Taekwondo originated from the Korean peninsula, which is not only a traditional fighting technique that can strengthen the body and defend itself, but also a new modern competitive sports event that integrates fitness, competition and entertainment. It is also a kind of martial arts movement with the shape of "fist" and the spirit of "Tao". It integrates mechanics, military science, philosophy, medicine and ethics, takes martial arts and fighting as the foundation, takes self-cultivation as the core, and aims at tempering people's will, inspiring people's inner spiritual temperament and cultivating good etiquette and morality of practitioners.
According to the meaning of this word, TAE means stepping, kicking, jumping and tripping; Power refers to attacking or defending with fists, palms, elbows and knees; Tao (DO) is a method, way, skill and spirit, and it is also manifested as a truth, morality, morality and etiquette. In short, "Taekwondo" is the foot, "fist" is the hand, "Tao" is the method, and "Taekwondo" is a martial arts method with both hands and feet. The definition of Taekwondo is the method and technology of self-defense through physical and mental training, which makes people's muscles and spirit perfectly combined and scientifically uses all available parts of the body for defense and counterattack.
It can be seen that Taekwondo is a kind of fighting skill that attacks opponents with bare hands, such as hitting, flying, kicking, parrying, volleying and dodging. The word "Taekwondo" is put in the first place, which fully shows the characteristics of this kind of kung fu, mainly jumping, stepping and kicking. It is a kind of fighting skill with legs as the main method. Adding the word "Tao" after "Taekwondo" shows that it is not a simple martial arts sport, but a martial arts that combines external martial arts fighting with internal spiritual temperament. The name "Taekwondo" properly embodies the skills and forms of this kind of kung fu, and is favored by martial arts lovers all over the world. Known as "the lofty and tenacious physical martial arts in the East", it has developed into "the first fighting sport in the world".
Chapter II A Brief History of Taekwondo Development
(1) A Brief History of Korea
North Korea is the birthplace of Taekwondo, while South Korea is recognized as the sovereign state of Taekwondo. The Constitution of the World Taekwondo Federation stipulates that "Taekwondo is a product of Korean culture". Taekwondo is influenced by the 5,000-year history and culture of Korea, and has distinctive Korean national characteristics. To understand the history of Taekwondo, we must first have a general understanding of the historical changes in North Korea.
According to "A Scene in the East", North Korea "is named after the glory of Asahi because its country is in the East", also known as "the place where the sun rises in the East, so it is named after North Korea". The name "Koryo" was used as early as the ancient times when Ji's surname was Koryo (equivalent to the last year of Shang Dynasty in China) and Wei's surname was Koryo (BC 194). From 10 century to 14 century, Wang Jian established the Koryo dynasty and changed Korea to "Koryo". 1392, the Koryo dynasty was replaced by the Lee dynasty and was later named Koryo. 1897, when Li Xi was in office, North Korea was changed to "North Korea". 19 10, which was also called Korea after Japan annexed Korea. 1945 After Korea became independent, it was divided into two parts (namely, Korea and North Korea).
(B) the origin of the original Taekwondo
Taekwondo is a traditional Korean martial art developed through the Far East culture, and its formation is a historical necessity. When humans first learned to protect themselves, the original characteristics of Taekwondo naturally formed. It can be said that the history of the formation and development of Taekwondo is as long as that of Korea itself. In ancient times, the Korean people had to develop their own survival skills in order to get food, deal with the attacks of wild animals and resist the aggression of foreign enemies, and Taekwondo gradually sprouted in this struggle for existence.
In order to survive, human beings have constantly improved their defense forms and formed unique and powerful weapons. Later, human beings were not satisfied with simply protecting themselves, so they further thought of improving the attack technology of Taekwondo and gradually created some methods suitable for physical exercise and fighting, thus forming another form of Taekwondo-the perfect combination of attack and defense, which evolved from an instinctive self-defense activity to a conscious attack and defense movement, and the original Taekwondo cone was continuously improved.
Chapter III Main Features of Taekwondo
First, the hands and feet are mainly feet.
Taekwondo is not fancy, but concise, direct, powerful and useful. Strive to give each other a fatal blow at the most effective distance and the fastest speed. So some people compare Taekwondo to "unarmed self-defense".
