From the establishment to the demise of the Tang Dynasty, in 289, there were fourteen generations and twenty emperors, plus Wuhou, twenty-one people. There are only five people without poems: Xian Zong, Jing Zong, Wu Zong, Nuo Zong and Eddie. There were many literati poets in the Tang Dynasty, but none of them emerged in an endless stream. In the meantime, there were too few poems, or only dreams and buddhas, and not many people talked about them. I choose ten outstanding figures to make some comments in the order of artistic attainments, which is the talk of Tang poets. If you are biased and wrong, you will be told by those who pray for knowledge.
First place: Xuanzong Li Longji (at 685-762,712-756). The emperor of the Tang Dynasty was Xuanzong, who wrote the most poems and had the most artistic temperament. He lost his mother in his early years and knew the cruelty of the court struggle. In his early years, he lived in the world, made friends with heroes, and ventured to launch the political revolution in Tang Long. Participants were called heroes in the Tang and Yuan Dynasties, and dozens of epitaphs have been unearthed, most of which were junior military generals, ouchi craftsmen and street heroes. After careful consideration by his father, he unexpectedly staged a coup, flattened the henchmen of his aunt Princess Taiping, and was able to control the overall situation. In the early years of Kaiyuan, he did many things that were beneficial to the long-term stability of the country. The country ruled by China is prosperous, far beyond the rule of Zhenguan. He believed in Taoism, but always centered on Confucianism and did not belittle Buddhism. He personally annotated three books, Filial Piety, Tao Te Ching and Diamond Sutra, and presented them to the world, showing the atmosphere of cultural diversity. He likes writing poems. Although there are only one hundred poems left in the world, the main part has been preserved by the appendix of Zhang Shuo's Collected Works. Judging from the poems written by Su Xiang, Zhang Jiuling, Wang Wei and Sun Ti, at least dozens of poems have not been preserved. It can be said that he is an important promoter of the unprecedented prosperity of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. As far as the artistic achievements of my poems are concerned, he should be the first emperor in the Tang Dynasty.
Ten years before Xuanzong ascended the throne, he was diligent in political affairs, and with the assistance of a group of veteran ministers with foresight and outstanding ability, he achieved the grand occasion of Kaiyuan. He purged the platform and changed the bad politics since Wuhou. Since Wuhou, it has been successful to limit the intervention of empresses, kings and eunuchs. He attaches great importance to local governance. He personally selected local officials many times, or asked senior officials from the DPRK to send them to the local secretariat, or regularly called local officials to give lectures in the DPRK, and even personally set a new message for the commander in chief. There is a saying: "I ask the commander to protect the servant." "With leather, politics is new. Adjust the customs and return to the truth. " Require all counties to carve stones and establish a permanent official office. He also wrote, "Give the state secretariats a title." He said as soon as possible: "Think about it." This is a good choice and a good performance. As soon as the talents entered, Li entered Kang. Treat people like children, and love people like injuries. Give lectures and try to recite the theory, and persuade farming and mulberry. A false name cannot be decorated, and understanding cannot be forgotten. Seeking fame is easy to see, and An Zhende is self-evident. Prison proceedings must be emotional and teaching people is expensive. Pity the old and love the young, comfort the weak and restore the strong. Well, each of us has only one life, and we know it will be given to 10,000 people. "Serving people with morality, loving others to give lectures, persuading farmers, going to court, caring for the elderly, comforting the weak and strengthening them all contain the basic principles of local governance. When a prime minister arrives, he will write poems, farewell governors will write poems, poems will be written on holidays, poems will be written with feelings in life, and ministers of Manchu Dynasty are often invited to make peace together. At that time, poets were in high spirits, and writing poems became the normal state of establishing a dynasty. It's a little embarrassing not to write poetry.
