomorrow. The Ming building is the symbol of the imperial mausoleum and the tallest building on the central axis of each mausoleum. There is a "sacred monument" in the Ming building of Changling. The tablet is a dragon's head, printed with "Daming", and engraved with the seven-character regular script of "Tomb of Emperor Wendi of Chengzu" below (Figure 1). Among them, "Chengzu" is Judy's temple number; "Wen" is posthumous title (meaning "latitude and longitude of heaven and earth"). The word is old clay gold, and the tablet body is painted with red lacquer diaphragm, so it is also commonly known as "Zhu Shibei" Ming Changling silk burning furnace: also known as Liao furnace, placed in front of the temple. Made of glass, crystal clear, small and exquisite, it is a pit furnace for burning bamboo boards, making silks and making gold and silver after sacrifice. Before the emergence of the silk-burning furnace, the ancient sacrifices were mainly firewood burning and burnt offering. For example, according to historical records, worshipping Mount Tai and offering firewood are also called "Liao Festival". The ancestors of the Chinese nation used burning wood to raise smoke during the sacrifice, which was a sacrifice to heaven and earth and a pioneer of later sacrifices, including private tombs. Even in ancient times, ancestors were sacrificed in the same way, but the incinerators used gradually evolved into different types and the sacrifices were different. Silk burning furnace, called Liao furnace in ancient times, is often used in temples, tombs, private tombs and other buildings to burn sacrifices in memorial ceremonies. The wood-burning stove in the Temple of Heaven is made of green glazed tiles. When the ceremony is held, the calf is sacrificed on the stove and burned with pine branches and reeds to welcome the emperor, which is called "burning firewood to welcome the emperor". After the ceremony, offerings, boards, silk, etc. The sacred objects enshrined in the case of Emperor Fengtian will be sent to the furnace for burning, and the emperor and the watch will call it "Looking at Liao". The sacrifices burned by the silk burning furnace vary from time to time. With the changes of the times, the burnt sacrifices have also changed, and the gas appliance used has gradually become standardized and more practical. Since the Tang Dynasty, Tomb-Sweeping Day has had the custom of sweeping graves. In the 20th year of Kaiyuan (AD 752), the imperial court issued a decree: "It has always been a routine procedure to pay homage to the grave. "In the heyday of the Qing Dynasty, sacrificial ceremonies included offering sacrifices, toasting, burning incense, saluting, saying greetings and giving gifts to the gods. And the sacrificial plates are burned in the silk burning furnace to make silks, colored paper, gold and silver coins (gold and silver ingots made of gold and silver silk paper) and other sacrifices. By burning silks and silks, sacrifices burn and smoke rises, which embodies the noble customs and virtues of the Chinese nation, such as worshipping ancestors, respecting Myanmar, respecting rituals, and from generation to generation. Wire burning furnace-The burning apparatus evolved from a simple model in ancient times to a precision casting wire burning furnace for bronze, except pottery, porcelain, glass and iron. The shape is more novel and the production is more exquisite. They integrate painting, calligraphy, artistic sculpture, architecture, metal casting and mechanical production, which makes the silk burner present a unique comprehensive artistic style and embodies the charm of ancient culture and art in China. It marks that China bronze casting art has reached a new peak stage and become a bright pearl in the ancient art treasure house of China. Silk-making: Silk-making for sacrifice. The altar of China sacrifice is made of silk and black. Sacrifice the coordination of Qiu Qiu, Chang Yu and Fang Ze, and make silks with blue, red, yellow, white and black ritual gods; Sacrifice the altar of the Asahi, with the red ritual god as silk; The moon altar is made of black silk and the stars are made of black, red, yellow, white and black silk. Sacrifice to the fairy farm altar and the fairy silkworm altar to make silks; There is a statue of Li Bai in the temple for the emperor to sacrifice, and sometimes the temple, ancestral