Associations and organizations: Tennis in the International Tennis Federation is a beautiful and intense sport. The rubber hollow ball is hit with a racket to make it pass through the net. Tennis is now popular all over the world and is called the second largest ball game in the world. Introduction of Tennis Association and Four Grand Slams: Tennis is a beautiful and intense sport, hitting a rubber hollow ball over the net with a racket. Tennis is now an Olympic sport, suitable for people of all social classes and ages. Since the 1960s, its competition rules have hardly changed. The number of spectators in tennis matches is also very considerable, and the annual four grand slam tennis matches are a feast of tennis love. Famous golden slam couple in tennis: Agassi and Graf. Including the event men's tennis men's singles tennis men's doubles women's tennis women's singles tennis women's doubles origin development tennis originated in France. As early as 12 ~ 13 century, French missionaries often hit objects similar to balls with their palms in the cloisters of churches to adjust the rigid church life. Gradually, this activity was introduced to the French court and soon became an entertainment game for the nobles at that time. At that time, when they started to play this game, they hit the ball with their palms, so people called this game "handball". At first, they played the game indoors, and then they moved outdoors. In an open space, put a rope in the middle, one person on each side, and hit a small cloth ball wrapped in hair back and forth on both sides. /kloc-In the middle of the 4th century, the French Crown Prince presented the ball used in this game to King Henry V, so this game was introduced to Britain. The surface of this ball is made of twill flannel, the most famous flannel produced in tanis. The British call this kind of ball "tennis" (English tennis), which has been handed down from generation to generation. Until now, the ball we use still has a soft suede. /kloc-In the 5th century, this game changed from hitting the ball with the palm to playing with a wooden racket, and soon an oval racket made of sheepskin appeared. At the same time, the rope in the center of the field was changed into a net. 16 ~ 17 century was the prosperous period of this activity, and gradually formed a kind of competition. Before that, tennis became "court tennis" and "royal tennis" because it was only popular in French and English courts. 1873, Walter in Britain? 6? 1 Clopton？ 6? Major winfield (1) changed the early tennis style and moved the court to the lawn; In the same year, the book Lawn Tennis was published, which put forward a set of playing methods close to modern tennis. 1874 defined the size and height of the net and established a simple lawn tennis match in Britain. 1875, the English cricket club revised the rules of tennis. 1876 representatives of famous tennis clubs in some areas met to study and discuss the formulation of unified tennis rules in Britain. After many consultations, the representatives of all parties finally reached a consensus on the tennis court, equipment, play and competition, and formed unified rules. After about 1878, most tennis clubs in Britain gradually carried out activities, training and competitions according to the new style of play. 1877, several lawn tennis courts and a lawn tennis association were established in Wimbledon, a suburb of London, England. In July of the same year, the first lawn tennis tournament, namely 1 Wimbledon, was held. Henry. 6? 1 Jones and two other people made brand-new rules for this game, and he himself served as the referee of the game. At that time, the singles field was rectangular, 23.77 meters long and 8.23 meters wide, and the size of the singles field remained unchanged. At that time, the service line of the singles court was 7.92 meters away from the net, and the height of the center of the net was 0.99 meters. When serving, the server can stand with one foot in front of the end line and the other foot behind the end line. If he makes a serve mistake, he won't be deducted. Tennis adopts the scoring method based on the disc principle of ancient astronomy. The scores of each game are 0 (representing 0), 15 (representing 1 minute), 30 (representing 2 points) and 40 (representing 3 points). As for 40 points, it is strange, and it is not a multiple of 15. This is because in English, 15 is pronounced as "fifth" and 30 is pronounced as "thirty", which is also disyllabic; However, 45 o'clock, pronounced "forty-five" in English, has become three syllables. At that time, the British felt a little awkward and did not conform to the principle of "convenience", so they changed it to 40 minutes and two syllables. This is the origin of the seemingly illogical 40 points. In the early days of modern tennis, women were often excluded on the grounds that tennis was not suitable for women. At the same time, it is considered immoral for women to participate in tennis. Therefore, there were only men's singles and doubles in the early tennis competitions, and there was no women's tennis event. However, some female players not only dare to break through the obstacles of public opinion and family, but also surpass male players in technical level. In some informal singles competitions, it often happens that one side is a male player and the other side is a female player. This forced some tennis clubs to break the ban and allow women to participate in the sport. So from 1879, the mixed doubles competition was born, which was the result of women's own efforts. 1878, the first men's doubles championship was held in Britain. 1879, the first women's singles and mixed doubles competition was held in Ireland. 1884, Wimbledon added women's singles and men's doubles champions. 19 13 added women's doubles and mixed doubles champions. 188 1 year, the first national tennis association appeared in the world, namely the National Lawn Tennis Association of the United States (the word "country" was abolished in 1920). The first American lawn tennis men's singles and men's doubles championship was held in Newport, Rhode Island from August 3 1 that year to September 3, using Wimbledon rules, with 26 participants. Dwight, president of the National Lawn Tennis Association, and Sears, the American men's singles champion, were also the first overseas athletes to participate in Wimbledon. 1887, American lawn tennis women's singles championship was held, and women's doubles and mixed doubles started at 1890 and 1892 respectively. 