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Commemorative Games ―― Roman Renaissance in Imperial Age!
Assyria is located in the northwest of the two river basins, with Assyria on the right bank of the Tigris River as the center. Around 3000 BC, they gradually migrated to the south and merged with the Babylonian civilization in the south to form the Assyrian civilization. After consulting the materials, I haven't found the exact time of the formation of Assyrian civilization, but generally speaking, historians recognize that Assyrian civilization only formed a certain scale in 2500-2000 BC. It was 65438 BC.
General historians divide Scheliha into three stages, namely, ancient Assyrian period, middle Assyrian period and Assyrian empire period.
Ancient Assyrian period ―― Assyrian commercial power period (also called ashur city-state period).
In ancient Assyria, it was generally believed that it was from around 2000 BC to 1700 BC, and it was also said that it was from 2500 BC to 1500 BC. However, I don't know, because the damn cuneiform is too difficult to understand, and many words are still incomprehensible.
Assyrians use Semitic (my abbreviation for Semitic), and they are members of Sumerian people. I mention this point to show that Sumerians were the earliest people in the two river basins and the ancestors of Babylonians. English is Sumerian. Those who have played Imperial Age 1 should know that the Chinese version of Imperial translated Sumerian into Umbrella Rain, which is actually Sumerian or Sumerian. Some historians believe that Sumerians and Semu people came from different sources, which is a mystery, but I prefer the former. I said some nonsense and the wind washed me ing-0. According to the Assyrian king's table, the earliest Assyrian rulers lived in tents in 17, so Assyrians were probably semi-nomadic, that is to say, their commercial activities should be frequent to supplement their agriculture. Around 1900 BC, Assyria became a trading power among Mesopotamia, Syria and Anatolia. Assyrians established many trading colonies in Xiaoya Peninsula, where they traded goods from the northwest. (PS: Mesopotamia comes from Greek, which means the place in the middle of the river. The Greek classicist Strappo was the first person to use this word to refer to the two river basins. See National Geographic for details. Anyway, all the information about the commercial activities of ancient Assyria now comes from the cuneiform clay tablets unearthed in Xiaoya Peninsula.
During this period, Assyria was not a country with absolute monarchy. The ancient Assyrian kingdom had a city-state parliament, whose members were mainly the leaders of big businessmen, so the regime of ancient Assyria was actually controlled by businessmen. Their political organization is Limum, which is an official position, elected by members of Assyria's extended family who left the city, much like the current United Nations, which adopts the rotation system of directors.
Ancient Assyria, while becoming a commercial power, did not forget to strengthen its political and military strength. During the period of Marsh Adade I, the kingdom expanded rapidly, but the Assyrian kingdom was unstable, and powerful foreign nationalities hindered the development of Assyrians. After Adade I and IV in the Swamp, ancient Assyria gradually declined and was controlled by ancient Babylon and the emerging Mitanni.
Middle Assyria-Assyria's Revival and Decline
Generally speaking, the middle Assyrian period began from BC 1400 to BC 1050. There are great differences in the division of ancient Assyrian period because Assyrian literature was very poor from about 1700 BC to about 1365 BC, so historians classified this period as the dark age of Assyria. Some people classify it as the former, others as the latter, but
During this period, countries around Assyria, such as Hittite, Mitanni, Babylon, Gassett, etc., were also in their heyday. It can be said that during the Middle Assyrian period, the Near East was in a period of hegemony among several powerful countries. But with the Hittites conquering Mitanni, Assyria took the opportunity of independence and annexed the eastern part of Mitanni. More importantly, they controlled Nineveh, the main grain producing area, which was once the capital of the Assyrian Empire. This is another story.
Bart, Babylon quickly defeated Assyria and captured the new king of Assyria alive. After the independence of Babylon, the Assyrian kingdom was hit. From the prosperity rate to BC 1049 to BC 103 1 year, the Assyrian kingdom was torn apart by the Aramaic attack and gradually lost control of Mesopotamia.