temple, planning hall, philosophy hall, Guandi temple, Wenchang hall and Houdian, as well as the First Medical Hall, Huang San throne, Xianyou Palace and Dacheng Temple are moved. Sacrifice to the temple of fire and make silk with red sacrifice to the gods; Sacrifice Dongyue Temple and make silks with Li Lan God; Sacrifice 4: Dragon Shrines, Huiji Temple and Heshen Temple, with silk as the black ritual god. Xiannongtan is the place where the ancient emperors offered sacrifices to the first farmer in Yan Di. Beijing Xiannongtan was built in Yongle period. Let's meet the owner of Changling-Zhu Di, the emperor of Ming Dynasty. Zhu Di was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and his father was Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding monarch of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang (Jong Li, Zhou Hao, now Fengyang, Anhui) was a very special emperor in the history of China. His uniqueness is first of all his background. There were about 5,600 emperors in ancient China. Zhu Yuanzhang was born in the poorest family. His father and grandfather are poor farmers. When I was a child, I showed people cattle and sheep and looked for odd jobs everywhere to fill my stomach. Later, there was a serious drought and plague in Bird's hometown, and his father, mother and brother died one after another. In order to survive, Zhu Yuanzhang entered a temple and became a young monk. I stayed in the temple for less than two months. Because the disaster is too serious, the temple can't support so many people. I was fired and became a beggar with a wooden fish and a clay bowl. Although he was born in poverty and didn't receive a good education, he was extremely smart, fierce and cruel, and had a lot of leadership temperament. When he was a child, he herded cattle, all of whom were king of the children in this group of cowherd babies, and his friends took him with them. Later, Zhu Yuanzhang joined the rebel army against the Yuan Dynasty and soon became an independent general. Finally, in 1368, the Yuan Dynasty was overthrown and the Ming Dynasty with Nanjing as its capital was established. Ming Taizu has 26 sons, and the eldest son, Zhu Biao, was made a prince. Except for two sons who died young, the other sons were enfeoffed to establish vassal States, supervise and manage local affairs, guard the frontier and identify the royal family. Zhu Yuanzhang thought it was my Zhujiajian who stopped outsiders from rebelling. But the captaincy is armed to the teeth and has great power. I think this will lead to long-term stability. Ming Taizu is also aware of this. Later, in order to make the king pretend to be a vassal, he took some measures to limit their power, compiled some books specially giving advice to the vassal, stipulated what they should and should not do, and distributed them to the vassal. But all this is in vain. The second son, the king of Qin, and the third son, the king of Jin, saw that the prince was kind-hearted, timid and ambitious and refused to behave. In the 25th year of Hongwu (1392), Byrd was 65 years old, Zhu Biao died, and his eldest grandson Zhu Jun _( 16) became the great-grandson of the emperor. After the death of the prince, the king of Qin and the king of Jin died, both before Zhu Yuanzhang, and there is no big difference. In the thirty-first year of Hongwu (1398), Byrd died at the age of 7 1, and Sun Tai succeeded Hui Di. Early twenties, young and inexperienced, it is difficult to convince the public. Uncle Yan, arise and rebel, and teach your ancestors to be famous. In the fourth year of Wen Jian (1402), he became independent. In the name of eliminating the traitor "clearing the border", he rose up and attacked Nanjing. Zhu Yuanzhang was bullied by other monks in Huang Jue Temple. After a long time, Zhu Yuanzhang suppressed his anger. One day, when he was sweeping the floor, he tripped over Galand's seat and bumped into Galand's broom. On another occasion, the old monk saw that the candle in the hall was bitten by a mouse and reprimanded Zhu Yuanzhang in public. Zhu Yuanzhang thought that Galand could not even control what was in front of him. How does he manage the palace? To make matters worse, I was scolded. So Zhu Yuanzhang wrote the words "three thousand miles away" at the back of Galatians. All these reflect Zhu Yuanzhang's character of not being oppressed.