During Xuanzong period, the three religions flourished together, and the basic position of Confucianism remained unchanged. In the 13th year of Kaiyuan (725), he went to Qufu to pay homage to Confucius and wrote "I visited Lu to pay tribute to Confucius": "Master, how can the world repay your painstaking efforts all your life? . Zou Shicheng, and your home has always been Lu's palace. You predict that when the phoenix disappears, your fate will end, and you know that the captured unicorn will be the symbol of your teaching dose. Will this sacrifice I saw between two temple pillars be the same death omen that you dreamed of a long time ago? "This poem, which was selected into 300 Tang poems, is his masterpiece. The first two sentences summarize Confucius' life of seeking Tao, and then write the location of Confucius' home and the sacrifices behind him. Two sentences in "Sighing Phoenix" write that Confucius defied the world, sought the Tao alone, and finally paid tribute. Poetry is solemn and fluent, which shows his ability. Of course, he and Taoist poets have more poems. For example, "Send Sima Cheng Town back to the Tiantai": "Zifu seeks the wise, and Qingxi is the ancestor. Rivers and lakes and city gates are different and different. I'm tired of worldly dust when I smell you. Lin Quan had sex first, and Song Gui had to adjust his mentality. The tunnel passes through Ji Ling, and the roof is connected with the sea. From then on, the sound emblem will last forever. " Not only respect, but also invite you to enter the DPRK, give you more respect and return to the temple. It is said that the place where nymphs are located is more suitable for cultivation, but it is also a pity that the voice is impassable, and the farewell is very kind. He Zhangzhi was the most famous scribe at that time. At the age of eighty-three, after a serious illness, he invited a Taoist priest. Xuanzong respected his choice and was praised as a noble move that could be as famous as his second uncle in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He personally made a poem pet, and invited Minister Manchu to see him off in the eastern suburbs. Xuanzong's poem said: "I entered the Tao during my lifetime, gave up my old age and even smoked." Don't hesitate to be virtuous, it is like a noble heart. The secrets in the atlas are scattered outside. Qingmen is unique and the hero is not deep. " In fact, at that time, he was very ill, and he just wanted to return to his motherland. After being commended by Xuanzong, it became a glorious event and will be passed down from generation to generation.
Xuanzong has a good performance ability. Of the five brothers, he is the third. If the eldest son inherits the system, it is certainly not his turn, but he is the hero of rebuilding the mountains and rivers in Li Tang, and both coups were successful. Who dares to argue with him? At the critical moment, it is necessary to say a few words of courtesy to eldest brother Li Xian. How clever eldest brother is. He knows the consequences of impoliteness and is determined to be modest. During the reign of Xuanzong, he was always kind to his brothers. If you want to play the piano, flute and drum, you have full freedom. If you want to care about state affairs and the way of governing the country, you will never be able to do this. Xuanzong often walked around his eldest brother's house, "Looking for Songs at the Big Brother's House": "Lu Wei's family is the first, and his relatives love to turn more. This is a splendid summer day, and I will pass by the scenery for a while. Shen Gao gave a banquet in Qi Li and played elegant songs on the platform. Looking for beauty again, you can test the mountains and rivers. " It is good to say that brotherhood is deep, often drinking and singing together, and life is happy and peaceful. My brother's house is also going, and I should pay more attention to the difficulties in life. Fortunately, Xue has a poem saying, "I often see Zhang Bin lying down, but what I say will go against my personnel. Today's birthday is still called learning and returning to immortality. The flowers are re-issued, and the original birds are flying again. " Because Wang Xue was ill, the emperor came to celebrate. Xuanzong also made a silk quilt and invited his brothers to be intimate. Of course, all the brothers are very cooperative. The extant Mo Bao of Xuanzong is Fu on the Cormorants, which praises the intimate feelings between brothers and thinks it is such a beautiful story that it should go down in history. Calligraphy is very good, which is a good structure for the Tang Dynasty.