Waist and leg kung fu in Taekwondo is a must. According to its theory, in human limbs, the foot is stronger than the hand, with wide attack range, longer attack distance and greater strength, so the leg technique has become the focus of Taekwondo training, accounting for about 70% of the whole technical content. "Competitive Taekwondo" adopted in the modern Olympic Games takes the leg method as the main attack form and scoring method, and the utilization rate of the leg method in the competition is over 95%, so some people regard Taekwondo as "the art of kicking".
Second, just make it straight.
A qualified Taekwondo athlete has a high defensive ability both psychologically and physically, and can suddenly launch leg attacks and use various leg techniques to attack opponents in a general standing state. In actual combat, Taekwondo rarely uses dodge defense, but uses block defense to directly contact the opponent, which is simple and tough, and can quickly and quickly counter the opponent after defending the opponent's attack. When attacking, we often use the fast and coherent combination leg method to attack our opponents, especially the flying leg method and the rotating leg method. The target is mainly the opponent's head. The leg method starts as straight as possible, with extremely fast speed and high hit rate. The offensive is fierce and lethal, which makes people hard to prevent.
Third, the skill testing method is unique.
Skill test is divided into "strength" and "stunt", which is an important content of taekwondo training, performance, promotion and competition. Because the power of Taekwondo has formidable lethality, if it directly acts on the opponent in the competition, it will cause harm to the athletes. So use bricks or wooden blocks as targets, and let the athletes smash them with prescribed actions to test their skills. This unique method has become one of the inherent characteristics of Taekwondo.
Fourth, emphasize the importance of respecting teachers and stressing morality in Wushu.
Because of its amazing destructive power and terrible lethality, Taekwondo also attaches great importance to Wushu. First of all, we should have the idea of loving the motherland, loving the people, respecting teachers and keeping promises, paying attention to inner cultivation and spiritual cultivation, and cultivating noble moral qualities of courtesy, patience, self-denial, modesty and tolerance.
Taekwondo is not only an aggressive technique, but also a delicate body art and fitness method. Technology and control are the basic qualities that must be possessed in learning Taekwondo, and the spirit and temperament must be cultivated by every Taekwondo athlete.
Chapter IV Etiquette and Spirit of Taekwondo
"It begins with ceremony and ends with ceremony" is the central idea of Taekwondo samurai spirit. There are strict etiquette ceremonies at the beginning and end of training and competition. When practitioners enter the training ground (gymnasium), they first bow to the national flag and the teacher to show their love for the motherland and respect for the teacher. Before practice or competition, both sides should salute each other, and then salute each other after practice and competition to show friendship, mutual respect and modesty. If you are punished by the referee in the game, you should also politely express your obedience. Salute the opposing coach at the end of the game to show respect.
The "Daoli" requirement of Taekwondo is: stand at attention first, then lean forward 30 degrees, lower your head 45 degrees, and bow to the ground visually.
The spirit of Taekwondo lies in loyalty, filial piety, patriotism, courtesy, shame, patience, self-denial and unyielding.
In the process of practicing Taekwondo, we should strictly abide by moral norms and enhance the concept of legal system. We should have the idea of being loyal to the motherland, the enthusiasm of loving the country and the nation, and the spirit of self-sacrifice and helping the weak. We should hone our skills on the premise of respecting our predecessors, others and obeying the rules. Taekwondo strongly advocates training practitioners with noble moral quality, strong and unyielding will, perfect demeanor and vigorous sportsmanship.
Etiquette: 1, comity spirit;
2. Do not slander and insult others;
3. Be modest and respect the personality of others;
4. Cultivate a sense of humanitarianism and justice;
5. Be polite to others;
6. No matter how big or small the problem is, it should be handled fairly and cautiously;
7. Don't accept and give reluctant gifts.
Shame: 1, leading good students astray without teaching others their strength;
2. During the demonstration, to show the power, use glue to loosen the board or use cracked bricks to deceive the audience or disciples;
3. Bribery for promotion or promotion;
4. Take promotion as a means to achieve self-interest or show false strength;
5. Words and deeds are inconsistent, dishonest and shameless;
6, should not be ashamed to ask questions;
7, for the sake of personal interests, attached to the dignitaries as their agents, and regard themselves as people in the martial arts.
Patience: No matter what kind of difficulties you encounter, you should stick to it and overcome them.
