What are the main schools of China's philosophy?

The ancient school of philosophy-the philosophy of Yin and Yang School was a popular school from the end of the Warring States Period to the beginning of the Han Dynasty. Zou Yan, a representative of the Qi people, said in Historical Records: "Looking at the news of Yin and Yang is strange." Lu's Chunqiu was directly influenced by Zou Yan's theory. Generally speaking, Zou Yan's Yin-Yang thought is characterized by combining the numerology thought since ancient times with the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, and trying to further develop it in order to construct a cosmic schema to explain the causes and changing laws of natural phenomena. Yin and Yang are the ancient people's abstractions of the two complementary opposites of the universe, and also the philosophical category of the unity of opposites and the law of thinking in the universe. China and Taisha created the word "Yin and Yang" to express the unity of opposites, that is, Laozi's "Everything is negative and holds Yang" and Yi Zhuan's "One Yin and One Yang means Tao". The Book of Changes is about the mathematics and philosophy of the changes of Yin and Yang. Its basic idea is: Yin and Yang coexist, and everything in the universe is the unity of opposites of Yin and Yang. The theory of Yin and Yang is based on the theory of Qi. On the basis of the theory of Qi, it is further believed that the movement changes of heaven and earth, sun and moon, day and night, mystery, fire and water, and warmth and coolness are the result of dichotomy, thus abstracting two relative concepts of Yin and Yang. Yin and Yang are abstract concepts rather than concrete things, so "Yin and Yang are famous and invisible" (the soul pivot Yin and Yang is the sun and the moon). Yin represents the characteristics of passivity, defense and weakness and the things and phenomena with these characteristics, while Yang represents the characteristics of positivity, enterprising and firmness and the things and phenomena with these characteristics. The basic content of yin-yang theory can be summarized as "opposition, mutual root, growth and decline, transformation" "Shang Shu Hong Fan" "Five elements: water, fire, wood, gold and earth." The ancients believed that everything in the universe was composed of these five basic substances. It is also a category system about the social attributes of the universe and its changing laws. The word "xing" in the five elements means "operation", so there is a very important concept in the five elements, that is, the concept of changing operation, that is, the theory of "mutual generation and mutual resistance" does not refer to five specific substances themselves, but to an abstract summary of five different attributes. It takes the correspondence between man and nature as the guiding ideology, takes five behavioral centers, five aspects of spatial structure, five seasons of time structure and five internal organs of human body structure as the basic shelves, and summarizes all kinds of things in nature according to their attributes. Anyone who has the characteristics of hair growth and softness belongs to wood; Those with the characteristics of yang heat and inflammation belong to fire; Those with long-term cultivation and development characteristics belong to soil; Those who have the characteristics of quietness and killing belong to gold; Those with the characteristics of cold, moist, falling and hiding belong to water. A life activity of human body is connected with natural phenomena, forming a five-element structure system, connecting the internal and external environment of human body, which is used to explain the unity of human body, people and natural environment. Hegel is the representative of German classical philosophy and objective idealism. Schopenhauer belongs to the pioneer of voluntarism, and so does Nietzsche. Heraclitus Ives School Heraclitus (about 540-480 BC) is the founder and great philosophical representative of Ives School. Lenin called him "one of the founders of dialectics". Heraclitus is a philosopher who is difficult to study. Even his contemporaries are called "obscure people". He declared that fire was the first thing, everything was generated by fire, and it returned to fire. He believes that everything is "constantly changing like the burning and extinguishing of a fire". Everything flows, and everything is not born. His most famous motto is "One can never step into the same river twice". However, Heraclitus also believes that although change is the only constancy of all things, it is not capricious, but legal. He called this law "logos". Therefore, he believes that human wisdom and the law of world change are interlinked, and only smart people can know "logos" and tell the truth. Therefore, his philosophy is the beginning of ancient Greek philosophical epistemology. Heraclitus also believes that the human body is soil, while the human soul is pure fire, which is the most enthusiastic part of the human body. When the soul is wet, people will fall asleep or lose consciousness. When the soul is wet, people die. On the contrary, the driest soul is the cleverest. Feuerbach Feuerbach materialism Feuerbach (1804 ~ 1872), the last great representative of German classical philosophy, is a materialist philosopher. Born in the family of a law professor in Chihuth, 1828 graduated from Berlin University and once taught at Herungen University. Because of atheism, persecution, seclusion in the countryside, engaged in philosophical research. His major works include Criticism of Hegel's Philosophy, Essence of Christianity, First Draft of Outline of Philosophical Reform, Principles of Future Philosophy, etc. In his works, he sharply criticized Hegel's idealism system and restored the authority of materialism. He believes that matter is primary, thought is secondary, nature exists objectively, and people's thinking and consciousness are the reflection of objective matter. Politically, he opposed the monarchy and advocated the establishment of democracy and harmony. 1870 Join the German Social Democratic Party. I read Marx's Das Kapital in my later years, but Feuerbach's view of social history is idealistic. While criticizing Hegel's idealism system, he abandoned Hegel's dialectics, so he never got rid of the defects of mechanical materialism. Marx and Engels critically absorbed the "basic core" of Feuerbach's materialism and developed it into a scientific dialectical materialism theory. There is also the classical criminal school represented by Feuerbach. Hegel's Hegelian School georg wilhelm friedrich hegel (1770- 183 1) Hegel's lectures in his later years attracted many students and gradually formed the Hegelian School. Hegel 1770 was born in Stuttgart, Germany in August. 