Note: It is reported that Tukurti-Ninurta I defeated the Hittite Empire and Babylon successively from about 1294 to about 1208, and occupied the whole two river basins. There is another saying that from about 12 16 BC to187 BC, the Babylonian Adade Suma Ursul. The truth is unknown. But one thing is certain, that is, in the middle of Assyria, they first defeated the Hittites, then conquered Babylon, and finally were defeated by Babylonians and Amerasians. Because historians found a large number of records and war sites in the former site of Assyria in Iraq today, the above-mentioned war happened, but the time remains to be verified. According to the historical materials I have consulted, in my personal judgment, Assyria should have defeated the Hittites and Babylonians around 1294 ~ 1230 BC, and was defeated by Babylonian Adade Suma Ursul around 1220 BC. There are two reasons for this judgment. First, after defeating the Hittites and Babylon successively, Assyria was very powerful. Even if Babylon wanted revenge, it would take a certain time, and then from the historical materials I consulted. During the ten years from BC 1230 to BC 1220, there were local conflicts but no major battles, so it is reasonable to make such a judgment.
During this period, Assyria's agriculture did not depend entirely on irrigation, and they also built some reservoirs, so it is unfair for future generations to say that Assyria is a completely militaristic country. In addition, Assyrians also promulgated codes during this period, which pointed out that Assyria is a patriarchal society, and women are completely subordinate to husbands, fathers and stepfathers. In politics, Assyria still holds some real power, with the king playing a leading role, but the army commander plays a leading role in politics.
New Assyrian period-Assyrian Empire period
It is generally believed that this period was from 935 BC to 6 12 BC, during which Assyria really entered its golden age, because the Hittites in Asia Minor were completely wiped out under the strong attack of the maritime nation, Babylon in the south entered a trough, the new kingdom of Egypt was unable to go north, and Persia and Mede in Iran were not yet climate.
The Assyrian Empire entered the Iron Age in the 10 century BC. (Khan ... is not a neighboring country 500 years earlier than China) Productivity has been greatly improved, providing a material basis for its military expansion. From 934 BC to 745 BC, the Assyrians defeated Babylon and other countries through a series of battles, once again took control of Mesopotamia, and the surrounding small countries joined Assyria. From 745 BC to 626 BC, Assyria really reached its peak. Wave after wave of attacks expanded Assyrian territory from Arabia to the Persian Gulf. Except for a few places in Asia Minor, Assyria once controlled the whole of West Asia and defeated Syria to make it a vassal. Once, it conquered Egypt and invaded Memphis. Assyria became the first empire in history to control the two river basins and the Nile basin. The Near East has entered the Assyrian Century. In its heyday, Assyria began to decline. In 626 BC, the Chaldeans.
Why did Assyria fall so quickly? Historians believe that Assyria occupied other countries mainly by military means. Unlike China, Assyria can assimilate other peoples ideologically, but suppress them by blood. Therefore, although Assyria is strong, its domestic stability and constant rebellion have greatly weakened Assyria's national strength.
During the Assyrian Empire, the Assyrian regime gradually moved towards excessive centralization, and the rulers weakened the aristocratic power, reorganized the provinces and strengthened centralization. During the reign of King Banipal, Assyrians built Banipal Library, which is the most complete, largest and complete library among the ancient civilization sites excavated in Nineveh, the capital.
In just a few decades of glory, the most precious legacy left by Assyria is its art of war. The army of the Assyrian Empire had the most powerful siege weapon at that time. One is called trebuchet, which is a special siege equipment of Assyrian army. They are huge wooden frames with a special turntable wrapped with ropes made of horse hair and oak bark. As long as you pull hard, you can shoot huge stone bullets and burning oil drums. There is also a kind of siege hammer (car), which is made of iron and used to smash the city wall during siege. In addition, Assyrians have powerful light and heavy infantry, Gong Bing, engineers and chariot soldiers. Although some people think that Assyria still has a large number of cavalry, I beg to differ, because the Sumerians invented the wheel, so in Central Asia and West Asia, most of them are chariots at this time. Moreover, the Assyrians had many cavalry.