During the summer vacation from 1950 to 1 and in February, Guevara traveled to 12 provinces in northern Argentina, with a journey of more than 4,000 kilometers. 195 1 year, at the suggestion of his good friend Alberto Granado, Guevara decided to drop out of school and travel around South America in 1 year. Their vehicle is a 1939 Norton motorcycle. They set out at 195 1 12/29 and decided to cross south America along the Andes, passing through Argentina, Chile, Peru and Colombia, and reach Venezuela. Their motorcycle broke down in the middle of the road. Guevara also volunteered in a leprosy village in Peru for several months. During this trip, Guevara began to truly understand the poverty and suffering in Latin America, and his internationalism gradually emerged during this trip. 1952 September, Guevara returned to Argentina by plane. In one of his diaries at this time, he wrote: "The people who wrote these diaries died when they set foot on the land of Argentina again. I am not me anymore. " The diary written by Guevara during this trip was later published as a book. After the trip, Guevara began to study hard. June 1953, officially graduated from medical college.
1On July 7, 953, Guevara began his second trip to Latin America. After the Bolivian revolution, Guevara moved from Ecuador to Guatemala. When passing through Costa Rica, Guevara was deeply moved by the only democracy in Latin America at that time. 1953 65438+On February 24th, Guevara arrived in Guatemala. At that time, Guatemala, under the leadership of young left-wing President Alberts, was carrying out a series of reforms, especially the land reform, which was directed at the United Fruit Company of the United States. In Guatemala, Guevara met many revolutionaries who were forced into exile for resisting the dictator, including the Peruvian revolutionary Hilda Gaddia (who later became Guevara's first wife in Mexico). Guevara joined these revolutionaries in the struggle to defend Abin's regime and actively served Abin's democratic government.
Guevara got his famous nickname "Che". "Che" is an exclamation in Spanish, which is widely used in Argentina and parts of South America. It is a common language for people to say hello and express surprise, similar to "hello" and "oh" in Chinese. On February 1954 and 12, in a letter to Beatrice, menstruation, Guevara confessed for the first time that he had contact with Guatemalan producers.
1on March 28th, 954, the CIA set up mercenaries in Honduras, led by Guatemalan military officer Amas, to overthrow the Abens regime. 1In June, 954, Amas' mercenaries (* * * 800 people, of whom 200 were Guatemalans) were armed to invade Guatemala. On June 27th, President Abens was forced to resign. After Abens' regime was overthrown, Amas became the Guatemalan president and began to brutally suppress the left. Within a few months, about 9,000 people were arrested or killed, and Guevara was blacklisted by the CIA. Guatemala's revolutionary experience made Guevara realize that in order to benefit mankind, we must first launch a revolution to overthrow the reactionary dictatorship. I met Fidel Castro and Raul Castro in Mexico.
1955, Guevara and the Castro brothers met in Mexico City, when the Castro brothers were preparing to return to Cuba for an armed struggle to overthrow the Batista dictatorship. Guevara soon joined the military organization "July 26th Movement" organized by Castro (named after the date of a failed revolution: Moncada Incident). 1956165438+1On October 25th, 82 soldiers of the July 26th Movement boarded the small yacht Granma, and set out for Cuba from Tuxtapon, Veracruz, Mexico. 1956, 12 On February 2, two days later than planned, they landed in a swamp in Orientale Province in southern Cuba and were attacked by Batista's army. Only 12 people survived the attack. As a doctor in the army, Guevara carried a bullet box in a battle. At that time, one was a medicine box and the other was a bullet box. From this moment on, Guevara completely changed from a doctor to a soldier. The remaining guerrilla fighters settled in Maestra mountain area and gradually expanded the revolutionary ranks, gaining the support of some farmers and workers. In the battle, Guevara's superman's courage and perseverance, superb fighting skills and ruthlessness to the enemy have been supported by more and more people, including Castro's appreciation. He soon became Castro's most effective and trusted assistant. This experience was written by Guevara in his book Pasajes de la Guerra Revolucionaria, published in 1963.
Guevara left Cuba on 1965 and went to Congo (DRC) and Bolivia to try to light the revolutionary flame. After the military action in the Democratic Republic of Congo was frustrated, Guevara went to Bolivia to lead guerrilla activities.