180 1 year, 30-year-old Hegel taught at the University of Jena. Until 1829 became the president of Berlin University, his philosophy was finally defined as King James Doctrine of Prussia. So it is no exaggeration to say that he is a late bloomer. Hegel regards absolute spirit as the source of the world. Absolute spirit is not something beyond the world. The phenomena of nature, human society and human spirit are its manifestations in different stages of development. Therefore, the process of replacement, development and immortality of things is the absolute spirit itself. The task and purpose of Hegel's philosophy is to show the absolute spirit embodied in nature, society and thinking, and to reveal its development process and regularity. In fact, on the basis of idealism, it explores the dialectical relationship between thinking and existence and reveals their dialectical identity. Around this basic proposition, Hegel established an amazing objective idealism system, which mainly described three stages of absolute spiritual self-development: logic, natural philosophy and spiritual philosophy. Hegel always carried out this dialectical principle when discussing the development of every concept, thing and the whole system. This is one of the most amazing bold thinking in the history of human thought. His works are masterpieces of German classical philosophy, and he established a complete philosophy system of objective idealism. It is believed that "absolute concept" is the source of the universe and the foundation of all things. The movement and change of the world is the result of the self-development of "absolute concept". He thinks that his philosophy is the highest expression of "absolute concept" and the Kingdom of Prussia is the best national system to embody "absolute concept". Therefore, Hegel's philosophy defended the Prussian autocratic system, but in his idealistic philosophy system, he put forward valuable dialectical thoughts, holding that the whole natural, historical and spiritual world is a process, which is constantly moving, changing and developing, and its internal contradictions are the source of development. Marx and Engels critically inherited the rational core of Hegel's dialectics and founded materialist dialectics. Engels later spoke highly of him: "Modern German philosophy reached its peak in Hegel's system. In this system, Hegel first described the whole natural, historical and spiritual world as being in constant movement, change, transformation and development, and tried to reveal the internal relationship between this movement and development. " Hegel wrote a lot in his life, including Phenomenology of Spirit, Logic, Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Principles of Philosophy of Right, Lectures on the History of Philosophy, Historical Philosophy and Aesthetics. Plato Plato Plato (P 1ato, 427-347 BC) was born in an aristocratic family in Athens and received a good education since childhood. He is a representative of Plato school. When he was young, he studied philosophy with the Greek philosopher Socrates and was influenced by logical thought. Later, he became a great philosopher who attracted worldwide attention in Athens. Plato absorbed many mathematical viewpoints of Pythagoras school. And apply it to your own theory. So Plato's philosophy improved his interest in mathematical science. He fully realized the important role of mathematics in the study of philosophy and the universe, and actively encouraged friends and students to study and study mathematics. Plato established his own school and academy in Athens. It is said that "those who don't know geometry are not allowed to enter." Plato school attaches importance to the rigor of mathematics and insists on accurately defining mathematical concepts in teaching. The key point is to clearly explain the logical proof, and systematically use analytical methods and reasoning methods. For example, in reasoning, it is assumed that the unknown quantity is known, and then based on this assumption, it is concluded that there should be a relationship between the known quantity and the unknown quantity. In the final analysis, it is to turn the unknown quantity into the unknown quantity. Plato school applied this method to making geometric figures. Plato school holds that the task of science is to discover the structure of nature, and it is the first time that strict reasoning rules should be systematized. Therefore, it plays a leading role in the new stage of mathematics. Under the influence of Plato's thought, some mathematicians who contributed to the development of mathematics appeared in the school. For example, Plato's student eudoxus creatively ruled out the Pythagorean school's arithmetic method that can only be applied to reducible, and established the proportional theory by axiomatic method. Most of the contents of the fifth volume of Euclid's Theory of Proportion are the results of eudoxus's work. Another student of Plato is Aristotle, who is called the founder of formal logic. His thoughts have influenced the west for thousands of years, and he also attaches great importance to the study and research of mathematics. His definitions of point, line and surface are widely circulated. He also proved many mathematical problems with deductive logic. Socrates Socrates (470-399 BC) is not only a famous philosopher in ancient Greece, but also a historical celebrity with distinctive personality and different reputations from ancient times to the present. Socrates' theory is mysterious. He believes that the existence, development and destruction of all things in the world are arranged by God, who is the master of the world. He opposed the study of nature as blasphemy. He advocates that people know how to be human and live a moral life. His philosophy mainly studies and discusses ethical issues. Socrates advocates the theory of expert governance. He believes that all walks of life and even state power should be managed by trained and knowledgeable people, and opposes the democracy implemented by the lottery election law. He said: managers are not those who hold heavy power and bully the weak, not those who are elected by the people, but those who know how to manage. For example, ships should be driven by people who are familiar with sailing; When spinning wool, women should take care of men, because men are good at it and men don't understand it. He also said that the best people are those who are competent for their own work. Good farmers are good farmers; A good doctor is proficient in medical skills; People who are proficient in politics are excellent politicians.