Self-denial: Being punched because of training mistakes is to restrain oneself, overcome vanity and not be jealous of others. That is, "self-defeating, self-improvement."
Chapter V Rhythm and Vocalization of Taekwondo
Rhythm refers to the interval between two actions, including fast action and slow action. If you are weak, you will be slow. It lacks a sense of rhythm.
To defeat your opponent in actual combat, you must be agile, have strength and speed, and be strong, crisp and clear. The rhythm of Taekwondo can be adjusted and completed by vocalization. People who practice Taekwondo often make a roar of "ha" or "ya" when making moves, with the aim of cheering and helping the situation and extinguishing the strength with qi. It can also mobilize passion. Enhance awareness, gain greater overall strike power, and also use fake actions to scare opponents, causing judgment and psychological fear to opponents.
But the voice should match its own rhythm. Taking a breath before making a sound is conducive to "storing energy". When attacking, it makes a "ha" or "ya" sound, spits out the waste gas, and the power erupts. The action is in place and the sound just came out. Only by concentrating on it can we have a good effect of "killing with one blow". If you don't cooperate with the action and make a hullabaloo about, it will be counterproductive.
Chapter VI Promotion and Publicity of Taekwondo
Taekwondo training and competition require clothes to be sewn with white cloth, and white symbolizes purity and proficiency. Teachers, masters and experts in senior positions can wear black uniforms.
Taekwondo is full of competitiveness and charm, and has a strict technical level assessment system. Players' grades are divided into "grades" and "segments", and * * * is divided into ten grades, three grades and nine segments. The levels are divided into ten to one, with the lowest level among the ten being higher, and the introductory section above one being from the first level and the second level ... to the ninth grade, the highest grade.
The color of the belt marks the technical level of the players. From low to high, it can be divided into seven colors: leucorrhea, yellow belt, green belt, blue belt, red belt, black belt (brown belt) and black belt. /kloc-level 0/0 players (beginners are white, level 9 players are green, level 8 players are yellow with green belts, level 6 players are green with blue stripes, level 5 players are blue with red stripes, level 3 players are red stripes, level 2 players are red stripes and a black stripe)/kloc-level 0/players; It's a red belt with two black stripes, and the player who comes out is a black belt. How many stages does the stage have? One end of the belt is embroidered with several colored strips to show the difference.
If Zhu is an adult player and his technical level has reached one or three stages of the black belt, he can't be awarded a black belt or certificate, because in order to get a black belt, he must have a certain cultural quality and mature thinking besides his kung fu level. Minor players who reach the level of black belt can only be awarded a red and black belt (half with red and half with black), which is called "one product", "two products" and "three products". After the player reaches the age of 15, Yipin will be automatically promoted to Phase I, Phase II and Phase III without additional assessment.
The above is the detailed division of athletes' belt colors by the International Taekwondo Federation (ITF) and the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF). At present, many stadiums and gymnasiums are simplified as 10 to 7 with white belts, 6 to 4 with blue belts, 3 to 1 with red belts, and senior athletes with black belts.
The black belt is a symbol of taekwondo masters, and only senior players or experts are qualified to tie it. The first to third paragraphs are black belt novice posts, the fourth to sixth paragraphs are senior posts, and the seventh to ninth paragraphs can only be awarded to individual experts with high academic attainments or outstanding figures who have made great contributions to the development of Taekwondo.
Both the International Taekwondo Federation (ITF) and the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) stipulate that athletes and taekwondo coaches participating in international competitions must have the strength of 1 period or more, and the promoters and international referees of taekwondo gymnasiums must have the qualifications of more than 4 periods. The black belt is the technical section below the fourth paragraph, and the section above the fourth paragraph (called teachers' college) is evaluated by qualification. The longer you study Taekwondo, the greater your contribution to the spread and development of Taekwondo, and the higher your level.
Taekwondo promotion (10 level to 1 level), promotion (1 level to 3 level) and promotion (1 level to 9 level) have corresponding assessment contents, which are assessed from three aspects: product potential (frame type), skills (strength and stunts) and actual combat. Children's players generally don't take skill tests because their bones are not yet mature. The promotion examination not only examines the athletes' kung fu, but also examines the athletes' cultural quality and accomplishment.