Xuanzong reigned for a long time and the world was at peace. In many poems, he expressed the joy of having fun with the people. Dunhuang posthumous note Bo 2555 has a poem "Watching Lights Downstairs from Yuqin": "The bright moon is more important than the city, and the lamps are among the nine wonders. Cut to the chase and catch the breeze step by step. At night, the bells and drums are connected and the songs are sung late. New □ not for yourself, often with Wanfang. " Now people think that Xuanzong's works should not be a problem. Missing a word does not affect poetic understanding. Poems about the Lantern Festival, the moon in the sky, nine lights, a little spring, a warm wind. Xuanzong went upstairs to watch the lights, feeling comfortable, celebrating with all parties and having the joy of the holy world. Another example is "Fifteen Nights in the Palace": "Leaving Qin, patrolling Luo. It's dark in spring in Lu Yu. The long river outside the customs turns, and the palace is late. Song Zhong never loses sight of the bright moon. " On the way from Chang 'an to Luoyang, I met the Lantern Festival, which is consistent with the theme of the previous poem. Between Beijing and Beijing, the weather inside and outside the palace is different. Although there is no noise in the capital, the songs are ringing, and the moon is no different from the old tour.
An Shi Rebellion ended the rule of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. The reason why An Lushan started his army was that he stood on the side of the Qing Dynasty and rebelled against Yang's politics. The deeper reason is that he is fully armed, and Xuanzong's cronies and female pets don't care about state affairs. About Xuanzong and Yang Yuhuan, did he write poems? Not at present. Jiegu Lu said that he had composed Good Spring, and Jing Ji contained his ditty Good Times: "Baoji is more suitable for the palace, with tender lotus face and red fragrance. Meday didn't need Zhang Chang's paintings, but God taught her to grow into a temple. Don't rely on the country, marry a lover. It is a good time when there are few people. " Even what he did is not necessarily true, and it has nothing to do with Yang Fei. There is a poem in Hanshu Yiwenzhi that he misses Yang Fei, which was invented by Song people. Don't believe it. Did he reflect on the chaos of the world? Very little. It is said that on his way to Shu, he was sad to hear the musician play Li Qiao's Mink Song, and he realized that prosperity was bound to decline. After retirement, I like to recite Liang Zhong's poem Ode to the Old Man. The so-called "silence for a moment or a dream in life" is a feeling of impermanence in life. On his return from Shu, there was a poem named Jiange: "Jiange is mighty, and he is back in founding ceremony. Cuiping is 1000 times, and Zhang Dan is five times. Shrubs fly with flags, and fairy clouds brush horses. Spend time in Germany and you will be talented. " It is said that when he saw the steep mountain, he realized that "if the sword gate is a natural barrier, it will be destroyed one after another from ancient times to the present, but it is not dangerous in Germany", but that's all. Don't ask too much of the emperor.
Second place: Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong (reigned from 599 to 649, reigned from 626 to 649), an English emperor of Emperor Taizong, whose life and achievements need no introduction. What needs to be added is that the rule of Zhenguan is far from achieving the prosperity of the country. The most important symbol is to defeat the Turks, celebrate the four foreigners, respect them as Tiankhan, and lay the world order of the Tang Empire. In recent years, the author has written The Remains of the Victims in Xuanwu Gate and The Other Side of Emperor Taizong (both included in Walking in the Tang Dynasty, Guangxi Normal University Press, 20 18) to describe their unknown deeds. It can also be added that Emperor Taizong took it for a long time, and finally died at the age of 5 1 due to taking the medicine of monk Hu by mistake. In the early stage, he respected Taoism and suppressed Buddhism. After Xuanzang returned to China, his position changed. On his deathbed, Xuanzang translated the famous Heart Sutra in the adjacent room of his bedroom, praying for him and answering him.