189 1 year, France held the men's singles and men's doubles championship for the first time. The contestants are only French citizens, and the women's singles 1897 started. 1900, 2 1 year-old American tennis player Davis donated a gold-plated sterling silver bowl called Davis Cup to promote the development of modern tennis. It later became the permanent mobile trophy of the most prestigious men's team championship in international tennis. Every year, the names of the champion team and athletes are engraved on the trophy. 1920 When the name was engraved, Davis donated another cushion box and later added two trays. 1904 The Australian Lawn Tennis Association was established, and 1905 began to host the Australian Championship, with two events: men's singles and men's doubles. 1922 added women's singles, women's doubles and mixed doubles. French Tennis Championships, British wimbledon championships Tennis Championships, American Tennis Championships and Australian Tennis Championships are the most famous "Grand Slam" tennis tournaments in the world. Any player or a group of doubles players who can win these four championships in the same season will be regarded as the winner of the "Grand Slam". 19 13, 1 In March, 2008, the International Tennis Federation (ITF) was established in Paris by representatives of tennis associations from 12 countries, including Australia, and was responsible for coordinating international tennis activities, arranging annual competition schedules, revising tennis rules and supervising their implementation. 19 19, and the "seed" system is adopted for the lottery. 1927, seamless tennis was pioneered in Britain, which accelerated the speed of the ball. 1945 to the 1960s, tennis became professional. 1963 held the women's team competition-confederations cup. 1968, Wimbledon for the first time implemented a competition system that did not distinguish between amateurs and professionals. 1972, the international association of male professional tennis players was established. 1973, the international women's tennis association was established. At the first modern Olympic Games held in Athens from 65438 to 0896, tennis men's singles and doubles were listed as official events. Later, due to the differences between the International Olympic Committee and the International Tennis Federation on the issue of "amateur athletes", the tennis event that has been held for seven consecutive Olympic Games was cancelled. Tennis was not listed as a performance event until 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games. At the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, tennis was once again listed as an official event. The rules of the game, the choice of venue and service venue, and the right to serve or receive the first game are all decided by tossing a coin before preparing for the game. The winner can choose: (1) serve or receive the service in the first game, in which case the opponent should choose the venue in the first game; (2) The right to choose the venue of the first match. In this case, the opponent should choose the first match as the server or receiver; (3) Ask the opponent to choose the court or serve (receive the serve). The server should stand behind the end line (that is, the side away from the net), the center mark and the assumed extension line of the sideline immediately before serving. Then the server will throw the ball in any direction with his hands in the air and hit it with his racket before landing. At the moment when the racket touches or misses the ball, the serve is considered to be over. Players who can only use one arm can throw the ball with a racket. After each service exchange, the receiver becomes the server in the next game and the server becomes the receiver. In doubles, the pair of players who serve first in the first game of each game should decide who serves first. Similarly, the opponent should decide who will serve before the second game. The teammate of the player who serves first in the first game serves in the third game; The teammate of the player who serves in the second game serves in the fourth game. Serve in this order in the later game of this set. Players who change venues should change venues after the first game, the third game and the odd games behind each set. After each game, if the scores of both sides are odd, athletes should also change venues. If the game sum between the two sides is even after the end of a set, the venue will be changed after the end of the first game of the next set. In the deciding game, athletes should change venues every 6 minutes. In any of the following circumstances, the score will be lost: the ball failed to return to the net before landing for the second time; The return ball directly touches the ground, fixtures or other objects outside the boundary of the opponent's field; Failed to return the hollow ball; Deliberately touching the ball with the racket more than once; The athlete's body and racket touch the net when the ball is alive; Hit the ball over the net; Throw a bat and hit the ball. The ball that falls on the line is a foul ball. The "live ball" period begins with serving (except for mistakes or re-serving) and ends when the ball is judged as winning. Tennis doubles rules singles rules apply to doubles, but doubles rules also have their own special provisions. The order of serving should be decided before the start of each set, that is, at the beginning of the first game of each set, the server decides who will serve first; At the beginning of the second inning, the opponent also decided who would serve first. In the third game, the player who didn't serve in the first game served, and in the fourth game and the second game, the player who didn't serve served. The next few rounds are rotated in this order. The order of catching the ball is the same as the order of serving. The order of receiving the ball should be decided before the start of each game, that is, the party who receives the ball first decides who receives the ball first at the beginning of the first game and continues to receive the ball first in this game. The opponent should also decide who will receive the service first at the beginning of the second game, and continue to receive the service first in this even game. Their companions should take turns to receive services in each game. When service order errors and receiving order errors are found, they should be corrected