Finally, because local farmers betrayed them, they were arrested and shot by Bolivian government forces trained by the CIA. Guevara is known as "Red Robin Hood", "Don Quixote of the proletariat", "garibaldi of Latin America", "Perfect Man" and "Romantic Adventurer". Alberto Colda took a photo of him called "Brave Guerrilla" (right), which was praised as "the most famous and courageous photo in the world". The photos that appear most frequently on T-shirts.
Guevara was granted Cuban citizenship on 1959. 1959 On May 22nd, Guevara divorced his first Peruvian wife Hilda Gaddia, and their only daughter was raised by Guevara. In June, Guevara married Aleida March, who participated in the Cuban Revolution and shared his interests. After that, they had four children.
Guevara was appointed as the Procurator-General of Fort cavagna Military Prison, responsible for eliminating the war criminals (mainly politicians and policemen) in Batista era. According to some data, Guevara executed 156 people, but it is generally believed that the number may be as high as 600. From 1959 to 10, Guevara was appointed as the governor of the National Bank and began to carry out socialist transformation of Cuba's economic system, nationalize enterprises and implement land reform. 196 1 year, Guevara was appointed Minister of Industry. Guevara helped Castro establish the socialist system in Cuba. After Cuba was blocked by the American economy, Guevara signed a trade agreement with the Soviet Union. During this period, he also gradually became famous in the west because of his tough attitude towards the United States. During the Cuban missile crisis, he was a member of the Cuban delegation to Moscow for negotiations in 1962, and finally signed the Soviet Union's plan to deploy nuclear weapons in Cuba. Guevara believes that installing Soviet missiles will defend Cuba's independence and protect Cuba from American aggression.
196419 In February, Guevara represented Cuba at the19 United Nations General Assembly, and then visited eight African countries including Algeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and People's Republic of China (PRC). When Kloc-0/965 returned to Cuba in March, his differences with Castro on issues such as relations with the Soviet Union and assistance to the Third World Revolution became increasingly serious. Soon, he resigned. On April 1, he left Cuba by plane for the Democratic Republic of the Congo. During his tenure as a senior official in Cuba, Guevara resisted bureaucracy, lived frugally and refused to raise his salary. He has never been to nightclubs, cinemas or beaches. Once I was a guest at the home of an official in the Soviet Union. When the official took out extremely expensive porcelain tableware to entertain Guevara, Guevara said to his host, "It's ironic, how can a bumpkin have such advanced tableware?" At the same time, Guevara also actively participated in voluntary labor on weekends, such as working in sugar cane fields or factories.
1On April 23rd, 965, Guevara crossed Lake Tanganyika from Tanzania to Congo. In a secret meeting with Castro before, Guevara persuaded Castro to support the operation. At first, he got help from Laurent-Dé siré Kabila, the leader of the Congolese guerrillas at that time, but Guevara soon rejected his help, thinking it was completely meaningless and wrote: "Now nothing can make me believe that he is a man." Guevara taught guerrilla tactics to Congolese rebels. His plan is to use the liberated area on the west bank of Lake Tanganyika in Congo as a base to train the revolutionary armed forces of Congo and neighboring countries. At this time, Guevara was 37 years old and had no formal military training experience (his asthma saved him from military service in Argentina). Most of his combat experience came from the Cuban revolution.
CIA personnel, together with Congolese government forces, are constantly monitoring the external communications of Guevara troops, so as to pre-empt and cut off their supply lines before Guevara guerrillas attack. What Guevara expected in this campaign was to instill Cuban revolutionary ideas and guerrilla tactics into the local Simba people and train them into a group of brave guerrillas. Afterwards, Guevara recalled in the Diary of Congo that the rabble organized by the local people was stupid, sloppy and had endless internal disputes, which was the main reason for the failure of the uprising. In the same year, I languished in the African jungle for seven months.
Guevara is in Congo. It was taken at 1965.