Emperor Taizong loved literature and wrote many poems, including 100 Shan Hai Jing. A well-written work is a work that looks back and expresses one's feelings. For example, "Walking through the Battlefield of Snow Chrysanthemum": "In the past, I was pregnant with strong spirit and raised my brother in the first battle. The heart grows with the sun and the ambition is clean with the autumn frost. The mobile front was shocked and decided to move to Changhe District. The camp breaks and the stars sink, and the clouds crack. There was a silence, and then the whale giant went out. In this place, I lean on the old original and belong to the China Pavilion. There are no traces of sediment deposition, and there are traces in the kitchen. The waves are clear through the water, and the peaks and fogs are faint. The world is changing rapidly, and personnel are different from time to time. I want to look forward and talk about it. " Pacifying Xue Ju was the first big battle he won independently after his father entered Guanzhong with him. After many years, I returned to the battlefield, feeling proud, and also wrote down the hardships of the war and the significance of this war to my life. The phrase "the world is changing rapidly, and personnel are not what they used to be" contains infinite feelings. Another example is "Looking at the sea in spring with light as rhyme": "Look at the sea with your chin, and play the spring side with poetry. Accumulated flows cross the soil and discipline, and sparse factions attract heaven. Immortal spirit congeals three ridges, and fan Bahuang. Tidal clouds roll colors, and the sun shines through the waves. According to the shore flowers, the misty geese are broken. Huai Shen Guang, a full-bodied primate. Tangible is not easy to measure, passive can be measured. Hong Tao is wild and Cuidao is mulberry. I miss Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, and Jieshi misses Qin Huang. Nishang doesn't care, but the arch is the king. " It was made in the seaside area of Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province in the spring of 645, the nineteenth year of Zhenguan, when it marched eastward to Korea. The first half writes about seascapes and cuts spring scenery, and the weather is extremely open. The last four sentences express my feelings, think of the relics left by Qin Huang and Wu Han in history, and express the great king's desire for great fame and fortune.
Tang Taizong's most famous work is To Xiao Yu, which reads: "A high wind knows the power of grass, and a stable swing knows the sincerity of ministers. The brave know righteousness, and the wise will be benevolent. " It refers to Xiao Yu's firm support for the brothers when they are fighting for the city wall. If you read the quotation of Shi Chenzan in Volume 37 of the Book of Jin, there is a phrase "vigorous grass", and there is a phrase "loyalty in troubled times" in Volume 62, you will know that this poem must have a source. Similarly, during the Eastern Expedition, General Jiang of Zuo Tunwei really died in the middle stream, and Emperor Taizong wrote a poem to mourn: "Only when the door is cut, the law is served, and the war festival will be honored. The scales are vibrating, the waves are jumping, and the wings are just Feng Ling. If you don't show six unique skills, you will lose a short time. Self-defense is not wise enough, but life is more loyal. Sorrow hisses at the road, and sorrow swallows far away. Under the bleak tree, I am full of sorrow. " It means everything, that is, poetry is separated to some extent by the accumulation of rhetoric and allusions. This is related to the time when Emperor Taizong lived and the education he received. Poetry and prose since the Qi and Liang Dynasties all pay attention to flowery rhetoric and elegant sentences. I think he has carefully read the works in Selected Works and Yutai New Poetry. He respects the scribes and constantly urges himself with their achievements. There are imitations such as Autumn, as well as delicate topics such as Hua Fu Wu Ting, Fu Can Hua Ju, Fu Han Yun Feng, and sometimes it is a fake hand to courtiers, such as Wu Yong Dai Shidao: "Go to the beautiful city in the morning and go to the Woods at dusk." Resignation is temporary, and the tree is still low. It's hard to believe in the sun, you will be fascinated by the wind. Just wait for those slender hands and cry all night in the song. "Teacher's way refers to Yang's teacher's way, and the whole Tang poetry is, which is the mistake of ignorance. In fact, chanting Wu is a statement on behalf of Wu, and the last two sentences look forward to women's concern, so the meaning is delicate. Let's look at two more songs: "A willow in Linchi": "The winding silk gathers shadows, and the fluctuation shadows are sparse. I will have green eyebrows, too, and I am very comfortable in the mirror. "Picking hibiscus": "Playing a square pond and carving a boat by hand. The ship moved into small waves and the wind floated. The warbler has no fixed song, and she is shocked. The lotus is silent, the water is wide and the song is long. Habitat is also a dense tree, flooding a chapter. "These poems, if compiled into" Yutai New Poetry ",are naturally excellent and anyone can write them. But it happened that Emperor Taizong loved it with his heroic spirit. No wonder some officials take the palace as a warning. It is difficult for anyone to surpass the times and fashion, and so is Taizong.