Beginners' promotion assessment from 10 to 1 can be conducted in their practice hall, and the curator will issue certificates and award ribbons. The promotion assessment in items 1 to 3 shall be conducted by a promotion committee composed of 3-7 members from the World Taekwondo Association or its recognized sub-branches of Taekwondo. The promotion assessment in paragraphs 4 to 8 shall be conducted by the promotion committee of the World Taekwondo Federation or the International Taekwondo Federation. The promotion of Black Belt Nine must be judged by the World Taekwondo Federation or the ITF Special Committee.
The division of "ten levels", "three levels" and "nine stages" of Taekwondo makes Taekwondo rigorous and scientific in stages, and endows practitioners with the standards and goals of practice, which not only facilitates the communicators to teach gradually from shallow to deep, but also facilitates the practitioners to learn step by step from easy to difficult, and also enables students to understand the level of Kung Fu and inspire practitioners to actively refine higher-level Kung Fu and ideological cultivation, thus effectively promoting Taekwondo in the world. At the same time, Taekwondo has become a sport that is easy to "manage". Practitioners have to pay a certain examination fee, belt changing fee and license fee for each promotion, so that communicators can reasonably collect funds for the sustainable development of Taekwondo.
Chapter VII The Function and Significance of Practicing Taekwondo
Wu Shaozu, former director of the State Sports Commission, highly summarized the functions of Taekwondo as "fitness, self-defense and self-cultivation". Indeed, the training effect of Taekwondo is obvious and has far-reaching significance.
First, strengthen self-defense and self-defense
Taekwondo is a fierce fighting sport, and its movements conform to the physiological characteristics of the human body. Regular Taekwondo training can effectively improve the physical qualities of practitioners such as endurance, speed, strength, flexibility and agility.
The external body movements of Taekwondo strongly demonstrate human survival consciousness and defensive instinct, and strengthen the unity of human inner spirit and consciousness. Taekwondo training is a perfect combination of physical fitness, intelligence and spirit, which can cultivate and shape a strong person, making him healthy, energetic, determined, full of vigor and creative spirit.
Taekwondo is also a popular fashion fitness sport in today's cities. Many young people practice Taekwondo as a fitness exercise, and many girls even use Taekwondo training as a means of bodybuilding, which has achieved good results.
With the development of human civilization, people are no longer satisfied with living, but constantly pursuing more, stronger and broader needs. Human health is the goal pursued by all mankind. With a strong body, people can engage in meaningful activities, thus creating value and bringing wealth. In this sense, the role of practicing Taekwondo is obvious.
Taekwondo training can improve human body quality, cooperate with offensive and defensive exercises and actual combat training, enhance the self-defense ability of practitioners, make all parts of the body explode with the greatest attack power at any time, and attack the enemy with their own "side weapons" under any circumstances to protect themselves and defend their personality and dignity. At the same time, it is also a powerful weapon for courage, eliminating evil and upholding justice.
Second, entertainment and watching competitive games.
Taekwondo is an international competitive sport, which is flourishing all over the world and in China. If the practitioners reach a certain level and meet the competition conditions, they will have more opportunities to participate in regional, provincial and national invitational competitions, elite competitions, championship competitions, various sports games and even world competitions. Through the competition, you can improve your strength and show your self-worth. At the same time, it can also win glory for the hometown elders and the people of the motherland.
Taekwondo is a highly skilled and intelligent event. In Taekwondo competition, athletes from both sides fight with their fists, which is more resourceful and dangerous. Taekwondo performance, uniform movements, powerful momentum, sweeping, a blow will kill. Taekwondo stunts are very ornamental. It can not only enrich the people's cultural and sports life, but also let the audience appreciate the artistic charm of Taekwondo's comprehensive strength and aesthetic feeling, inspiring people, morale and spirit.
Third, develop potential and hone will.
The purpose of Taekwondo is to develop people's intelligence, physical strength and spiritual potential, enhance people's confidence, courage and sense of justice, cultivate people's sentiment, hone people's will and inspire people's spirit. Make people creative and constructive, and make people natural, balanced and coordinated.
Taekwondo pays attention to practicality, is aggressive and skillful, and is difficult, including rotation, flying, ups and downs, jumping and other movements. To accomplish these movements, practitioners should not only coordinate, harmonize, naturally and balance the functions of various parts of the body, but also have keen insight, rigorous analytical power and precise judgment. Through these exercises, people's intellectual, physical and spiritual potential can be developed, and people can be creative and constructive.