Later, the sick Guevara left Congo with his remaining Cuban comrades in frustration (six of them failed to leave alive). Guevara once considered sending injured soldiers back to Cuba and staying in the Congo jungle to fight until the last moment, setting an example for the revolution with his life. However, after several wanderings, Guevara could not stand the entreaties of his comrades and left Congo with them. Guevara, who left Congo, did not return to his familiar Cuba. In Castro's farewell letter, Guevara declared that he would sever all ties with Cuba and join revolutionary movements in other parts of the world. For this reason, Guevara felt morally wrong to return to Cuba. For the next six months, Guevara wandered very quietly in Dar es Salaam, Prague and East Germany. During this period, Guevara not only recorded his experiences in Congo, but also began to draft two books to discuss economics and philosophy. After knowing Guevara's backwardness, Castro urged his old comrades to return to Cuba. Guevara, on the other hand, made it clear that unless he wants to carry out revolutionary activities in Latin American countries, he will never set foot on this land again, and he will return to Cuba for preparatory work in absolute secrecy because of geographical convenience.
From 1966 to 1967, Guevara began revolutionary activities in Bolivia. The local Bolivian industrialists gave the dense forest area to Guevara as a training area. Guevara and his Cuban partners also edited some guerrilla activities. Bolivian President René Barrientos threatened to kill Guevara after learning of his existence. He ordered the Bolivian army to search for Guevara and his followers everywhere. Guevara, who hoped to provoke the revolution, misjudged Bolivia and later suffered a fiasco. He is only prepared to deal with the Bolivian military government and its poorly trained and equipped troops, but he does not care about the United States behind Bolivia.
When the American government learned of his revolutionary activities, it quickly sent CIA personnel into Bolivia to help counter-revolutionaries. Thanks to the assistance of the United States, the Bolivian army was trained by the US Army's special forces consultants, including special teams organized to deal with the jungle war. Guevara did not receive the expected assistance from local separatists and Bolivian production party in guerrilla activities. At this time, two short-wave transmitters used to communicate with Cuba were damaged, which prevented him from sending messages to Havana. The tape recorder used by guerrillas to decode short-wave messages from Havana was also lost when crossing the river, completely isolating Guevara's guerrillas. Guevara's situation is very bad because of American military assistance to the Bolivian government and lack of allies. In addition, the CIA also helped Cuban exiles who opposed the Castro regime to set up interrogation rooms and tortured Bolivians who were thought to have helped Guevara. In order to find Guevara's supporters, almost 300 thousand people were persecuted politically.
1967 10 in raigra, Bolivia, a deserter of Guevara guerrillas revealed the camp of Guevara guerrillas to Bolivian special forces. 10 10. On 8 October, when Guevara led a patrol near Legura, special forces surrounded the camp and caught him. He surrendered after his leg was injured. There were several versions of the scene when he was arrested. It is said that during the conflict, several soldiers tried to get close to him, and he shouted, "Don't shoot! I am Ernesto Guevara, and my life is more valuable to you than death. " . Another way of saying it is that his identity was unknown when he was captured. He was wearing a Rolex watch that he had just received when he was arrested. When President Barrientos knew that he had been captured, he immediately ordered his execution. Guevara was imprisoned in a dilapidated school building for one night. The next afternoon, he was shot dead by a Bolivian army sergeant who tied his hands to a board and smoked a short straw. Some people think that the sergeant shot Guevara in the face and throat. It is widely believed that he shot Guevara in the leg to make his face complete to prove his identity, and pretended to be a war wound to hide the fact that he was shot. He was executed by a sergeant of the government army (who later treated cataract through Cuba's medical welfare system in 2007). He drank a little wine and entered the room. Guevara stood up in his chair. The sergeant ordered him to sit down, but Guevara said, "I know you are going to kill me here. Shoot, coward, you want to kill a man! " The sergeant was a little angry and shot Guevara directly in the chest. Another version is that the executioner is afraid to shoot before the execution. Guevara said to him calmly, "shoot, coward, you just want to kill a man." His body was taken to the local hospital by helicopter and shown to the media. The photo of his body became a legend, and local nuns thought he looked like Jesus. After a military doctor cut off his hands, Bolivian army generals moved Guevara's body to a secret place and refused to say whether his body was buried or cremated. But the obvious problem with the first statement is that Felix Rodriguez arrived in Bolivia three days later, so he could not hear Guevara surrender.