① Innovation: It provides a new form of collective management for mankind, creates a democratic operation mode, and accumulates valuable experience for the development of democratic politics in later generations.
Advantages: most people make decisions, making the problem more comprehensive; Most public officials are elected and supervised by the masses, which reduces the possibility of abusing power for personal gain.
(3) Civilization progress: it promoted the development of cultural undertakings and made Greek civilization an important civilization center in the ancient west and even the whole world.
The shortcomings of Athens' political system:
(1) It only targets citizens, not citizens, such as foreign immigrants, slaves and citizens of other countries, and has no democratic rights;
② Democracy of male citizens;
(3) All public offices are elected and drawn by lots, which may lead to extreme democratization and the decline of democracy.
The benefits of China's ancient political system;
(1) Maintaining national unity and unifying the development of a multi-ethnic country;
(2) preventing separatist regimes, resisting foreign aggression, suppressing people's uprisings, coordinating contradictions within the ruling clique, and maintaining social stability;
(three) to facilitate the organization of public projects, to ensure the normal economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, to promote the development of science and technology, and to be conducive to social economic development and social progress.
The disadvantages of China's ancient political system;
(1) The political and economic oppression of the people is very cruel;
(2) fetters the development of commodity economy and hinders the germination of capitalism;
③ It leads to ideological imprisonment and cultural autocracy, which seriously hinders the development of science, technology and culture.
Ancient Athens practiced democratic politics, while ancient China took the road of centralization.
The process of establishing democracy in Athens;
At the beginning of the 6th century BC, Solon carried out reforms in Athens. He divided citizens into four grades according to the amount of property. The more property, the higher the rank, and the greater the rights. The citizens' assembly becomes the highest authority, and citizens at all levels can participate; Establish a 400-member parliament, and all the first three citizens can be selected; Establish a citizen jury court; Abolish debt slavery, etc. It laid the foundation for democracy in Athens;
At the end of 6th century BC, Cleisthenes carried out reforms. Replacing consanguineous tribes with regional tribes dispersed the power of clan nobles and further weakened the remnants of clan system. He also established a parliament of 500 people and a committee of 10 generals to establish democracy in Athens.
"Golden Age": During the period of Perikles in the 5th century BC, the democratic politics in Athens reached its peak, which was called "Golden Age". The citizens' assembly, the highest authority, is open to all adult male citizens; Establish the highest judicial and supervisory body; Encourage citizens to actively participate in politics.
Athens democratic political background:
(1) The nobles of the old clan exercised autocratic rule.
(2) The emerging industrial and commercial class is very dissatisfied with this.
(3) Ordinary people are even worse. Many people have become debt slaves and social contradictions are acute.
The basic characteristics of Athenian democracy;
(1) People's sovereignty. The state management of Athens is in the hands of all citizens. All cooperative citizens have the right to participate, to know, to speak, to vote and to be elected. The composition and operation principles of the civil assembly, the 500-member parliament, the jury court and other military and political organs are the full embodiment of this feature.
② Treatment by turns. All public officials have life tenure. All citizens take turns to rule and be ruled. All citizens are equal and everyone has the right to participate in and discuss state affairs. One person is ruled by others at the same time. In practice, the election of national public officials is decided by drawing lots. This can best reflect the principle of taking turns to govern.
Concentration of power:
1, which means:
(1) Monarchical absolutism-absolutism refers to the central decision-making mode, specifically the emperor's personal arbitrary dictatorship. The emperor has supreme power, and all administrative, military and economic powers are monopolized by the emperor;
(2) centralization-refers to the relationship between the central and local governments. Centralization means that all kinds of military, political and financial power of the country belong to the central government, local governments are completely managed and controlled by the central government, and central government decrees are fully implemented.
2, the root cause:
(1) Economically, it is determined by the feudal economic base. The dispersion of feudal economy requires a strong central government to safeguard national unity and social stability and ensure the development of production.
Politically, the feudal landlord class also needed a strong central government to protect feudal land ownership and suppress peasant resistance.