Almost all the bodyguards of recent American presidents have been trained in Taekwondo in South Korea. As we all know, if someone assassinates the president, even the best kung fu can't resist the attack of cutting-edge weapons. But they know that through Taekwondo training, they can cultivate agile skills and quick response ability, and increase their ability to deal with various emergencies. The army and police in many countries also list Taekwondo as a compulsory course.
Taekwondo training often exercises people's physical strength to the limit, so that practitioners can endure the unbearable pain of ordinary people and overcome their inertia and weakness, thus defeating themselves and surpassing themselves. Cultivate people's perseverance, perseverance and enterprising spirit, so that they can play a leading role in daily life and social fields, and this ability and strong spirit will bring people confidence and courage. Courage and courage can make people have a sense of justice, pursue peace and safeguard justice and social stability. This makes people calm and introverted, and makes people have noble moral qualities of patience, self-denial, modesty and tolerance.
Practicing Taekwondo is not only about practicing hands and feet, but also for physical fitness and self-defense, as well as for competitions and performances. More importantly, after long-term and arduous training, we can hone our will in time and sweat, enhance our spirit and shape our ideal personality. Because people's energy is limited, people's kung fu is also limited, while people's thinking consciousness is infinite and their spirit is eternal.
Basic technology and teaching
1. Preparation posture: Preparation posture is closely related to moving gait, and preparation posture is combat posture.
Main moving footwork:
① Pre-progress
(2) backward.
③ Take a step to the left.
④ Move to the right.
⑤ Step forward.
6 retreat.
⑦ Continuous steps
8 cross steps
2. Boxing:
① Punching holes
② Fist-splitting
③ Punching holes.
④ Horizontal fist
⑤ Frontal boxing
6. Boxing.
⑦ Whipping boxing
8 copy the fist.
Pet-name ruby straight fist
Take part in the swing.
⑾ Hook
3. Leg method:
① Foreleg method: split, kick and kick.
② Side kick method: side kick and horizontal kick.
3 hind leg method: kick back.
④ Leg rotation method: swing kick and spin kick.
⑤ Flying leg method: kick before jumping, kick across jumping, kick after jumping and kick around jumping.
4. Basic theory and tactics of Taekwondo tactics;
① Direct attack tactics
② storming tactics
③ feint tactics
④ circuitous tactics
⑤ Fixed length strategy
⑥ Shortening strategy
⑦ multipoint tactics
Physical tactics today.
Pet-name ruby psychological tactics
Attending heavy strike tactics
Chapter 9 Taekwondo venues
1, location
competition range
The taekwondo competition venue is 10m× 10m level, barrier-free and square. The playground should be an elastic mat. When necessary, the competition venue can be higher than the ground 1m according to the actual situation, and the included angle between the support of the competition platform and the ground should be less than 30.
2. Division of competition venues
① The square area in the middle of10m×10m square playing field is called the playing field.
② The outer edge line of the competition field is called the boundary line.
③ Mats should be laid outside the boundary line to protect the safety of athletes; The size can be determined according to the actual situation of the site, and the width can not be less than 2 meters.
Step 3: Location
① The referee's position is 1.5m away from the center of the competition area in the direction of the third boundary line;
(2) The position of the edge referee: the first edge referee faces the center point of the first boundary line 0.5m behind the center point of the competition area; The second referee is at the bottom corner of the second and third boundary lines, facing the center of the competition field 0.5m outward, and the included angle between the third referee and the fourth boundary line is 0.5m outward facing the center of the competition field;
(3) The position of the recorder is at least 2 meters behind the first referee position;
④ The position of the on-site doctor is at least 3m outward from the right side of the first boundary line (the position of the recorder is 6m horizontally to the right);
⑤ The athlete's position is from the center of the competition area to the left and right of the first referee 1 m, the right side is green and the left side is red.
⑥ The coach's position is located backward 1 m from the center point of the athlete's side boundary line;
⑦ Inspection (sign-in) table The position inspection (sign-in) table is located near the entrance of the competition field and used to check the athletes' competition protective gear.
Chapter X Competition Rules
1, competition mode
(1) Single-loss knockout
② Round robin
Taekwondo competition in the National Games adopts individual competition system.