I still want to talk about the good poems of Emperor Taizong. It is said that he has a poem called "Happy House in the River": "I used to ride a horse, but now I ride a thousand." Song people praised its weather. In the northern wilderness, he wrote a poem in Xerox Lingzhou: "Revenge rewards a hundred kings, and evil rewards the eternal." You can sing for a long time. In the sixth year of Zhenguan (632), he returned to his former residence and wrote Ten Rhymes of Fan Poems in Xingqing Palace: "Shouqiu is just an old relic, and Tan Yi is the former base. Guangdong is a sacred place, and the hanging arc is here. When you are young, your luck will change, and your sword will be depressed. Refers to eight wastes, and Huairou is the country. The ladder is salty, and it is also a thought to drive the sea. Khan accompanied the army account and kept the article every day. Eventually to the four mountains, doing nothing is a hundred teachers. Autumn scenery frost festival, light ice and water Mae. Huang Yun traveled all over Yuanji, and He Ying was in Beijing. * * * Happy reunion dinner, sing this "gale poem". " The six sentences in Point to the People say "pacify the world, welcome foreign guests", "end punishment" say "successful governance" and "first frost Festival" say "autumn and winter scenery", which is a great gain. Finally, I went back to my former residence, just like Song of the Big Wind by Emperor Gaozu, and I was so happy. Such a poem really has an imperial style.
Third place: Zhaozong Ye Li (867-904, reigned 888-904). He is the seventh son of Zong Yi, the younger brother of Xuanzong. Before it was his turn to be emperor, when Xuanzong was dying, the eunuch offered to make him. He got the support of 22-year-old Yang Fuguong. At that time, people said that he "had a bright body and looked great." Although luck is difficult and dangerous, wisdom is extraordinary. I never get tired of talking to courtiers. My appearance and ability should be outstanding, but after the rebellion of Wang Huang and the diligent king of the world, the original order in the Tang Dynasty has collapsed. The former emperor was troubled by the court party struggle, eunuch dictatorship, and the separatist regime in the buffer region, which all became beautiful memories. There are dozens of mercenaries in the world, and none of them has the strength to unify the whole country. For the time being, they admitted that there was an emperor. No matter how capable Zhao Zong is, there is nothing he can do. He was dragged down by various forces, constantly watching and retreating. If he is an idiot, of course he can get along, but he is sober and capable, which is even more painful. There are not many poems that he has preserved, but his style is Qu Zi Ci which was widely read at that time, but it was reserved in Dunhuang suicide note. In today's words, he is a very cutting-edge literary youth. I first recorded two "Bodhisattvas" in the Story of China and North Korea written by five generations: "When I went upstairs to see Qin Gong, I saw two flying swallows. The Weihe River flows, and Qian Shan is full of autumn. Wild smoke covers distant trees, and strangers go. Where is the hero? Welcome to ouchi middle school. " "Gone with the wind, under the three peaks, the autumn wind is often lost. Heartbroken memory fairy palace, hazy smoke. I always fall asleep when I dream, and I am drunk when I don't talk. When will he come back? Does Xuan Qiong know? " These two poems were written in the autumn of Ganning four years (897), when they were in Huazhou. The year before last, Li dispatched troops and soldiers, and Fengxiang warlord besieged the capital and fled hastily, intending to settle in Hedong Li Keyong, where he was stopped by Huazhou warlord and lived for two years. Although politeness still exists, Zhao Zong does feel helpless and bored in life. In any case, he is the emperor after all, and his pattern and pain are different from others. These two words describe his mood. Going upstairs refers to the residence where Huazhou travels. East of Chang 'an is Huazhou, and Mount Li in Lintong is far away. The so-called Qin Gong refers to the legendary Epang Palace. Qin Gong disappeared in the Tang Dynasty, referring