immediately, but the scores or mistakes made are valid. If it is found that the overall situation has ended, the service order will be carried out in turn according to the game. After the mistake of receiving orders is found, it will still be carried out in the wrong order and corrected at the next receiving office. If there is a referee in the tennis match, the referee's judgment of the facts on the court is the final judgment. If there is a referee at the competition, if the athletes have any objection to the referee's judgment on the relevant rules, they can submit it to the referee for settlement, and the referee's judgment is final. The tennis match of the 29th Olympic Games will be held in the tennis court of Beijing Olympic Park from August 6th to 7th, 2008. According to the tennis rules issued by the International Federation of Facilities and Facilities, the standard size of the doubles court is 23.77m (length) × 10.97m (width), and the standard size of the singles court is 23.77m (length )× 8.23m (width). There should be no less than 6.40 meters and 3.66 meters of open space behind the end line and the sideline respectively. Different levels of competition have different requirements for the free space on both sides and behind the venue. Install net posts on the court, the distance between two net posts is12.80m ... the top of net posts is 1.07m from the ground level, and the top margin of net center is 0.9 14m from the ground level. Tennis courts should run north and south. The aproll slope of outdoor site is horizontal, and the slope is not more than 8‰. The height of the fence around the outdoor tennis court is generally between 4 and 6 meters, which can be increased or decreased according to the surrounding environment and building height. Tennis courts that need to be equipped with lighting should not be equipped with lamps above the outdoor venue and on both sides of the terminal line. Outdoor stadium lighting should be set at the fence 7.60 meters above the ground on both sides of the sideline, and the lighting should be evenly radiated to the site from both sides of the stadium. The average illumination of each tennis court is required to reach 500 lux in general international competitions, and the lighting requirements are different according to the level of the competition. According to the different speed of the ball, it can be divided into fast ball, middle ball and slow ball. Usually fastball should be used on the surface of slow field; The surface layer of the medium-speed field should use the medium-speed ball; Use a slow ball on the surface of the fast court. According to different geographical locations, non-pressure balls should be used in plateau areas above 12 19 meters above sea level (the pressure inside the ball is almost the same as the external pressure, and such balls are called "non-pressure balls" if they are placed under special competition pressure for more than 60 days). Racquets are usually made of synthetic materials. Watching etiquette "respect all people and things on the tennis court" is the minimum code of conduct for players, and it is also what the audience should do. It is not difficult to be a tennis fan, but it is not easy to be a qualified tennis spectator. You not only need to be familiar with the complicated rules of tennis, but also need to know some established practices in the stands. Backpacks must be checked at the entrance, and luggage cannot be brought into the entrance, but it can be managed by a special person or at a designated place. In the large-scale tennis open, spectators with backpacks must go through the security gate before entering the court to ensure that there are no dangerous items in their bags before they are allowed to enter. For the safety of players and spectators, glass bottles and cans are not allowed, only soft-packed drinks are allowed. Anything that can be used as a weapon will be confiscated. Some electronic communication equipment, including TV, radio, computer, etc. Can not be brought into the venue, the noise of TV and radio will affect the performance of the players. In addition, babies can't be brought into the venue because their voices can't be controlled. When watching the game, turn off your cell phone or turn it to vibration mute. Smoking is prohibited in the stadium. You should sit down immediately after the game starts. In the tennis match, players from both sides need to change sides and rest in odd-numbered games, but 1 After the game, players only change sides and cannot sit down and rest, so outfield spectators are generally not allowed to enter the field at this time. After the odd-numbered games or a group of games such as 3, 5 and 7, the audience should be seated as soon as possible with the help of the guide. If you still can't find your place at the beginning of the game, sit down on the spot and find it the next time the player changes sides. When watching a ball in a stadium with a spectator stand, be sure to sit in your seat before the game begins. Don't stay in the aisle or sit on the railing to watch the ball. When watching a ball in a stadium without a spectator stand, you must watch it outside the blocking net of the stadium and never enter the stadium to watch the ball. If several venues are competing at the same time, when you want to watch the ball in other venues, you must pass through an inconspicuous place behind the net after one point in this venue, so as not to affect the competition in any venue. At the beginning of the game, you must keep absolutely quiet, don't make noise that affects athletes or other spectators, and avoid making loud noises. Pay attention when applauding and cheering. Only when the one-point game is really over can you start refueling. During the game, you are not allowed to talk to the referee and players in any form, including asking about the score and disagreeing with the penalty. If you find the ball from the player, you must throw it into the court after the game. Never throw the ball into the field during the game, which will disturb the game. If you are interested in shooting games, you must pay attention to them. You must never use a flash. Players should respect the audience, and the audience should respect the players. The audience should give equal support and encouragement to both players. For example, they have a psychological preference for one player and do things that are unfavorable to the other, such as heckling, which is a bit intolerant and generous.