At least four teams participated in the national competition sponsored by China Taekwondo Association, and at least four athletes participated in each level. Games with less than 4 players will not be regarded as official competition results.
2, integral method:
After weighing, the basic score of each athlete is 1.
7 points for each gold medal;
5 points for each silver medal;
3 points for each bronze medal;
If the integrals are the same, arrange them as follows:
① According to the number of gold, silver and bronze medals won by each team;
② The order of the number of athletes participating in the competition;
(3) The order of scoring at a large level.
(4) Team events are calculated according to the results of each team.
3. Competition time
Three innings per game. 2 minutes for each game, with intermission 1 minute; Youth competition time can be adjusted according to the situation.
Step 4 draw lots
① Yaohao methods include computer yaohao and manual yaohao.
② The draw will be organized by officials and relevant personnel of China Taekwondo Association. On the day before the start of the competition, the draw will be conducted according to the weight grade from small to large, and each team can send representatives to participate.
③ The teams that did not participate in the lottery were drawn by the personnel designated by the organizing committee.
④ The order of drawing lots can be changed by holding a joint meeting of teams.
Step 5 weigh yourself
① Weighing time is decided by the organizing committee of the competition, including two ways: weighing all levels once the day before the competition and weighing all levels once the day before the competition.
② When weighing, male athletes wear underwear and female athletes wear underwear and bras. Naked weighing is also allowed if the athlete asks.
(3) Weighing is completed at one time. If the first weighing does not meet the requirements, there will be an opportunity to make up the weighing within the specified time.
(4) In order to avoid unqualified weighing, the Organizing Committee provides the official weighing scale with the same weight (the error is not more than 0. 1kg) and puts it in the athletes' residence or the competition hall for trial weighing.
6, allowed technology and attack location
(1) allowed technologies
Boxing: attack with straight boxing;
Foot technique: attack with the foot below the ankle.
(2) Allow to be attacked.
Trunk: it is allowed to attack the part of the trunk wrapped by protective gear with fists and feet, but it is forbidden to attack the back spine.
Head: the whole head except the back of the head, only feet are allowed.
Step 7 score
① Middle part of trunk: the part of trunk wrapped by protective gear.
② Head: the part of the head that is allowed to be attacked.
Scoring refers to using licensed technology to hit the effective scoring position accurately and powerfully.
Effective score score:
(1) hit the middle of the trunk 1 min;
2 hit your head and get 2 points;
③ Knock down the opponent (when the opponent is counted by the referee), add 1 point.
8. The score is divided into the sum of the scores and deductions of three games.
9. Invalid score:
Use prohibited actions to attack or foul before attack, and the score is invalid.
10, foul
Any foul will be punished by the referee.
② Punishment is divided into "warning" and "deduction".
(3) Two warnings 1 min (-1), the number of warnings is odd, and the last warning is not counted.
④ One-time "deduction" 1 min (-1).
1 1, foul:
(1) Go abroad;
(2) Fall to the ground, pretend to be injured, turn your back on your opponent to avoid attacks and avoid competitions;
(3) Hugging or pushing the opponent, hitting the opponent with knees, attacking the opponent's head with fists or attacking the opponent's waist with feet;
The coach or athlete has any bad behavior.
12, "deduction" will be imposed for the foul.
(1) After issuing the "pause" password, attack the opponent or attack the opponent who has fallen to the ground;
(2) Grab the attacking foot of the opponent and throw it down, or push it down by hand;
(3) deliberately hitting the other person's face with his fist;
(4) Coaches or athletes interrupt the competition process or use excessive words and behaviors that seriously violate sports ethics.
13. When an athlete violates the rules of the game or intentionally disobeys the referee, the referee can directly judge him as a "foul failure".
14, 4 points (-4) will be deducted for the foul, and it will be judged as "foul failure".
15, cumulative warning and deduction for three innings.
16. When the referee issues a "warning" or "deduction" and suspends the game, the game time will be suspended at the same time as the referee issues a "pause" password until the referee issues a "continue" to continue the game.
17, competition events
Male: 54 kg, 58 kg, 64 kg, 67 kg, 76 kg, 78 kg, 84 kg and above.
Female: 47kg51k55kg59k63kg67kg72kg72kg or more.