(3) In theory, Han Feizi's thought of establishing absolute monarchy in centralization laid a theoretical foundation.
3. Development process:
(1) Germination-Warring States Period;
(1) In theory, Han Feizi put forward the idea of establishing a centralized monarchy;
(2) In practice, Shang Yang reformed, abolished the enfeoffment system, adopted the county system, and implemented centralization.
(B) the establishment of the Qin Dynasty:
① Content: imperial system; Three publics and nine expensive systems, local county system, promulgation of Qin law, burning books and burying Confucianism, etc.
② Features: organically combine autocratic decision-making mode with centralized political system.
③ Significance: objectively adapted to the political and economic needs of the feudal landlord class and conformed to the trend of historical development.
(3) Consolidate the Western Han Dynasty:
① Content: The implementation of the parallel system of feud between counties and counties led to the expansion of kingdom power. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued an imperial edict to relieve the threat of the kingdom; Ideologically, "great unity" is practiced (that is, hundreds of schools are ousted and Confucianism is the only one).
② Features: Re-strengthen the direct rule of the central government over local governments; Transforming Confucianism into a guiding ideology to meet the needs of authoritarian centralization
(4) Perfection-Sui and Tang Dynasties:
① Content: Sui initiated the system of three provinces and six departments and the imperial examination system, which was inherited and completed in the Tang Dynasty; Establish and improve the imperial examination system.
② Features: Decentralized the power of the Prime Minister and the Central Committee. The governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers. They have divided the power of prime ministers into three parts to contain each other since the Qin Dynasty, and allocated the power of Shangshu Province, the highest administrative agency, to six departments to prevent tyranny. The imperial examination system standardized and institutionalized the selection of officials and made the organization more flexible.
(5) Strengthening ── Northern Song Dynasty:
Dismiss the military power of North Korean generals and local envoys to the DPRK; Send civil servants to all parts of the country to make known, and send transshipment to manage local finances; After the formation of the imperial army, it was directly controlled by the emperor. It is characterized by weakening local power and depriving generals of military power. Financial power, administrative power and military power belong to the central government and are directly controlled by the emperor.
(6) New Development ── Yuan Dynasty:
The provincial system is implemented, that is, the central government sets up provincial books and provinces, and local governments set up provincial books and provinces (referred to as provinces); The provincial system is a new development of the ancient county system, which initially laid the scale of the Ming and Qing dynasties and even contemporary provinces and regions, and played an active role in consolidating and developing a unified multi-ethnic country.
(7) Strengthen (or reach the peak) ── Ming and Qing Dynasties:
In the early Ming Dynasty, the prime minister was divided into six departments, with the factory health secret service department and three departments, and the official was elected by stereotyped writing. Before the Qing dynasty, the Ming system was followed, the Ministry of War was added, and the literary inquisition was established in Daxing. It is characterized by decentralizing the power of prime minister and local governor, strengthening imperial power and ideological control. The strengthening of centralization and absolutism in Ming and Qing dynasties showed the decline of feudal system.
4. Development trend:
(1) Constantly reform the central administrative organs, weaken the relative power and strengthen the imperial power;
(2) Constantly reforming local administrative organs and strengthening the central government's jurisdiction over local areas, especially border areas;
(3) Strengthen people's ideological control;
(4) Strengthen the selection and supervision of officials.
5. Features:
(1) The supremacy and indivisibility of imperial power;
(2) Lifelong system and hereditary system of the throne;
(3) Officials at all levels, from the central government to the local government, are directly appointed and removed by the emperor and cannot be hereditary;
(4) The emperor was arbitrary from decision-making to exercising legislative, administrative and judicial power;
(5) The imperial power carries out the theory of "divine right of monarchical power" with the help of divine right;
(6) Consolidating the autocracy of political consultation with cultural autocracy;
(7) The contradiction between central and local governments, monarchical power and relative power is always accompanied by the development of centralization;
(8) Authoritarianism reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and became reactionary.