only to the old palace of the royal family. However, only Shuang Yan can be seen. From a distance, the Weihe River flows through the gate of Huazhou, and there are only mountains in the distance. Go to the next "Wild Smoke and Pedestrians" and write about the lives of ordinary people, reflecting the loneliness and loneliness of their imperial life. Call directly in the last two sentences. In a big world, there are always one or two heroes who will come out to welcome themselves to Beijing! The second song, I am like a fallen leaf, falling in Iowa, and the autumn wind and autumn rain add more trouble. Then write about your daily life. Memories of Miyagi, heartbroken, can only see the confused smoke, there is no hope at all. Mental state, sleepy all day, even if you don't talk, it is as difficult to wake up as drunk. The last two sentences ask god, when can I go back, there should always be a letter of approval! In these two words, he is a down-and-out emperor, as helpless as a child who can't find a home. Bodhisattva Man is a popular epigraph in the Tang Dynasty. In these two poems of Zhao Zong, we can see that he intends to imitate Li Bai's poem Lonely Forest. Writing the fate of life in words, Zhao Zong was eighty years earlier than Li Yu.
Zhao Zong's works in the same period are probably more than these two. Besides the first two poems recorded in Dunhuang suicide note "Si Er Liu Qi", there are at least five or six poems related to it. One: "HongLing shines in the imperial garden, and the golden wind falls on the branches. Willow colors set each other off, and the mysterious palace shines on the pond. Every time I think of dragons and phoenixes, I only hate the time. I have returned in a few days, such as Nanshan. " Emperor, Warlord and Qu Zi Ci in Late Tang Dynasty by Zong Yi —— Yang Liuzhi on the Harmony between Tang Zhaozong Imperial System and Dunhuang Bodhisattva Man and others (included in A Further Exploration of Dunhuang Qu Zi) suspected that this article was also a masterpiece, and thought that Hongsi borrowed the daily communication of Zhu Si Society contained in the Biography of Rams and lamented that there was no one in the DPRK to help the Yang and suppress the Yin. Gong Xuan is the residence of the emperor. "Don't move a little" means that Zhao Zong is too young for the emperor to think that although he is in danger, he still stands still. Second: "I am often ashamed of my blood, complaining about being a courtier, and Mingjun is grateful." Poor craftsmen see the palace repair, and their hearts are endless. Have you ever slept in the country? No one is drunk. Kelly is back, and I hope the world will always know. "Third:" Since I lived in Sanfeng, I have devoted myself to thinking of the Lord day and night. I am used to singing in purple, and I haven't been idle for a while. You are divided into north and south, who is worried about the country? That night, I went back to attend the funeral, and I wanted to teach the country to be safe. "Mr Rao thought it was dry, that is, he was dissatisfied with Zhaozong in Huazhou. Although Han Jian, as the host, has military strength, he still wants to hold a courtier ceremony, so he answered some questions. There is also a song: "When will the Millennium Phoenix Que compete for the male?" . Driving in Sanfeng, the sky is different from the ground. The universe hates the side, and now it is a dust guest. There is loyalty outside the lot, I think of the holy king. "Mr. Rao suspects that it was written by Zhao Zongzi and, but it may also be written by a subordinate. The purpose of quoting these works is to show that Zhaozong's lyrics are a public declaration of unpleasant emotions, which was known to the government and the people for a time and spread to Dunhuang, with great influence.
The Pre-Honored Collection also includes two poems, A Cloud in Wushan, and notes: "Fortunately, the people in Shu Palace left Baodi to post a wall title." Fortunately, Nuopai is in Shu, and Zhaopai is unlucky in Shu. These two sentences are sentimental works, such as "Spring breeze is the heart of first-class youth, and leisure can not help but hate", which is quite different from the previous words.
(Author: Chinese Department of Fudan University)